This paper discusses the influence of Sb/In ratio on the transport properties and crystal quality of the 200 nm InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film.The Sb content of InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film in all samples was verified by HRXR...This paper discusses the influence of Sb/In ratio on the transport properties and crystal quality of the 200 nm InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film.The Sb content of InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film in all samples was verified by HRXRD of the symmetrical 004 reflections and asymmetrical 115 reflections.The calculation results show that the Sb component was 0.6 in the InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film grown under the conditions of Sb/In ratio of 6 and As/In ratio of 3,which has the highest electron mobility(28560 cm^(2)/V·s)at 300 K.At the same time,the influence ofⅤ/Ⅲratio on the transport properties and crystal quality of Al_(0.2)In_(0.8)Sb/InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)quantum well heterostructures also has been investigated.As a result,the Al_(0.2)In_(0.8)Sb/InAs_(0.4)Sb_(0.6)quantum well heterostructure with a channel thickness of 30 nm grown under the conditions of Sb/In ratio of 6 and As/In ratio of 3 has a maximum electron mobility of 28300 cm^(2)/V·s and a minimum RMS roughness of 0.68 nm.Through optimizing the growth conditions,our samples have higher electron mobility and smoother surface morphology.展开更多
Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders...Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs.To find the optimal water spray parameters,a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion.The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system.The internal pressure,average heat transfer coefficient(have)and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied.Finally,the mathematical model was experimentally verified.The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume.The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly,but have increases rapidly first and then slowly.To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders,the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m^3/(h·m).The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m^3/(h·m).展开更多
Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF ...Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF has anti-inflammatory,protective liver,antioxidant,antibacterial and other pharmacological effects.Ancient prescriptions are commonly used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea and other intestinal diseases and diabetes.Modern clinical pharmacology features of SCF polysaccharide(SCFP)in diabetes,liver diseases,enteritis and other aspects have achieved excellent results.Gut is an important digestive organ of human body,but intestinal diseases are varied,including Crohn′s disease,ulcerative colitis,intestinal flora imbalance,etc..It is a chronic and non-specific inflammatory disease.The disease is persisted for a long time and the incidence rate is expected to rise.Most of the symptoms are recurrent diarrhea,bloody stool and abdominal pain.It is considered by the World Health Organization as a refractory disease.At present,there is little possibility of complete cure,which is closely related to complex environmental factors,eating habits and heredity.In recent years,clinical studies have found that SCFP has a variety of pharmacological effects on intestinal protection.①Reduce inflammatory factors:intestinal mucositis is a common adverse reaction in patients with chemotherapy.The development of mucositis is related to pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,Interferon-γ(IFN-γ).SCFP can significantly reduce IL-6 TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,and IL-8,as well as the accumulation of T cells in the process of resisting apoptosis,reduce the inflammatory reaction and protect the damage to villi and crypts,improve the symptoms of small intestinal mucositis caused by weight loss and diarrhea.②Promote immunoglobulin A secretion:intestinal mucosal immunity is the first line of defense of the body′s immune system.Its main antibody is secretory immunoglobulin A,which can destroy and phagocytize microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.SCFP can improve intestinal immunity by increasing the number and activity of T lymphocytes,promoting the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A,and affecting the activity of a variety of cytokines.③Regulation of intestinal flora:the flora in the intestine has the functions of auxiliary nutrient absorption,biological antagonism and immune regulation,and can form a natural barrier for the host's intestine.When the human intestinal flora is disordered,probiotics will be greatly reduced,harmful bacteria will proliferate and destroy the intestinal environment.Under these conditions,the intake of SCFP significantly increased the number of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus,and significantly decreased the number of conditional pathogens such as enterococcus and escherichia coli,indicating that SCFP can indeed regulate the intestinal disorder caused by lincomycin hydrochloride to a certain extent. This may be because beneficial bacteria in the intestine metabolize polysaccharides produce short chain fatty acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, which reduces the pH value in the intestine and inhibits the growth of enterococcus and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, SCFP can treat and protect intestinal diseases to a certain extent, which provides a favorable basis for the treatment of intestinal diseases.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice...OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To review the application of nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2,providing theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. METHODS According to domestic and foreign research reports of nan...OBJECTIVE To review the application of nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2,providing theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. METHODS According to domestic and foreign research reports of nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 in recent years,the application in the diagnosis and treatment of glioma was summarized and analyzed. RESULTS Angiopep-2 can be modified to the surface of nanoparticles loaded with imaging agents or chemotherapeutic agents,which can significantly improve the imaging effect of glioma and achieve targeted drug delivery. CONCLUSION Angiopep-2 exhibits a high brain penetration capability in blood brain barrier and in glioma cells. The nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 can delivery various imaging agents and chemotherapeutic agents to glioma cells,the dual-targeting delivery systems can provide theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for primary cultured and iden-tified Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats cerebral cortical astrocytes. METHODS Cerebral co-rtex of SD neonatal rats within 24 h was taken with stereo microscope and ...OBJECTIVE To establish a method for primary cultured and iden-tified Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats cerebral cortical astrocytes. METHODS Cerebral co-rtex of SD neonatal rats within 24 h was taken with stereo microscope and was cut topieces(1 mm^3),digested by Accutase and 0.1% DNAase(37℃,15 min),anddispersed cell suspension was made by mechanical method and filtered. The fibroblast cells and microglia were removed through differential adhesion and sha-ke. Passaged cells were identified by immunofluorescent with anti-Glial fibrillaryacidic protein(GFAP) antibody. RESULTS The astrocytes of rats cerebral cortex were cultured in this method,which had a large number of cells,good activity,high purity,abundant and elongated cell processes,and were interwoven into a network,showing a typical and good growth state. The third generation of the cel s comprised >95% astrocytes. CONCLUSION This simple and reliable cultivation method of astrocyte from rat cerebral tissue is established with high purity,and in a good growth condition.展开更多
The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases are very high,which has attracted more and more attention all over the world.Common treatment methods for clinical treatment of acute myocardial infarction includ...The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases are very high,which has attracted more and more attention all over the world.Common treatment methods for clinical treatment of acute myocardial infarction include direct percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting,which can quickly restore blocked coronary blood flow and reduce the infarct size.However,the inevitable ischemia/reperfusion injury will occur during the recovery of coronary blood flow,its pathological mechanism is complicated,and the Western medicine countermeasures are very limited.Among the current drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,traditional Chinese medicine has become a research hotspot due to its multiple targets,safety,and low side effects.Ginger is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.,a perennial herbaceous plant in the ginger family.It is a dual-purpose resource of medicine and food.Ginger has the functions of relieving the appearance and dispelling cold,warming up and relieving vomiting,resolving phlegm and relieving cough,and relieving fish and crab poison.The chemical components of ginger mainly include volatile oil,gingerol,diphenylheptane,etc..Among them,6-gingerol,as the main active component of gingerols,has obvious pharmacological effects in myocardial protection,anti-oxidation,anti-inflammatory,etc..Studies have shown that 6-gingerol protects myocardium mainly through anti-oxidative stress,anti-inflammatory,inhibiting cell apoptosis,and preventing calcium influx.①Anti-oxidative stress:oxidative stress is a state where oxidation and anti-oxidation in the body are out of balance,and it is also an important factor leading to myocardial damage.Many studies have confirmed that 6-gingerol has an antioxidant effect,and it is considered a natural antioxidant.6-gingerol can significantly reduce the degree of oxidative stress and the level of reactive oxygen species caused by cardiomyocyte damage,and has a significant cardioprotective effect.②Anti-inflammatory:inflammation can cause substantial cell damage and organ dysfunction,which is another important cause of myocardial damage.6-gingerol can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6,interleukin-1β,and tumor necrosis factor-αin cardiomyocytes,and at the same time inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,an important regulatory pathway of inflammation,showing that it may improve myocardial damage through anti-inflammatory effects.③Inhibition of apoptosis:apoptosis is a complex and orderly process in the autonomous biochemical process of cells,and one of the main mechanisms of myocardial injury.This process can be roughly divided into three pathways:mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,and death receptors.Among them,the mitochondrial pathway plays an important role,and Bcl-2 and Bax located upstream of this pathway can regulate the entire process of cell apoptosis by regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane.Studies have found that the preventive application of 6-gingerol can reduce cell damage,reduce the number of apoptotic cells,reduce the activity of Bax and caspase-3,and increase the expression of Bcl-2.Therefore,6-gingerol pretreatment can reduce the damage of cardiomyocytes,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis.④Prevent calcium influx:calcium overload is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic injury,which may be related to excessive contracture,arrhythmia,and mitochondrial Ca2+accumulation that impairs myocardial function.6-gingerol inhibits the increase of intracellular Ca2+concentration by inhibiting L-type calcium current,thereby reducing extracellular Ca2+influx,thereby avoiding calcium overload and playing a cardioprotective effect.In summary,6-gingerol can effectively treat and improve myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,and it has great development potential in the fields of medicine and health products.展开更多
Alumina ceramics are widely used in many fields such as cutting tools,laser shock materials,roadbed board and refractory.Herein,Al_(2)O_(3)ceramics are prepared by a low-cost pressureless sintering technology,using th...Alumina ceramics are widely used in many fields such as cutting tools,laser shock materials,roadbed board and refractory.Herein,Al_(2)O_(3)ceramics are prepared by a low-cost pressureless sintering technology,using the binary sintering aids of MgO and SiO_(2).The effects of sintering temperature and the ratio of binary sintering aids on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Al_(2)O_(3)ceramics are investigated.A spinel second phase(MgAl_(2)O_(4))is found out by the analysis of the results of XRD and EDS when MgO and SiO_(2)are introduced in the samples.The optimum properties are found when MgO content is 20 wt.%based on the total sintering aids and the sintering temperature is 1550℃.The bending strength and the bulk density reach a maximum value of 314 MPa and 3.73 g/cm^(3),respectively.The addition of appropriate amount of SiO_(2)makes the formation of liquid phase sintering and the removal of large pores.Meanwhile,a small amount of magnesium oxide doping has an effect on the grain refinement from the microstructure of the sample.Therefore,it is believed that MgO and SiO_(2)are the ideal sintering aids for promoting the densification and property of alumina ceramics.展开更多
A new on-line monitoring method based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG) for cable tension of cable-stayed bridge was introduced. The major structure of sensing head using in the test of cable tension is elastic annular. The...A new on-line monitoring method based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG) for cable tension of cable-stayed bridge was introduced. The major structure of sensing head using in the test of cable tension is elastic annular. The FBG is attached inflexibility to the exterior surface of annulus and form straight-through sensing head. Sensing head is installed between the anchor device and stow-board of funiculus holes of the cable-stayed bridge. Accompany with the change of the outside pressure, the Bragg center reflective wavelength of optical fiber grating changed correspondingly. According to this characteristic, through demodulating the Δλ, the value of the cable tension can be determined. The experiment results and the theory indicate that the test system has simple structure, good stability and linear,wide response capacity, and has no special request for tester, The measurement method for the test of cable tension is practical and effective.展开更多
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported...Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.展开更多
Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lu...Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lung and kidney channels.Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components,including polysaccharides,alkaloids,steroidal saponins,lignans,phytosterols,and so on.Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide(PSP)is one of the main bioactive components of Polygonati Rhizoma.It is widely used.It has the effects of enhancing immunity,anti-inflammatory,anti-virus and regulating blood lipid.In recent years,the immunomodulatory function of PSP has been paid more and more attention by researchers.PSP can play an immunomodulatory role through a variety of mechanisms.(1)Effects of PSP on innate immunity.①Macrophages have a strong ability to phagocytize and clear foreign bodies.When polysaccharides bind to macrophage specific membrane receptors,the immune response will be officially activated.RAW264.7 cells can be activated by PSP MR and TLR4 mediated signal pathway to improve the pinocytosis and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.②Natural killer cell(NK cell)is a very important immune cell in the body.It is a non-specific immune killer cell naturally existing in the body.It has the dual functions of immune regulation and cytotoxicity.It was found that the signal pathway mediated by PSP CR3 and TRL2 may play a major role in the stimulation of NK cells.(2)Effects of PSP on adaptive immune response.①Lymphocytes can be divided into two forms:T cells and B cells due to different differentiation and maturation sites.T lymphocytes are the general name of thymus dependent lymphocytes.B lymphocytes differentiate and mature from animal bone marrow cells and exert their humoral immune function by secreting different antibodies.It was found that PSP could activate T/B lymphocytes and increase the ratio of CD4+/CD8+in lymph cells to promote the regulation of immune system.②Thymus and spleen index refers to the level of body immunity through the development of immune organs and the functional status of immune cells.The higher the index of thymus and spleen,the higher the immune activity.A large number of studies have found that PSP can improve immune activity by promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and regulating organ index,so as to increase the weight and index of thymus and spleen induced by CY.③Antibody is a glycoprotein secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation and a series of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.Antibody production level is one of the main indicators of nonspecific immune function.PSP can not only improve the serum antibody level of mice by regulating the phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and the level of serum hemolysin,but also enhance the concentration of IL-2 secreted by spleen lymphocytes in vitro to increase the level of antibody response,and then improve the humoral immune function of the body.(3)Effect of PSP on cytokines.①A large number of experiments have proved that PSP has a significant effect on promoting the production of interleukin(IL).PSP can combine with specific receptors on the surface of immune cells to activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways,enhance the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-4,IL-6 and IL^(-1)0 by spleen lymphocytes in vitro,make them directly kill target cells and regulate the immune function of the body at the molecular level.②Interferon(IFN)is a special protein or glycoprotein produced by human or animal cells in response to various stimuli.It plays an important role in anti-virus,immune regulation and cell proliferation control.It was found that PSP could increase IFN-γsecreted by T cells and NK cells,activate macrophages to regulate immune function.③Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.④Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.PSP can promote the proliferation and phagocytic activity of macrophage RAW264.7 to reduce its apoptosis rate.By increasing the secretion of TNF-α,PSP can promote the dissociation between NF-κВprotein and IκВp65 protein after phosphorylation,so as to start the expression and transcription of related immune genes.In conclusion,PSP can improve immunity and has a good application prospect in the development of immunomodulatory drugs.展开更多
Chuanxiong Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong in the umbelliferae family.Chuanxiong Rhizoma pungent,warm,go to liver,gallbladder and pericardium.Effective in promoting blood circulation,promoting Qi,d...Chuanxiong Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong in the umbelliferae family.Chuanxiong Rhizoma pungent,warm,go to liver,gallbladder and pericardium.Effective in promoting blood circulation,promoting Qi,dispelling wind and relieving pain,it could treat chest pain,tingling pain in chest and flank,lump,irregular menstruation,amenorrhea,symptomatic abdominal pain,headache and rheumatic pain.Neurovascular headache is a primary disease caused by dysregulation of intracranial vascular movement and nerve function.It has the characteristics of long course,intermittent recurrent attacks,lingering and difficult to heal.Attacks are often accompanied by many plant nervous system symptoms,such as rapid breathing,accelerated heart rate,vomiting,and gastrointestinal dysfunction.Vascular nerve headache is a common clinical disease,frequently bidity.Studies have shown that Chuanxiong Rhizoma has good pharmacological effects in the treatment of vascular neuropathic headache.①The action of Qi and blood circulation:vascular and neurovascular headache is caused by the evil of external wind and cold and damp heat,which leads to the disconnection of the veins,the disorder of Qi and blood,the obstruction of Qi and blood channels,the loss of brain collateral,and finally causes migraine.Modern Chinese medicine points out that"wind,blood stasis,deficiency,phlegm"are the key factors of the disease.Chuanxiong Rhizoma is the medicine of Qi in the blood.It is pungent and warm.It is good at activating blood and promoting Qi,dispelling wind,relieving pain and dispelling cold,so as to achieve the effect of treating vascular headaches.②Improve brain circulation:angioneurotic headache is caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system related to the regulation of vascular movement,which causes vasospasm or extreme vasodilation,and the decrease of intracranial blood flow causes cerebral ischemia and hypoxia.Sodium ferulate is a chemical component in Chuanxiong Rhizoma.It has a relatively good inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and the release of 5-HT from platelets.It can ensure the normal contraction of intracranial and extracranial blood vessels,improve the patient′s brain circulation and nerve function,so as to achieve the effect of treating angioneurotic headaches.③Sedative and analgesic effect:the volatile oil and water decoction of Chuanxiong Rhizoma have sedative and analgesic effects,and the water decoction can counteract the excitatory effect of caffeine.Studies have shown that the ATP activation current of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons can be inhibited by ligustrazine in a non-competitive way,which also indicates that Chuanxiong Rhizoma has a good analgesic effect.In this study,the effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma on angoneeurotic headache were reviewed,and the pharmacological effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma were further elucidated,providing basis for clinical application and new drug development of Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the treatment of angoneeurotic headache.展开更多
Input variables selection(IVS) is proved to be pivotal in nonlinear dynamic system modeling. In order to optimize the model of the nonlinear dynamic system, a fuzzy modeling method for determining the premise structur...Input variables selection(IVS) is proved to be pivotal in nonlinear dynamic system modeling. In order to optimize the model of the nonlinear dynamic system, a fuzzy modeling method for determining the premise structure by selecting important inputs of the system is studied. Firstly, a simplified two stage fuzzy curves method is proposed, which is employed to sort all possible inputs by their relevance with outputs, select the important input variables of the system and identify the structure.Secondly, in order to reduce the complexity of the model, the standard fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm and the recursive least squares algorithm are used to identify the premise parameters and conclusion parameters, respectively. Then, the effectiveness of IVS is verified by two well-known issues. Finally, the proposed identification method is applied to a realistic variable load pneumatic system. The simulation experiments indi cate that the IVS method in this paper has a positive influence on the approximation performance of the Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy modeling.展开更多
With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death...With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death of neurons in the central nervous system. Therefore,neurons the protection is the key issuesof neurological disease prevention and treatment. Polysaccharide is one of the important active substances in life activities,and has many biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the most important active substances in life activities. They have many biological activities,such as energy storage,structural support,defense and antigen characterization. In addition,it is characterized by small toxicity,high safety and versatility. Polysaccharides also have other biological activities,such as anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidation,neuroprotection and so on. As the active polysaccharide safe,non-toxic,in medicine,agriculture,food and other industries have a broad development and application value and prospects,having become a hot topic in many disciplines at home and abroad. More and more research evidence shows that polysaccharides in the neuroprotective aspects of the study more and more comprehensive and in-depth.In this paper,we reviewed the role of polysaccharides in neuroprotective mechanisms,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,promoting proliferation of neural cells,promoting neuronal differentiation,and inhibiting apoptosis of neurons.展开更多
Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,gre...Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.展开更多
Galangal(Alpinia officinaruim Hance)is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family.There are many active components in galangal,such as volatile oil,flavonoids,terpenoids,phenylpropanoids and g...Galangal(Alpinia officinaruim Hance)is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family.There are many active components in galangal,such as volatile oil,flavonoids,terpenoids,phenylpropanoids and glycosides,among which the content of volatile oil is higher.The bioactivities of galangal volatile oil on health effect includesanti-inflammatory,anti-hypertension,anti-oxidation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a kind of diseases related to circulatory system,which is also called circulatory system diseases.Over the past decade,the number of people dying from CVD has increased by 12.5%worldwide,and it is now the leading cause of human death worldwide.Studies have shown that galangal volatile oil has good pharmacological effects in treating CVD.①Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism:studies have found that abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to obesity,diabetes,CVD and other diseases.The serum total triglyceride(TG)content in liver and serum will increase in patients with abnormal fat metabolism.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal could increase the excretion of neutral cholesterol,significantly reduce liver TG and serum TG,and thus regulate glucose and lipid metabolism,prevent lipid deposition and prevent CVD.②Improving insulin resistance(IR):inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL^(-1),IL-6 activation and expression of TNF-α,improves IR,thereby protecting myocardium from IR-mediated damage.Through the establishment of endothelial cell injury model induced by high glucose in vitro,it was found that the volatile oil of galangal can significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-8,and inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by high glucose,suggesting that it has protective effect on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by high glucose.③Regulate blood oxygenation:during acute myocardial hypoxia,the activity of free radical scavenging system is decreased,and oxygen free radicals are produced in large quantity,which reacts with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane and forms lipid peroxidation,resulting in myocardial structural damage.The results showed that the water extract of Galangal could reduce the content of MDA in blood and protect the SOD activity of ischemic and hypoxic myocardium.④Protective effect of vascular endothelial cells(ES):ES injury is the pathological basis of some cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had a protective effect on ES apoptosis.Compared with the morphology and activity of ES treated with oxidized LDL,galangal volatile oil could ameliorate these morphological changes and improve cell viability.⑤Antiplatelet agglutination:inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane release,improve blood circulation,and have obvious anti-thrombotic effect,which has a good effect on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant effect.In conclusion,the volatile oil of galangal can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.Based on the mechanism of CVD,this study summarized the role of the essential oil of Alpinia officinaruim in CVD,providing basis for the clinical application of alpiniaofficinalis essential oil in the prevention and treatment of CVD and the development of new drugs.展开更多
As the outcome of humans' social activities,moral language plays a crucial role in transmitting moral messages among human beings. Furthermore,the cognitive,emotional and w ill factors in its structure are of grea...As the outcome of humans' social activities,moral language plays a crucial role in transmitting moral messages among human beings. Furthermore,the cognitive,emotional and w ill factors in its structure are of great value to the moral subject in its developing process of morality. T he meaning of moral language arises out of particular moral situations and alw ays refers to particular moral situations. C onsequently,only by combining and utilizing specific situations in moral practice,the value of moral language can be realized.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat...OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high(1.2 g·kg^(-1)),medium(0.6 g·kg^(-1)) and low(0.3 g·kg^(-1)) doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics.RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet.The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated,and 397 proteins were absent or not.And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism.Further,gene ontology(GO) analysis indicated metabolic process,transport,oxidation-reduction process,phosphorylation,signal transduction,lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated.KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.展开更多
Curcumin(Cur)is an important bioactive component of polyphenols in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.,Tulipa gesneriana L.and other Curcuma plants.It has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor,anti-a...Curcumin(Cur)is an important bioactive component of polyphenols in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.,Tulipa gesneriana L.and other Curcuma plants.It has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-inflammatory,and neuroprotection.Parkinson disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly.Its main pathological characteristics are the characteristic loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons,the decrease of dopamine content in the striatum,and the formation of Lewy bodies.At present,the main methods of clinical treatment of PD include drug therapy and surgical operation,but due to its complicated pathogenesis,they can only play a role in relieving,but cannot be completely cured.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Cur has certain effects in the treatment of PD.①Anti-oxidative stress:oxidative stress is closely related to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.Studies have found that Cur can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),reduce malondialdehyde(MDA)content,thereby reducing oxidative stress damage and protecting dopaminergic neuron.②Reduce inflammation in brain tissue:neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of PD.Reducing the level of inflammatory factors can have a certain therapeutic effect on PD.Studies have shown that high-dose Cur can reduce the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in brain tissue,reduce inflammation,inhibit further neuronal damage,improve learning and memory,and exert neuroprotective effects.③Activation of autophagy:the abnormal accumulation ofα-Synuclein(α-Syn)in Lewy bodies is closely related to PD,and autophagy dysfunction leads toα-Syn clearance obstacles and an important factor of abnormal aggregation.Cur can increase the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3-Ⅱ)and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A(LAMP2A),and reduce the protein and mRNA expression ofα-Syn.It can be seen that Cur promotes the elimination ofα-Syn and protects neurons from damage by activating autophagy.④Inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction:mitochondria plays a central regulatory role in the process of cell apoptosis,and mitochondrial dysfunction is related to reactive oxygen species,energy and mitochondrial membrane potential,which may cause substantia nigra striatal neuropathy.Experiments have shown that Cur can reduce the active oxygen content in PC12 cells induced by MPP+,maintain the normal membrane potential of mitochondria,thereby stabilizing mitochondrial function and inhibiting PC12 cell apoptosis.This study summarized the action mechanism of Cur in the treatment of PD,and clarified the basis of its pharmacodynamics, providing a reference for the clinical research and new drug develop ment research of Cur in the treatment of PD.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel pair of induced IF covering approximation operators in an IF covering approximation space,and discusses some basic properties about definable IFSs.A measure is defined to describe the uncer...This paper proposes a novel pair of induced IF covering approximation operators in an IF covering approximation space,and discusses some basic properties about definable IFSs.A measure is defined to describe the uncertainty of IFSs in IF covering approximation spaces.Finally,we study the properties of reductions of an IF covering respectively based on induced IF covering approximation operators and IF covering approximation operators.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-QN-0758)Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Research Launch Project(2020BJ-26)Doctoral Research Initializing Fund of Hebei University of Science and Technology,China(1181476).
文摘This paper discusses the influence of Sb/In ratio on the transport properties and crystal quality of the 200 nm InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film.The Sb content of InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film in all samples was verified by HRXRD of the symmetrical 004 reflections and asymmetrical 115 reflections.The calculation results show that the Sb component was 0.6 in the InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)thin film grown under the conditions of Sb/In ratio of 6 and As/In ratio of 3,which has the highest electron mobility(28560 cm^(2)/V·s)at 300 K.At the same time,the influence ofⅤ/Ⅲratio on the transport properties and crystal quality of Al_(0.2)In_(0.8)Sb/InAs_(x)Sb_(1-x)quantum well heterostructures also has been investigated.As a result,the Al_(0.2)In_(0.8)Sb/InAs_(0.4)Sb_(0.6)quantum well heterostructure with a channel thickness of 30 nm grown under the conditions of Sb/In ratio of 6 and As/In ratio of 3 has a maximum electron mobility of 28300 cm^(2)/V·s and a minimum RMS roughness of 0.68 nm.Through optimizing the growth conditions,our samples have higher electron mobility and smoother surface morphology.
基金Project(51674096)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(E2016203119)supported by Hebei Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(18211045)supported by the Key Research and Development Foundation in Hebei Province of China
文摘Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs.To find the optimal water spray parameters,a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion.The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system.The internal pressure,average heat transfer coefficient(have)and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied.Finally,the mathematical model was experimentally verified.The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume.The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly,but have increases rapidly first and then slowly.To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders,the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m^3/(h·m).The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m^3/(h·m).
基金Fourth Chinese Materia Medica Resources Survey(Z135080000022)。
文摘Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF has anti-inflammatory,protective liver,antioxidant,antibacterial and other pharmacological effects.Ancient prescriptions are commonly used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea and other intestinal diseases and diabetes.Modern clinical pharmacology features of SCF polysaccharide(SCFP)in diabetes,liver diseases,enteritis and other aspects have achieved excellent results.Gut is an important digestive organ of human body,but intestinal diseases are varied,including Crohn′s disease,ulcerative colitis,intestinal flora imbalance,etc..It is a chronic and non-specific inflammatory disease.The disease is persisted for a long time and the incidence rate is expected to rise.Most of the symptoms are recurrent diarrhea,bloody stool and abdominal pain.It is considered by the World Health Organization as a refractory disease.At present,there is little possibility of complete cure,which is closely related to complex environmental factors,eating habits and heredity.In recent years,clinical studies have found that SCFP has a variety of pharmacological effects on intestinal protection.①Reduce inflammatory factors:intestinal mucositis is a common adverse reaction in patients with chemotherapy.The development of mucositis is related to pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,Interferon-γ(IFN-γ).SCFP can significantly reduce IL-6 TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,and IL-8,as well as the accumulation of T cells in the process of resisting apoptosis,reduce the inflammatory reaction and protect the damage to villi and crypts,improve the symptoms of small intestinal mucositis caused by weight loss and diarrhea.②Promote immunoglobulin A secretion:intestinal mucosal immunity is the first line of defense of the body′s immune system.Its main antibody is secretory immunoglobulin A,which can destroy and phagocytize microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.SCFP can improve intestinal immunity by increasing the number and activity of T lymphocytes,promoting the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A,and affecting the activity of a variety of cytokines.③Regulation of intestinal flora:the flora in the intestine has the functions of auxiliary nutrient absorption,biological antagonism and immune regulation,and can form a natural barrier for the host's intestine.When the human intestinal flora is disordered,probiotics will be greatly reduced,harmful bacteria will proliferate and destroy the intestinal environment.Under these conditions,the intake of SCFP significantly increased the number of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus,and significantly decreased the number of conditional pathogens such as enterococcus and escherichia coli,indicating that SCFP can indeed regulate the intestinal disorder caused by lincomycin hydrochloride to a certain extent. This may be because beneficial bacteria in the intestine metabolize polysaccharides produce short chain fatty acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, which reduces the pH value in the intestine and inhibits the growth of enterococcus and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, SCFP can treat and protect intestinal diseases to a certain extent, which provides a favorable basis for the treatment of intestinal diseases.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation(81202192)Fund of Hebei Provincial Health Bureau(20130037)
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.
文摘OBJECTIVE To review the application of nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2,providing theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. METHODS According to domestic and foreign research reports of nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 in recent years,the application in the diagnosis and treatment of glioma was summarized and analyzed. RESULTS Angiopep-2 can be modified to the surface of nanoparticles loaded with imaging agents or chemotherapeutic agents,which can significantly improve the imaging effect of glioma and achieve targeted drug delivery. CONCLUSION Angiopep-2 exhibits a high brain penetration capability in blood brain barrier and in glioma cells. The nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 can delivery various imaging agents and chemotherapeutic agents to glioma cells,the dual-targeting delivery systems can provide theoretical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma.
文摘OBJECTIVE To establish a method for primary cultured and iden-tified Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats cerebral cortical astrocytes. METHODS Cerebral co-rtex of SD neonatal rats within 24 h was taken with stereo microscope and was cut topieces(1 mm^3),digested by Accutase and 0.1% DNAase(37℃,15 min),anddispersed cell suspension was made by mechanical method and filtered. The fibroblast cells and microglia were removed through differential adhesion and sha-ke. Passaged cells were identified by immunofluorescent with anti-Glial fibrillaryacidic protein(GFAP) antibody. RESULTS The astrocytes of rats cerebral cortex were cultured in this method,which had a large number of cells,good activity,high purity,abundant and elongated cell processes,and were interwoven into a network,showing a typical and good growth state. The third generation of the cel s comprised >95% astrocytes. CONCLUSION This simple and reliable cultivation method of astrocyte from rat cerebral tissue is established with high purity,and in a good growth condition.
基金Fund of Dean of Huachuang Institute of Areca Research-Hainan(HCBL2020YZ-012)。
文摘The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases are very high,which has attracted more and more attention all over the world.Common treatment methods for clinical treatment of acute myocardial infarction include direct percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting,which can quickly restore blocked coronary blood flow and reduce the infarct size.However,the inevitable ischemia/reperfusion injury will occur during the recovery of coronary blood flow,its pathological mechanism is complicated,and the Western medicine countermeasures are very limited.Among the current drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,traditional Chinese medicine has become a research hotspot due to its multiple targets,safety,and low side effects.Ginger is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.,a perennial herbaceous plant in the ginger family.It is a dual-purpose resource of medicine and food.Ginger has the functions of relieving the appearance and dispelling cold,warming up and relieving vomiting,resolving phlegm and relieving cough,and relieving fish and crab poison.The chemical components of ginger mainly include volatile oil,gingerol,diphenylheptane,etc..Among them,6-gingerol,as the main active component of gingerols,has obvious pharmacological effects in myocardial protection,anti-oxidation,anti-inflammatory,etc..Studies have shown that 6-gingerol protects myocardium mainly through anti-oxidative stress,anti-inflammatory,inhibiting cell apoptosis,and preventing calcium influx.①Anti-oxidative stress:oxidative stress is a state where oxidation and anti-oxidation in the body are out of balance,and it is also an important factor leading to myocardial damage.Many studies have confirmed that 6-gingerol has an antioxidant effect,and it is considered a natural antioxidant.6-gingerol can significantly reduce the degree of oxidative stress and the level of reactive oxygen species caused by cardiomyocyte damage,and has a significant cardioprotective effect.②Anti-inflammatory:inflammation can cause substantial cell damage and organ dysfunction,which is another important cause of myocardial damage.6-gingerol can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6,interleukin-1β,and tumor necrosis factor-αin cardiomyocytes,and at the same time inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,an important regulatory pathway of inflammation,showing that it may improve myocardial damage through anti-inflammatory effects.③Inhibition of apoptosis:apoptosis is a complex and orderly process in the autonomous biochemical process of cells,and one of the main mechanisms of myocardial injury.This process can be roughly divided into three pathways:mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,and death receptors.Among them,the mitochondrial pathway plays an important role,and Bcl-2 and Bax located upstream of this pathway can regulate the entire process of cell apoptosis by regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane.Studies have found that the preventive application of 6-gingerol can reduce cell damage,reduce the number of apoptotic cells,reduce the activity of Bax and caspase-3,and increase the expression of Bcl-2.Therefore,6-gingerol pretreatment can reduce the damage of cardiomyocytes,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis.④Prevent calcium influx:calcium overload is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic injury,which may be related to excessive contracture,arrhythmia,and mitochondrial Ca2+accumulation that impairs myocardial function.6-gingerol inhibits the increase of intracellular Ca2+concentration by inhibiting L-type calcium current,thereby reducing extracellular Ca2+influx,thereby avoiding calcium overload and playing a cardioprotective effect.In summary,6-gingerol can effectively treat and improve myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,and it has great development potential in the fields of medicine and health products.
基金Projects(11772207,U2130128)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(E2019210042,E2017210065)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China+3 种基金Project(QN2019137)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Hebei Education Department,ChinaProject(A2019210204)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province for Distinguished Young Scholars,ChinaProject(216Z4302G)supported by Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development,ChinaProject supported by Youth Top-notch Talents Supporting Plan of Hebei Province,China。
文摘Alumina ceramics are widely used in many fields such as cutting tools,laser shock materials,roadbed board and refractory.Herein,Al_(2)O_(3)ceramics are prepared by a low-cost pressureless sintering technology,using the binary sintering aids of MgO and SiO_(2).The effects of sintering temperature and the ratio of binary sintering aids on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Al_(2)O_(3)ceramics are investigated.A spinel second phase(MgAl_(2)O_(4))is found out by the analysis of the results of XRD and EDS when MgO and SiO_(2)are introduced in the samples.The optimum properties are found when MgO content is 20 wt.%based on the total sintering aids and the sintering temperature is 1550℃.The bending strength and the bulk density reach a maximum value of 314 MPa and 3.73 g/cm^(3),respectively.The addition of appropriate amount of SiO_(2)makes the formation of liquid phase sintering and the removal of large pores.Meanwhile,a small amount of magnesium oxide doping has an effect on the grain refinement from the microstructure of the sample.Therefore,it is believed that MgO and SiO_(2)are the ideal sintering aids for promoting the densification and property of alumina ceramics.
文摘A new on-line monitoring method based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG) for cable tension of cable-stayed bridge was introduced. The major structure of sensing head using in the test of cable tension is elastic annular. The FBG is attached inflexibility to the exterior surface of annulus and form straight-through sensing head. Sensing head is installed between the anchor device and stow-board of funiculus holes of the cable-stayed bridge. Accompany with the change of the outside pressure, the Bragg center reflective wavelength of optical fiber grating changed correspondingly. According to this characteristic, through demodulating the Δλ, the value of the cable tension can be determined. The experiment results and the theory indicate that the test system has simple structure, good stability and linear,wide response capacity, and has no special request for tester, The measurement method for the test of cable tension is practical and effective.
文摘Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.
文摘Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lung and kidney channels.Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components,including polysaccharides,alkaloids,steroidal saponins,lignans,phytosterols,and so on.Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide(PSP)is one of the main bioactive components of Polygonati Rhizoma.It is widely used.It has the effects of enhancing immunity,anti-inflammatory,anti-virus and regulating blood lipid.In recent years,the immunomodulatory function of PSP has been paid more and more attention by researchers.PSP can play an immunomodulatory role through a variety of mechanisms.(1)Effects of PSP on innate immunity.①Macrophages have a strong ability to phagocytize and clear foreign bodies.When polysaccharides bind to macrophage specific membrane receptors,the immune response will be officially activated.RAW264.7 cells can be activated by PSP MR and TLR4 mediated signal pathway to improve the pinocytosis and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.②Natural killer cell(NK cell)is a very important immune cell in the body.It is a non-specific immune killer cell naturally existing in the body.It has the dual functions of immune regulation and cytotoxicity.It was found that the signal pathway mediated by PSP CR3 and TRL2 may play a major role in the stimulation of NK cells.(2)Effects of PSP on adaptive immune response.①Lymphocytes can be divided into two forms:T cells and B cells due to different differentiation and maturation sites.T lymphocytes are the general name of thymus dependent lymphocytes.B lymphocytes differentiate and mature from animal bone marrow cells and exert their humoral immune function by secreting different antibodies.It was found that PSP could activate T/B lymphocytes and increase the ratio of CD4+/CD8+in lymph cells to promote the regulation of immune system.②Thymus and spleen index refers to the level of body immunity through the development of immune organs and the functional status of immune cells.The higher the index of thymus and spleen,the higher the immune activity.A large number of studies have found that PSP can improve immune activity by promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and regulating organ index,so as to increase the weight and index of thymus and spleen induced by CY.③Antibody is a glycoprotein secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation and a series of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.Antibody production level is one of the main indicators of nonspecific immune function.PSP can not only improve the serum antibody level of mice by regulating the phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and the level of serum hemolysin,but also enhance the concentration of IL-2 secreted by spleen lymphocytes in vitro to increase the level of antibody response,and then improve the humoral immune function of the body.(3)Effect of PSP on cytokines.①A large number of experiments have proved that PSP has a significant effect on promoting the production of interleukin(IL).PSP can combine with specific receptors on the surface of immune cells to activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways,enhance the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-4,IL-6 and IL^(-1)0 by spleen lymphocytes in vitro,make them directly kill target cells and regulate the immune function of the body at the molecular level.②Interferon(IFN)is a special protein or glycoprotein produced by human or animal cells in response to various stimuli.It plays an important role in anti-virus,immune regulation and cell proliferation control.It was found that PSP could increase IFN-γsecreted by T cells and NK cells,activate macrophages to regulate immune function.③Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.④Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.PSP can promote the proliferation and phagocytic activity of macrophage RAW264.7 to reduce its apoptosis rate.By increasing the secretion of TNF-α,PSP can promote the dissociation between NF-κВprotein and IκВp65 protein after phosphorylation,so as to start the expression and transcription of related immune genes.In conclusion,PSP can improve immunity and has a good application prospect in the development of immunomodulatory drugs.
文摘Chuanxiong Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong in the umbelliferae family.Chuanxiong Rhizoma pungent,warm,go to liver,gallbladder and pericardium.Effective in promoting blood circulation,promoting Qi,dispelling wind and relieving pain,it could treat chest pain,tingling pain in chest and flank,lump,irregular menstruation,amenorrhea,symptomatic abdominal pain,headache and rheumatic pain.Neurovascular headache is a primary disease caused by dysregulation of intracranial vascular movement and nerve function.It has the characteristics of long course,intermittent recurrent attacks,lingering and difficult to heal.Attacks are often accompanied by many plant nervous system symptoms,such as rapid breathing,accelerated heart rate,vomiting,and gastrointestinal dysfunction.Vascular nerve headache is a common clinical disease,frequently bidity.Studies have shown that Chuanxiong Rhizoma has good pharmacological effects in the treatment of vascular neuropathic headache.①The action of Qi and blood circulation:vascular and neurovascular headache is caused by the evil of external wind and cold and damp heat,which leads to the disconnection of the veins,the disorder of Qi and blood,the obstruction of Qi and blood channels,the loss of brain collateral,and finally causes migraine.Modern Chinese medicine points out that"wind,blood stasis,deficiency,phlegm"are the key factors of the disease.Chuanxiong Rhizoma is the medicine of Qi in the blood.It is pungent and warm.It is good at activating blood and promoting Qi,dispelling wind,relieving pain and dispelling cold,so as to achieve the effect of treating vascular headaches.②Improve brain circulation:angioneurotic headache is caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system related to the regulation of vascular movement,which causes vasospasm or extreme vasodilation,and the decrease of intracranial blood flow causes cerebral ischemia and hypoxia.Sodium ferulate is a chemical component in Chuanxiong Rhizoma.It has a relatively good inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and the release of 5-HT from platelets.It can ensure the normal contraction of intracranial and extracranial blood vessels,improve the patient′s brain circulation and nerve function,so as to achieve the effect of treating angioneurotic headaches.③Sedative and analgesic effect:the volatile oil and water decoction of Chuanxiong Rhizoma have sedative and analgesic effects,and the water decoction can counteract the excitatory effect of caffeine.Studies have shown that the ATP activation current of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons can be inhibited by ligustrazine in a non-competitive way,which also indicates that Chuanxiong Rhizoma has a good analgesic effect.In this study,the effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma on angoneeurotic headache were reviewed,and the pharmacological effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma were further elucidated,providing basis for clinical application and new drug development of Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the treatment of angoneeurotic headache.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(F2019203505).
文摘Input variables selection(IVS) is proved to be pivotal in nonlinear dynamic system modeling. In order to optimize the model of the nonlinear dynamic system, a fuzzy modeling method for determining the premise structure by selecting important inputs of the system is studied. Firstly, a simplified two stage fuzzy curves method is proposed, which is employed to sort all possible inputs by their relevance with outputs, select the important input variables of the system and identify the structure.Secondly, in order to reduce the complexity of the model, the standard fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm and the recursive least squares algorithm are used to identify the premise parameters and conclusion parameters, respectively. Then, the effectiveness of IVS is verified by two well-known issues. Finally, the proposed identification method is applied to a realistic variable load pneumatic system. The simulation experiments indi cate that the IVS method in this paper has a positive influence on the approximation performance of the Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy modeling.
文摘With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death of neurons in the central nervous system. Therefore,neurons the protection is the key issuesof neurological disease prevention and treatment. Polysaccharide is one of the important active substances in life activities,and has many biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the most important active substances in life activities. They have many biological activities,such as energy storage,structural support,defense and antigen characterization. In addition,it is characterized by small toxicity,high safety and versatility. Polysaccharides also have other biological activities,such as anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidation,neuroprotection and so on. As the active polysaccharide safe,non-toxic,in medicine,agriculture,food and other industries have a broad development and application value and prospects,having become a hot topic in many disciplines at home and abroad. More and more research evidence shows that polysaccharides in the neuroprotective aspects of the study more and more comprehensive and in-depth.In this paper,we reviewed the role of polysaccharides in neuroprotective mechanisms,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,promoting proliferation of neural cells,promoting neuronal differentiation,and inhibiting apoptosis of neurons.
基金Fund of Dean of Huachuang Institute of Areca Research-Hainan(HCBL2020YZ-012)。
文摘Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.
文摘Galangal(Alpinia officinaruim Hance)is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family.There are many active components in galangal,such as volatile oil,flavonoids,terpenoids,phenylpropanoids and glycosides,among which the content of volatile oil is higher.The bioactivities of galangal volatile oil on health effect includesanti-inflammatory,anti-hypertension,anti-oxidation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a kind of diseases related to circulatory system,which is also called circulatory system diseases.Over the past decade,the number of people dying from CVD has increased by 12.5%worldwide,and it is now the leading cause of human death worldwide.Studies have shown that galangal volatile oil has good pharmacological effects in treating CVD.①Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism:studies have found that abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to obesity,diabetes,CVD and other diseases.The serum total triglyceride(TG)content in liver and serum will increase in patients with abnormal fat metabolism.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal could increase the excretion of neutral cholesterol,significantly reduce liver TG and serum TG,and thus regulate glucose and lipid metabolism,prevent lipid deposition and prevent CVD.②Improving insulin resistance(IR):inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL^(-1),IL-6 activation and expression of TNF-α,improves IR,thereby protecting myocardium from IR-mediated damage.Through the establishment of endothelial cell injury model induced by high glucose in vitro,it was found that the volatile oil of galangal can significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-8,and inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by high glucose,suggesting that it has protective effect on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by high glucose.③Regulate blood oxygenation:during acute myocardial hypoxia,the activity of free radical scavenging system is decreased,and oxygen free radicals are produced in large quantity,which reacts with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane and forms lipid peroxidation,resulting in myocardial structural damage.The results showed that the water extract of Galangal could reduce the content of MDA in blood and protect the SOD activity of ischemic and hypoxic myocardium.④Protective effect of vascular endothelial cells(ES):ES injury is the pathological basis of some cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had a protective effect on ES apoptosis.Compared with the morphology and activity of ES treated with oxidized LDL,galangal volatile oil could ameliorate these morphological changes and improve cell viability.⑤Antiplatelet agglutination:inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane release,improve blood circulation,and have obvious anti-thrombotic effect,which has a good effect on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant effect.In conclusion,the volatile oil of galangal can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.Based on the mechanism of CVD,this study summarized the role of the essential oil of Alpinia officinaruim in CVD,providing basis for the clinical application of alpiniaofficinalis essential oil in the prevention and treatment of CVD and the development of new drugs.
文摘As the outcome of humans' social activities,moral language plays a crucial role in transmitting moral messages among human beings. Furthermore,the cognitive,emotional and w ill factors in its structure are of great value to the moral subject in its developing process of morality. T he meaning of moral language arises out of particular moral situations and alw ays refers to particular moral situations. C onsequently,only by combining and utilizing specific situations in moral practice,the value of moral language can be realized.
基金supported by the PUMC(Peking Union Medical College)Youth Fund(3332015142) National Natural Science Foundation of China(81703746)
文摘OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high(1.2 g·kg^(-1)),medium(0.6 g·kg^(-1)) and low(0.3 g·kg^(-1)) doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics.RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet.The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated,and 397 proteins were absent or not.And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism.Further,gene ontology(GO) analysis indicated metabolic process,transport,oxidation-reduction process,phosphorylation,signal transduction,lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated.KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(20370509D)and Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(ZD2020117)。
文摘Curcumin(Cur)is an important bioactive component of polyphenols in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.,Tulipa gesneriana L.and other Curcuma plants.It has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-inflammatory,and neuroprotection.Parkinson disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly.Its main pathological characteristics are the characteristic loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons,the decrease of dopamine content in the striatum,and the formation of Lewy bodies.At present,the main methods of clinical treatment of PD include drug therapy and surgical operation,but due to its complicated pathogenesis,they can only play a role in relieving,but cannot be completely cured.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Cur has certain effects in the treatment of PD.①Anti-oxidative stress:oxidative stress is closely related to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.Studies have found that Cur can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),reduce malondialdehyde(MDA)content,thereby reducing oxidative stress damage and protecting dopaminergic neuron.②Reduce inflammation in brain tissue:neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of PD.Reducing the level of inflammatory factors can have a certain therapeutic effect on PD.Studies have shown that high-dose Cur can reduce the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in brain tissue,reduce inflammation,inhibit further neuronal damage,improve learning and memory,and exert neuroprotective effects.③Activation of autophagy:the abnormal accumulation ofα-Synuclein(α-Syn)in Lewy bodies is closely related to PD,and autophagy dysfunction leads toα-Syn clearance obstacles and an important factor of abnormal aggregation.Cur can increase the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3-Ⅱ)and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A(LAMP2A),and reduce the protein and mRNA expression ofα-Syn.It can be seen that Cur promotes the elimination ofα-Syn and protects neurons from damage by activating autophagy.④Inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction:mitochondria plays a central regulatory role in the process of cell apoptosis,and mitochondrial dysfunction is related to reactive oxygen species,energy and mitochondrial membrane potential,which may cause substantia nigra striatal neuropathy.Experiments have shown that Cur can reduce the active oxygen content in PC12 cells induced by MPP+,maintain the normal membrane potential of mitochondria,thereby stabilizing mitochondrial function and inhibiting PC12 cell apoptosis.This study summarized the action mechanism of Cur in the treatment of PD,and clarified the basis of its pharmacodynamics, providing a reference for the clinical research and new drug develop ment research of Cur in the treatment of PD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60773174 and 60963006)Hebei Province Science and Technology Research and Development Program(No.09276158).
文摘This paper proposes a novel pair of induced IF covering approximation operators in an IF covering approximation space,and discusses some basic properties about definable IFSs.A measure is defined to describe the uncertainty of IFSs in IF covering approximation spaces.Finally,we study the properties of reductions of an IF covering respectively based on induced IF covering approximation operators and IF covering approximation operators.
