文学作品是有意义的,它就是作者运用文学语言和艺术形式力图表达的世界观、人生观、价值观,亦即作者对自然、社会、历史和人的看法。这是从古代到近代文学研究和文学批评领域的主流观点。然而,进入20世纪,特别是自20世纪40年代起,这一...文学作品是有意义的,它就是作者运用文学语言和艺术形式力图表达的世界观、人生观、价值观,亦即作者对自然、社会、历史和人的看法。这是从古代到近代文学研究和文学批评领域的主流观点。然而,进入20世纪,特别是自20世纪40年代起,这一观点受到许多文学理论研究者的质疑和挑战。在西方各种哲学流派以及语言学、心理学、社会学乃至自然科学领域各种思潮的影响之下,一些文学理论研究者和文学批评者尝试借用或援引文学之外的理论和方法,对文学作品的意义作出与传统不同的阐释。罗兰·巴特《作者之死》(The Death Of The Author)问世后,在中西学界引起广泛关注。后结构主义观点认为,语言无法可靠地反映现实,文学无法清晰地反映生活;既然无法对文学作品进行最终的确切性的解读,那么任何理解都可能是误读。在日趋激烈的争鸣与论辩中,人们始终抱持这样一个疑问:作者是否还是文本意义的可靠来源?多年来,中国社会科学院副院长张江教授密切关注当代西方文论的发展与流变,他针对当代西方文论存在问题提出的"强制阐释论"、"理论中心论"等,引起国内外学界广泛关注和热烈讨论。2016年12月初,张江教授率团对英国进行学术访问期间,在苏塞克斯大学与英国专家学者进行了座谈,围绕文学作品的意义和作者的意图等文学批评理论的原点问题,结合具体文学作品及文学创作实践展开讨论。现将张江教授与英国专家学者对话的主要内容摘录发表,以为学界同仁借鉴和参考。展开更多
Aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic steranes of 11 oil and 6 shale samples from the Zhanhua Depression have been examined by GC-MS with particular attention paid to the so-called biological markers i.e., steranes, tri...Aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic steranes of 11 oil and 6 shale samples from the Zhanhua Depression have been examined by GC-MS with particular attention paid to the so-called biological markers i.e., steranes, triterpanes, and aromatic steranes. No correlation has been established between oil maturity and reservoir depth, suggesting that the present maturity of oil is related mainly to maturation effects in the source rocks rather than in the reservoir. Oil samples pooled from depth of ca. < 1300m in Gudoan, Chenzhikoun uplift show signs of extensive biodegradation (n-alkanes all removed) whilst those pooled from depth > 1500 m are unaffected. The shales show progressive increase in the extent of aromatization of aromatic steranes and the extent of configurational isomerization in the hopanes which correlate well with present burial depth. A number of ratios and compound distributions thought to be indicative of either maturity of palcoenviromnent suggest the upper Shahejie represented by Y121 as the most likely source for the Y118 oil which is less mature than all other oils. The main source (s) for all other oils is more mature (by sterane isomerisation) than all shales examined. This increase in maturity indicates that their source was either a)Shahejie shales elsewhere in the depression with lower average heating rate but similar maximum temperature to the deeper samples examined; or b) sediments older than the Shahejie.展开更多
文摘文学作品是有意义的,它就是作者运用文学语言和艺术形式力图表达的世界观、人生观、价值观,亦即作者对自然、社会、历史和人的看法。这是从古代到近代文学研究和文学批评领域的主流观点。然而,进入20世纪,特别是自20世纪40年代起,这一观点受到许多文学理论研究者的质疑和挑战。在西方各种哲学流派以及语言学、心理学、社会学乃至自然科学领域各种思潮的影响之下,一些文学理论研究者和文学批评者尝试借用或援引文学之外的理论和方法,对文学作品的意义作出与传统不同的阐释。罗兰·巴特《作者之死》(The Death Of The Author)问世后,在中西学界引起广泛关注。后结构主义观点认为,语言无法可靠地反映现实,文学无法清晰地反映生活;既然无法对文学作品进行最终的确切性的解读,那么任何理解都可能是误读。在日趋激烈的争鸣与论辩中,人们始终抱持这样一个疑问:作者是否还是文本意义的可靠来源?多年来,中国社会科学院副院长张江教授密切关注当代西方文论的发展与流变,他针对当代西方文论存在问题提出的"强制阐释论"、"理论中心论"等,引起国内外学界广泛关注和热烈讨论。2016年12月初,张江教授率团对英国进行学术访问期间,在苏塞克斯大学与英国专家学者进行了座谈,围绕文学作品的意义和作者的意图等文学批评理论的原点问题,结合具体文学作品及文学创作实践展开讨论。现将张江教授与英国专家学者对话的主要内容摘录发表,以为学界同仁借鉴和参考。
文摘Aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic steranes of 11 oil and 6 shale samples from the Zhanhua Depression have been examined by GC-MS with particular attention paid to the so-called biological markers i.e., steranes, triterpanes, and aromatic steranes. No correlation has been established between oil maturity and reservoir depth, suggesting that the present maturity of oil is related mainly to maturation effects in the source rocks rather than in the reservoir. Oil samples pooled from depth of ca. < 1300m in Gudoan, Chenzhikoun uplift show signs of extensive biodegradation (n-alkanes all removed) whilst those pooled from depth > 1500 m are unaffected. The shales show progressive increase in the extent of aromatization of aromatic steranes and the extent of configurational isomerization in the hopanes which correlate well with present burial depth. A number of ratios and compound distributions thought to be indicative of either maturity of palcoenviromnent suggest the upper Shahejie represented by Y121 as the most likely source for the Y118 oil which is less mature than all other oils. The main source (s) for all other oils is more mature (by sterane isomerisation) than all shales examined. This increase in maturity indicates that their source was either a)Shahejie shales elsewhere in the depression with lower average heating rate but similar maximum temperature to the deeper samples examined; or b) sediments older than the Shahejie.
