青海官亭盆地喇家遗址史前巨大灾难事件,是我国史前环境变化与文明演变研究领域的热点之一。通过对官亭盆地喇家遗址北侧大红山前古洪积扇前沿地带的野外考察,进行土壤沉积物地层划分、结合理化指标测试分析,发现该地带土壤与沉积物的...青海官亭盆地喇家遗址史前巨大灾难事件,是我国史前环境变化与文明演变研究领域的热点之一。通过对官亭盆地喇家遗址北侧大红山前古洪积扇前沿地带的野外考察,进行土壤沉积物地层划分、结合理化指标测试分析,发现该地带土壤与沉积物的基本层序,自下而上依次为晚更新世马兰黄土(L1)—全新世早期过渡性风成黄土(Lt)—全新世中期古土壤(S0)—全新世晚期风成黄土(L0)—现代耕作土壤(MS)。这个层序特点与黄河北岸第二级阶地喇家遗址区域相同,也与黄土高原地区全新世土壤沉积物的层序相同。在全新世中期黑垆土古土壤(S0)中夹有三层红色泥流沉积层(RC1、RC2、RC3),是全新世中期后段气候恶化条件之下,暴雨山洪泥流溢出沟槽在地面扩散沉积形成。该地带以RC1为代表第一期山洪泥流事件早于喇家遗址毁灭的年代。以RC2为代表的第二期山洪泥流层卷入密集的木炭屑和杂物,表明在山洪泥流发生的时候有火灾发生,这对应着3850 a B.P.毁灭喇家遗址的大地震和山洪泥流群发生灾难事件。以RC3为代表的第三期山洪泥流事件,与喇家遗址区域相同发生在3600 a B.P.。其后在古洪积扇前沿到黄河第二级阶地的范围,再没有发生山洪泥流溢出沟槽扩散覆盖土地并且毁灭聚落成灾的现象。在喇家遗址北侧古洪积扇区域建立了全新世土壤地层序列,分析了该地带山洪泥流与喇家遗址灾难事件的联系。这对于研究揭示史前时期以来官亭盆地人地关系演变具有科学意义。展开更多
[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global cl...[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global climate.The benefits of ecological soil and water conservation measures(ESWCMs,such as micro basins tillage and contour tillage)are widely understood,including runoff and soil loss reducing to a certain extent when compared with traditional tillage.While few studies have focused on China’s different soil types and erosion characteristics.[Methods]We reviewed literature from Web of Science,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using terms like“Conservation practice”“Contour tillage”“Runoff”“Sediment”“Erosion”and“China”and retained literatures based on criteria such as natural or simulated precipitation,runoff or soil loss data,reported replications and statistics,recorded factors like location and slope,and at least two data pairs per group.Ultimately,49 literatures were selected to quantify the impacts on different ESWCMs and identify the slope and precipitation for the greatest runoff and sediment reduction by calculating the log response ratio(LRR).[Results]The three regions’soil and water conservation benefits varied due to the differences in climate,terrain,and soil properties:1)ESWCMs applied in the black soil region of Northeast China were the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss(66.65%runoff and 75.83%sediment),followed by those applied in the purple soil region of Southwest China(39.98%runoff and 58.30%sediment)and loess soil region of Northwest China(16.36%runoff and 32.44%sediment).2)Micro basins tillage(MBT)(71.79%runoff and 87.03%sediment)no-tillage with mulch(NTM)(17.30%runoff and 32.51%sediment),collecting soil to form a ridge with no-till(CSNT)(55.78%runoff and 71.36%sediment reduction)were the most efficient soil and water conservation measures in controlling water erosion in the black soil of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China and the purple soil region of Southwest China,respectively.3)The slope gradients ranged from 0-3°,>3°-5°and>10°-15°(0-3°:97.09%;>3°-5°:74.62%;and>10°-15°:39.41%)caused the largest reduction of runoff in the black soil region of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China,and the purple soil region of Southwest China.Meanwhile,the effects of sediment reduction were the most obvious,ranging from 0-3°,>10°-15°,and>20°-25°(0-3°:89.32%;>10°-15°:75.94%;and>20°-25°:67.25%).4)The effect of ESWCMs under rainstorms was the most obvious in the black soil region of Northeast China.The effect on runoff reduction under light rain in the purple soil region of Southwest China was the most obvious,but it failed to pass the significance test in sediment reduction.[Conclusions]The results provided optimal conservation tillage measures for three regions,different slopes and different rainfalls,and provided data support for reducing regional soil and water loss in China.展开更多
为进一步厘定西南地区亚高山典型林区土壤碳(carbon,C)排放的主控因素,更精确估算土壤C排放,该文以贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林为研究对象,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,采集了2008—2009年土壤CO2排放速率及相应环境要素数据。结果表明,成熟林与中...为进一步厘定西南地区亚高山典型林区土壤碳(carbon,C)排放的主控因素,更精确估算土壤C排放,该文以贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林为研究对象,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,采集了2008—2009年土壤CO2排放速率及相应环境要素数据。结果表明,成熟林与中龄林区土壤储量分别为291.0、63.8 t C/hm2。成熟林与中龄林全年土壤C排放速率整体变化态势基本一致。其中中龄林土壤C排放速率日均最大值、最小值与平均值分别为34.53、6.96、16.26 kg C/(hm2·d)。成熟林土壤C排放速率日均值的最大值、最小值与平均值分别为55.34、9.50、24.57 kg C/(hm2·d)。土壤C排放速率日均值与5 cm土壤温度表现的相关性最高(r成熟=r中龄=0.73,P<0.05)且二者存在指数关系(R2成熟=0.60,R2中龄=0.56)。土壤温度是影响该区域土壤C排放变化的主要环境驱动因子。在IPCC不同气候情景下(B1,A1B和A2),成熟林土壤C排放量将比基准情景分别高出15%、25%和31%;中龄林土壤C排放量将比基准情景高13%、21%和27%。该研究可为变化环境下中国西南山区碳平衡估算提供数据基础和参考依据。展开更多
文摘青海官亭盆地喇家遗址史前巨大灾难事件,是我国史前环境变化与文明演变研究领域的热点之一。通过对官亭盆地喇家遗址北侧大红山前古洪积扇前沿地带的野外考察,进行土壤沉积物地层划分、结合理化指标测试分析,发现该地带土壤与沉积物的基本层序,自下而上依次为晚更新世马兰黄土(L1)—全新世早期过渡性风成黄土(Lt)—全新世中期古土壤(S0)—全新世晚期风成黄土(L0)—现代耕作土壤(MS)。这个层序特点与黄河北岸第二级阶地喇家遗址区域相同,也与黄土高原地区全新世土壤沉积物的层序相同。在全新世中期黑垆土古土壤(S0)中夹有三层红色泥流沉积层(RC1、RC2、RC3),是全新世中期后段气候恶化条件之下,暴雨山洪泥流溢出沟槽在地面扩散沉积形成。该地带以RC1为代表第一期山洪泥流事件早于喇家遗址毁灭的年代。以RC2为代表的第二期山洪泥流层卷入密集的木炭屑和杂物,表明在山洪泥流发生的时候有火灾发生,这对应着3850 a B.P.毁灭喇家遗址的大地震和山洪泥流群发生灾难事件。以RC3为代表的第三期山洪泥流事件,与喇家遗址区域相同发生在3600 a B.P.。其后在古洪积扇前沿到黄河第二级阶地的范围,再没有发生山洪泥流溢出沟槽扩散覆盖土地并且毁灭聚落成灾的现象。在喇家遗址北侧古洪积扇区域建立了全新世土壤地层序列,分析了该地带山洪泥流与喇家遗址灾难事件的联系。这对于研究揭示史前时期以来官亭盆地人地关系演变具有科学意义。
基金Science and Technology Major Project of Tibetan Autonomous Region of China(XZ202201ZD0005G02)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277353)Chengdu Science and Technology Project(2022-YF05-01162-SN)。
文摘[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global climate.The benefits of ecological soil and water conservation measures(ESWCMs,such as micro basins tillage and contour tillage)are widely understood,including runoff and soil loss reducing to a certain extent when compared with traditional tillage.While few studies have focused on China’s different soil types and erosion characteristics.[Methods]We reviewed literature from Web of Science,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using terms like“Conservation practice”“Contour tillage”“Runoff”“Sediment”“Erosion”and“China”and retained literatures based on criteria such as natural or simulated precipitation,runoff or soil loss data,reported replications and statistics,recorded factors like location and slope,and at least two data pairs per group.Ultimately,49 literatures were selected to quantify the impacts on different ESWCMs and identify the slope and precipitation for the greatest runoff and sediment reduction by calculating the log response ratio(LRR).[Results]The three regions’soil and water conservation benefits varied due to the differences in climate,terrain,and soil properties:1)ESWCMs applied in the black soil region of Northeast China were the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss(66.65%runoff and 75.83%sediment),followed by those applied in the purple soil region of Southwest China(39.98%runoff and 58.30%sediment)and loess soil region of Northwest China(16.36%runoff and 32.44%sediment).2)Micro basins tillage(MBT)(71.79%runoff and 87.03%sediment)no-tillage with mulch(NTM)(17.30%runoff and 32.51%sediment),collecting soil to form a ridge with no-till(CSNT)(55.78%runoff and 71.36%sediment reduction)were the most efficient soil and water conservation measures in controlling water erosion in the black soil of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China and the purple soil region of Southwest China,respectively.3)The slope gradients ranged from 0-3°,>3°-5°and>10°-15°(0-3°:97.09%;>3°-5°:74.62%;and>10°-15°:39.41%)caused the largest reduction of runoff in the black soil region of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China,and the purple soil region of Southwest China.Meanwhile,the effects of sediment reduction were the most obvious,ranging from 0-3°,>10°-15°,and>20°-25°(0-3°:89.32%;>10°-15°:75.94%;and>20°-25°:67.25%).4)The effect of ESWCMs under rainstorms was the most obvious in the black soil region of Northeast China.The effect on runoff reduction under light rain in the purple soil region of Southwest China was the most obvious,but it failed to pass the significance test in sediment reduction.[Conclusions]The results provided optimal conservation tillage measures for three regions,different slopes and different rainfalls,and provided data support for reducing regional soil and water loss in China.
文摘为进一步厘定西南地区亚高山典型林区土壤碳(carbon,C)排放的主控因素,更精确估算土壤C排放,该文以贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林为研究对象,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,采集了2008—2009年土壤CO2排放速率及相应环境要素数据。结果表明,成熟林与中龄林区土壤储量分别为291.0、63.8 t C/hm2。成熟林与中龄林全年土壤C排放速率整体变化态势基本一致。其中中龄林土壤C排放速率日均最大值、最小值与平均值分别为34.53、6.96、16.26 kg C/(hm2·d)。成熟林土壤C排放速率日均值的最大值、最小值与平均值分别为55.34、9.50、24.57 kg C/(hm2·d)。土壤C排放速率日均值与5 cm土壤温度表现的相关性最高(r成熟=r中龄=0.73,P<0.05)且二者存在指数关系(R2成熟=0.60,R2中龄=0.56)。土壤温度是影响该区域土壤C排放变化的主要环境驱动因子。在IPCC不同气候情景下(B1,A1B和A2),成熟林土壤C排放量将比基准情景分别高出15%、25%和31%;中龄林土壤C排放量将比基准情景高13%、21%和27%。该研究可为变化环境下中国西南山区碳平衡估算提供数据基础和参考依据。
