Supercritical lens(SCL)can break the diffraction limit in the far field and has been demonstrated for high-resolution scanning confocal imaging.Its capability in sharper focusing and needle-like long focal depth shoul...Supercritical lens(SCL)can break the diffraction limit in the far field and has been demonstrated for high-resolution scanning confocal imaging.Its capability in sharper focusing and needle-like long focal depth should allow high-resolution lithography at violet or ultraviolet(UV)wavelength,however,this has never been experimentally demonstrated.As a proof of concept,in this paper SCLs operating at 405 nm(h-line)wavelength with smaller full-width-at-half-maximum focal spot and longer depth of focus than conventional Fresnel zone lens while maintaining controlled side lobes are designed for direct laser writing(DLW)lithography.Aluminum nitride(AlN)with a high refractive index and low loss in UVvisible range is used to fabricate nanopillar-based metasurfaces structure for the metalens.Grating arrays with improved pitch resolution are fabricated using the SCLs with sub-diffraction-limit focusing capability.The AlN-based metasurface for SCLs at short wavelength for DLW could extend further to UV or deep UV lithography and might be of great interest to both the research and industry applications.展开更多
It is well known that femtosecond laser pulses can easily spontaneously induce deep-subwavelength periodic surface structures on transparent dielectrics but not on non-transparent semiconductors.Nevertheless,in this s...It is well known that femtosecond laser pulses can easily spontaneously induce deep-subwavelength periodic surface structures on transparent dielectrics but not on non-transparent semiconductors.Nevertheless,in this study,we demonstrate that using high-numerical-aperture 800 nm femtosecond laser direct writing with controlled pulse energy and scanning speed in the near-damage-threshold regime,polarization-dependent deep-subwavelength single grooves with linewidths of~180 nm can be controllably prepared on Si.Generally,the single-groove linewidth increases slightly with increase in the pulse energy and decrease in the scanning speed,whereas the single-groove depth significantly increases from~300 nm to~600 nm with decrease in the scanning speed,or even to over 1μm with multi-processing,indicating the characteristics of transverse clamping and longitudinal growth of such deep-subwavelength single grooves.Energy dispersive spectroscopy composition analysis of the near-groove region confirms that single-groove formation tends to be an ultrafast,non-thermal ablation process,and the oxidized deposits near the grooves are easy to clean up.Furthermore,the results,showing both the strong dependence of groove orientation on laser polarization and the occurrence of double-groove structures due to the interference of pre-formed orthogonal grooves,indicate that the extraordinary field enhancement of strong polarization sensitivity in the deep-subwavelength groove plays an important role in single-groove growth with high stability and collimation.展开更多
Large Language Models(LLMs),exemplified by ChatGPT,have significantly reshaped text generation,particularly in the realm of writing assistance.While ethical considerations underscore the importance of transparently ac...Large Language Models(LLMs),exemplified by ChatGPT,have significantly reshaped text generation,particularly in the realm of writing assistance.While ethical considerations underscore the importance of transparently acknowledging LLM use,especially in scientific communication,genuine acknowledgment remains infrequent.A potential avenue to encourage accurate acknowledging of LLM-assisted writing involves employing automated detectors.Our evaluation of four cutting-edge LLM-generated text detectors reveals their suboptimal performance compared to a simple ad-hoc detector designed to identify abrupt writing style changes around the time of LLM proliferation.We contend that the development of specialized detectors exclusively dedicated to LLM-assisted writing detection is necessary.Such detectors could play a crucial role in fostering more authentic recognition of LLM involvement in scientific communication,addressing the current challenges in acknowledgment practices.展开更多
The efficacy of error correction and various kinds of correction approaches is one of the key issues in second language writing faced by both teachers and researchers. The current paper reviews the definition of error...The efficacy of error correction and various kinds of correction approaches is one of the key issues in second language writing faced by both teachers and researchers. The current paper reviews the definition of error correction and examines the different views on whether error correction in L2 writing should be corrected. In particular, the paper discusses and analyses the three common correction methods: direct correction, peer feedback and indirect correction. Teachers are encouraged to weigh and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these methods according to the current literature, employ the most beneficial error correction method in L2 writing, and adapt its suitability to their teaching context.展开更多
This study aims to identify if participants experience attrition in writing skills after two years' nonuse of English.70 participants took the tests of writing.A questionnaire was administered to the 70 participan...This study aims to identify if participants experience attrition in writing skills after two years' nonuse of English.70 participants took the tests of writing.A questionnaire was administered to the 70 participants and it included numerous variables that relate to language attrition such as motivation and social activities.The data collected from the tests and questionnaire were analyzed via SPSS.Cronbach's alpha and Many Facets Rasch Model were used to validate the construct and external reliability.The findings showed that participants experienced an overall statistically significant level of attrition in writing skills.Additionally,the specific skills of pertinence,coherence,clarity but excluding grammar,were seen to experience significant attrition over the two years' period.Participants showed a lower level of positive motivation and less social activities for learning English language during the two years' nonuse than before the two years' nonuse of English and this could have contributed to the writing attrition.展开更多
The use of "however" by Chinese learners' writing is studied through a comparison of its use in CLEC and in BROWN and found that "however" is overused in the front of a sentence,underused in th...The use of "however" by Chinese learners' writing is studied through a comparison of its use in CLEC and in BROWN and found that "however" is overused in the front of a sentence,underused in the middle of a sentence and misused as a disjunctive conjunction,as is followed by the analysis of three attributable factors,i.e.the writing style,confusion with "but" and negative L1 transfer.展开更多
The purpose of the present study was to use Coh-Metrix,a computational tool,to examine the relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,and analyze the coherence of high level writing and low level writi...The purpose of the present study was to use Coh-Metrix,a computational tool,to examine the relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,and analyze the coherence of high level writing and low level writing.The study uses 5 Coh-Metrix variables to analyze 40 college students'timed compositions from Chinese Learners English of Corpus(CLEC) and their corresponding readability scores.The study demonstrates that Coh-Metrix variables,number of words,words per sentences,the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level,LSA sentence all,and argument overlap can contribute to text coherence.Findings of the study indicate:there is a relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,but there is no significant difference between high level group and low level group in discourse coherence(p=.409>.05),and writing level can not distinguish discourse coherence in EFL learners'writing.展开更多
This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their Englis...This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.展开更多
With the chief aim to list a brief description on business writing,such thesis mainly deal with the content and skill in this field.Business writing locates a role in business world which cannot be ignored by any othe...With the chief aim to list a brief description on business writing,such thesis mainly deal with the content and skill in this field.Business writing locates a role in business world which cannot be ignored by any other means.In case a successful business manager desires to be achievable,the business letters ought to be treated seriously.Some popular forms of writing are also included and simply illustrated in lieu the basic requirement meeting from some of those readers.Obviously we learners and teachers are hopefully required to set great store by the mentioned scope of utilization.展开更多
Since the result of effect comparison is important for teacher's decision making,roles teacher feedback and peer review play respectively and collaboratively in tertiary-level EFL writing context should be address...Since the result of effect comparison is important for teacher's decision making,roles teacher feedback and peer review play respectively and collaboratively in tertiary-level EFL writing context should be addressed via quantitative study as this paper proposed.Quantitative data should be collected from students'first drafts,second drafts and written comments from teachers and peers.Gains for overall scores between the first and second drafts and correlation between suggestions and gains should be examined.展开更多
"Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in Chi..."Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in China by means of the enlargement of input,the implement of output-oriented activities and the focus on feedback.展开更多
The Open Boat is one of the best realistic stories written by Stephen Crane,an early American naturalist and impressionist writer who dramatically presents the subtle relation between man and nature as well as that of...The Open Boat is one of the best realistic stories written by Stephen Crane,an early American naturalist and impressionist writer who dramatically presents the subtle relation between man and nature as well as that of man and society.His personal experience on the sea has an enormous impact on the story.This paper tries to carry out a detailed examination of the story in the light of writing style in order to explore his unique style and the beauty of the story.展开更多
There is no doubt that CMC can play an irreplaceable role in language teaching classrooms especially in collaborative writing in that it can create a boundless space and situation through some programs in which the pr...There is no doubt that CMC can play an irreplaceable role in language teaching classrooms especially in collaborative writing in that it can create a boundless space and situation through some programs in which the process of writing can be fully explored by both teachers and students in terms of different types of interaction,either asynchronously or synchronously.This,in a sense,may never be achieved in a traditional language teaching classroom.However,it does not mean the less importance of teachers’ role in the class.On the contrary,rather than taking teachers’ place in the classroom,the integration of CMC to writing class will bring new challenges and demands to the qualification of language instructors.展开更多
Portfolio assessment is considered as one of the most beneficial assessments in English teaching.However this effective assessment is neglected in college EFL writing.This paper aims to find out whether portfolio asse...Portfolio assessment is considered as one of the most beneficial assessments in English teaching.However this effective assessment is neglected in college EFL writing.This paper aims to find out whether portfolio assessment can be used in English writing class effectively and describe the implement of this assessment.展开更多
Based on research done in the United States,China and other countries on how to teach ELF writing,along with the teachers' experience to train students' aesthetic response, writing skills and critical thinking...Based on research done in the United States,China and other countries on how to teach ELF writing,along with the teachers' experience to train students' aesthetic response, writing skills and critical thinking, which is involved in combining course content, it is proved to be feasible to improve English writing ability among college students of a large class,and then the effective strategies in teaching English writing in a large class are summarized.展开更多
Cohesive devices in students’business English writing are regarded as the object of the research.Based on Haliday and Hasan’s cohesion theory,this paper introduces commonly-used cohesive devices in English writing.W...Cohesive devices in students’business English writing are regarded as the object of the research.Based on Haliday and Hasan’s cohesion theory,this paper introduces commonly-used cohesive devices in English writing.With the method of quantitative data,use and misuse frequency of cohesive devices in students’writings can be known.The paper will also analyze why misuses happen through qualitative data analysis and explore right ways of using cohesive devices.展开更多
基金financially supported by A*STAR under IRG program(Grant No.A2083c0058)and the MTC Programmatic(Grant No.M22L1b0110)Z Wang thanks the GAP Funding(I21D1AG010)+4 种基金the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-049)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12134013 and 62322512)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3607300)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program,and support from the University of Science and Technology of China’s Centre for MicroNanoscale Research and Fabrication.
文摘Supercritical lens(SCL)can break the diffraction limit in the far field and has been demonstrated for high-resolution scanning confocal imaging.Its capability in sharper focusing and needle-like long focal depth should allow high-resolution lithography at violet or ultraviolet(UV)wavelength,however,this has never been experimentally demonstrated.As a proof of concept,in this paper SCLs operating at 405 nm(h-line)wavelength with smaller full-width-at-half-maximum focal spot and longer depth of focus than conventional Fresnel zone lens while maintaining controlled side lobes are designed for direct laser writing(DLW)lithography.Aluminum nitride(AlN)with a high refractive index and low loss in UVvisible range is used to fabricate nanopillar-based metasurfaces structure for the metalens.Grating arrays with improved pitch resolution are fabricated using the SCLs with sub-diffraction-limit focusing capability.The AlN-based metasurface for SCLs at short wavelength for DLW could extend further to UV or deep UV lithography and might be of great interest to both the research and industry applications.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No.2021A1515012335)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11274400)+2 种基金Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou (Grant No.201506010059)State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics (Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics)State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies (Sun Yat-Sen University)。
文摘It is well known that femtosecond laser pulses can easily spontaneously induce deep-subwavelength periodic surface structures on transparent dielectrics but not on non-transparent semiconductors.Nevertheless,in this study,we demonstrate that using high-numerical-aperture 800 nm femtosecond laser direct writing with controlled pulse energy and scanning speed in the near-damage-threshold regime,polarization-dependent deep-subwavelength single grooves with linewidths of~180 nm can be controllably prepared on Si.Generally,the single-groove linewidth increases slightly with increase in the pulse energy and decrease in the scanning speed,whereas the single-groove depth significantly increases from~300 nm to~600 nm with decrease in the scanning speed,or even to over 1μm with multi-processing,indicating the characteristics of transverse clamping and longitudinal growth of such deep-subwavelength single grooves.Energy dispersive spectroscopy composition analysis of the near-groove region confirms that single-groove formation tends to be an ultrafast,non-thermal ablation process,and the oxidized deposits near the grooves are easy to clean up.Furthermore,the results,showing both the strong dependence of groove orientation on laser polarization and the occurrence of double-groove structures due to the interference of pre-formed orthogonal grooves,indicate that the extraordinary field enhancement of strong polarization sensitivity in the deep-subwavelength groove plays an important role in single-groove growth with high stability and collimation.
文摘Large Language Models(LLMs),exemplified by ChatGPT,have significantly reshaped text generation,particularly in the realm of writing assistance.While ethical considerations underscore the importance of transparently acknowledging LLM use,especially in scientific communication,genuine acknowledgment remains infrequent.A potential avenue to encourage accurate acknowledging of LLM-assisted writing involves employing automated detectors.Our evaluation of four cutting-edge LLM-generated text detectors reveals their suboptimal performance compared to a simple ad-hoc detector designed to identify abrupt writing style changes around the time of LLM proliferation.We contend that the development of specialized detectors exclusively dedicated to LLM-assisted writing detection is necessary.Such detectors could play a crucial role in fostering more authentic recognition of LLM involvement in scientific communication,addressing the current challenges in acknowledgment practices.
文摘The efficacy of error correction and various kinds of correction approaches is one of the key issues in second language writing faced by both teachers and researchers. The current paper reviews the definition of error correction and examines the different views on whether error correction in L2 writing should be corrected. In particular, the paper discusses and analyses the three common correction methods: direct correction, peer feedback and indirect correction. Teachers are encouraged to weigh and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these methods according to the current literature, employ the most beneficial error correction method in L2 writing, and adapt its suitability to their teaching context.
文摘This study aims to identify if participants experience attrition in writing skills after two years' nonuse of English.70 participants took the tests of writing.A questionnaire was administered to the 70 participants and it included numerous variables that relate to language attrition such as motivation and social activities.The data collected from the tests and questionnaire were analyzed via SPSS.Cronbach's alpha and Many Facets Rasch Model were used to validate the construct and external reliability.The findings showed that participants experienced an overall statistically significant level of attrition in writing skills.Additionally,the specific skills of pertinence,coherence,clarity but excluding grammar,were seen to experience significant attrition over the two years' period.Participants showed a lower level of positive motivation and less social activities for learning English language during the two years' nonuse than before the two years' nonuse of English and this could have contributed to the writing attrition.
文摘The use of "however" by Chinese learners' writing is studied through a comparison of its use in CLEC and in BROWN and found that "however" is overused in the front of a sentence,underused in the middle of a sentence and misused as a disjunctive conjunction,as is followed by the analysis of three attributable factors,i.e.the writing style,confusion with "but" and negative L1 transfer.
文摘The purpose of the present study was to use Coh-Metrix,a computational tool,to examine the relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,and analyze the coherence of high level writing and low level writing.The study uses 5 Coh-Metrix variables to analyze 40 college students'timed compositions from Chinese Learners English of Corpus(CLEC) and their corresponding readability scores.The study demonstrates that Coh-Metrix variables,number of words,words per sentences,the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level,LSA sentence all,and argument overlap can contribute to text coherence.Findings of the study indicate:there is a relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,but there is no significant difference between high level group and low level group in discourse coherence(p=.409>.05),and writing level can not distinguish discourse coherence in EFL learners'writing.
文摘This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.
文摘With the chief aim to list a brief description on business writing,such thesis mainly deal with the content and skill in this field.Business writing locates a role in business world which cannot be ignored by any other means.In case a successful business manager desires to be achievable,the business letters ought to be treated seriously.Some popular forms of writing are also included and simply illustrated in lieu the basic requirement meeting from some of those readers.Obviously we learners and teachers are hopefully required to set great store by the mentioned scope of utilization.
文摘Since the result of effect comparison is important for teacher's decision making,roles teacher feedback and peer review play respectively and collaboratively in tertiary-level EFL writing context should be addressed via quantitative study as this paper proposed.Quantitative data should be collected from students'first drafts,second drafts and written comments from teachers and peers.Gains for overall scores between the first and second drafts and correlation between suggestions and gains should be examined.
文摘"Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in China by means of the enlargement of input,the implement of output-oriented activities and the focus on feedback.
文摘The Open Boat is one of the best realistic stories written by Stephen Crane,an early American naturalist and impressionist writer who dramatically presents the subtle relation between man and nature as well as that of man and society.His personal experience on the sea has an enormous impact on the story.This paper tries to carry out a detailed examination of the story in the light of writing style in order to explore his unique style and the beauty of the story.
文摘There is no doubt that CMC can play an irreplaceable role in language teaching classrooms especially in collaborative writing in that it can create a boundless space and situation through some programs in which the process of writing can be fully explored by both teachers and students in terms of different types of interaction,either asynchronously or synchronously.This,in a sense,may never be achieved in a traditional language teaching classroom.However,it does not mean the less importance of teachers’ role in the class.On the contrary,rather than taking teachers’ place in the classroom,the integration of CMC to writing class will bring new challenges and demands to the qualification of language instructors.
文摘Portfolio assessment is considered as one of the most beneficial assessments in English teaching.However this effective assessment is neglected in college EFL writing.This paper aims to find out whether portfolio assessment can be used in English writing class effectively and describe the implement of this assessment.
文摘Based on research done in the United States,China and other countries on how to teach ELF writing,along with the teachers' experience to train students' aesthetic response, writing skills and critical thinking, which is involved in combining course content, it is proved to be feasible to improve English writing ability among college students of a large class,and then the effective strategies in teaching English writing in a large class are summarized.
文摘Cohesive devices in students’business English writing are regarded as the object of the research.Based on Haliday and Hasan’s cohesion theory,this paper introduces commonly-used cohesive devices in English writing.With the method of quantitative data,use and misuse frequency of cohesive devices in students’writings can be known.The paper will also analyze why misuses happen through qualitative data analysis and explore right ways of using cohesive devices.
