In response to the rapid increase in world population and subsequent demands for food,edible insects represent an alternative food source for humans that is rich in proteins,amino acids and minerals.Entomophagy is a t...In response to the rapid increase in world population and subsequent demands for food,edible insects represent an alternative food source for humans that is rich in proteins,amino acids and minerals.Entomophagy is a tradition in many countries including China and Thailand,and edible insects have attracted a lot of attention in Western World due to their suitable nutrient composition,high mineral content(e.g.,Fe,Zn,Ca,Mg)and potential use as a supplement in human diet.In this study,we surveyed mineral content in seven insect orders and 67 species of mass produced and wild-harvested edible insects.The total content of essential elements in edible insects was very high in Tenebrio molitor,Bombyx mori,and Zonocerus variegatus.The heavy metal content(summarized for eight species)was below the maximum limit allowed for safe consumption.Sustainable supply of minerals derived from insect biomass is complicated due to the high variations of mineral content in insects and the potential of its change due to processing.展开更多
There are abundant igneous gas reservoirs in the South China Sea with significant value of research,and lithology classification,mineral analysis and porosity inversion are important links in reservoir evaluation.Howe...There are abundant igneous gas reservoirs in the South China Sea with significant value of research,and lithology classification,mineral analysis and porosity inversion are important links in reservoir evaluation.However,affected by the diverse lithology,complicated mineral and widespread alteration,conventional logging lithology classification and mineral inversion become considerably difficult.At the same time,owing to the limitation of the wireline log response equation,the quantity and accuracy of minerals can hardly meet the exploration requirements of igneous formations.To overcome those issues,this study takes the South China Sea as an example,and combines multi-scale data such as micro rock slices,petrophysical experiments,wireline log and element cutting log to establish a set of joint inversion methods for minerals and porosity of altered igneous rocks.Specifically,we define the lithology and mineral characteristics through core slices and mineral data,and establish an igneous multi-mineral volumetric model.Then we determine element cutting log correction method based on core element data,and combine wireline log and corrected element cutting log to perform the lithology classification and joint inversion of minerals and porosity.However,it is always difficult to determine the elemental eigenvalues of different minerals in inversion.This paper uses multiple linear regression methods to solve this problem.Finally,an integrated inversion technique for altered igneous formations was developed.The results show that the corrected element cutting log are in good agreement with the core element data,and the mineral and porosity results obtained from the joint inversion based on the wireline log and corrected element cutting log are also in good agreement with the core data from X-ray diffraction.The results demonstrate that the inversion technique is applicable and this study provides a new direction for the mineral inversion research of altered igneous formations.展开更多
The types,occurrence and composition of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation(Mao-1 Member)in eastern Sichuan Basin w...The types,occurrence and composition of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation(Mao-1 Member)in eastern Sichuan Basin were investigated through outcrop section measurement,core observation,thin section identification,argon ion polishing,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,energy spectrum analysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The diagenetic evolution sequence of clay minerals was clarified,and the sedimentary-diagenetic evolution model of clay minerals was established.The results show that authigenic sepiolite minerals were precipitated in the Si4+and Mg2+-rich cool aragonite sea and sepiolite-bearing strata were formed in the Mao-1 Member.During burial diagenesis,authigenic clay minerals undergo two possible evolution sequences.First,from the early diagenetic stage A to the middle diagenetic stage A1,the sepiolite kept stable in the shallow-buried environment lack of Al3+.It began to transform into stevensite in the middle diagenetic stage A2,and then evolved into disordered talc in the middle diagenetic stage B1and finally into talc in the period from the middle diagenetic stage B2to the late diagenetic stage.Thus,the primary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-stevensite-disordered talc-talc,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.Second,in the early diagenetic stage A,as Al3+carried by the storm and upwelling currents was involved in the diagenetic process,trace of sepiolite started to evolve into smectite,and a part of smectite turned into chlorite.From the early diagenetic stage B to the middle diagenesis stage A1,a part of smectite evolved to illite/smectite mixed layer(I/S).The I/S evolved initially into illite from the middle diagenesis stage A2to the middle diagenesis stage B2,and then totally into illite in the late diagenesis stage.Thus,the secondary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-smectite-chlorite/illite,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.The types and evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata are significant for petroleum geology in two aspects.First,sepiolite can adsorb and accumulate a large amount of organic matters,thereby effectively improving the quality and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks of the Mao-1 Member.Second,the evolution from sepiolite to talc is accompanied by the formation of numerous organic matter pores and clay shrinkage pores/fractures,as well as the releasing of the Mg2+-rich diagenetic fluid,which allows for the dolomitization of limestone within or around the sag.As a result,the new assemblages of self-generation and self-accumulation,and lower/side source and upper/lateral reservoir,are created in the Middle Permian,enhancing the hydrocarbon accumulation efficiency.展开更多
Shale oil is one of the most promising alternative unconventional energies in the world,and Lucaogou Formation shows significant exploration potential,becoming the primary target in northwestern China.This paper compa...Shale oil is one of the most promising alternative unconventional energies in the world,and Lucaogou Formation shows significant exploration potential,becoming the primary target in northwestern China.This paper compared the mechanical properties of shale layered samples from oil layer and interlayer of Lucaogou Formation,using uniaxial compressive tests with real-time micro-CT scanning.After that,the mineral analysis was conducted on one cross-section of the fractured sample to analyze the influence of mineral composition and distribution on micro-crack propagation.Such research has rarely been reported before.The results showed the surface porosity and elastic modulus of oil-bearing samples is larger than that of the interlayer samples,while the uniaxial compressive strength is lower.Besides,when there is only one dominant mineral with a content greater than 60%,a main crack tends to form at this area;When there are 2~3 major minerals with a content of 10%-60%,a fractured zone with many fine micro-cracks is more likely to form here.Finally,the higher the Moh's hardness of the mineral,the more difficult it is for micro-cracks to develop through it.展开更多
Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, ami...Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong展开更多
A transmission-reflection-combined new method is presented for measuring elastic velocities of rocks and minerals at elevated temperature and pressure,which resolves the problems of gradients of temperature and pressu...A transmission-reflection-combined new method is presented for measuring elastic velocities of rocks and minerals at elevated temperature and pressure,which resolves the problems of gradients of temperature and pressure existing in original sample assembly with a pyrophyllite cube.At room temperature and pressure up to 3 GPa,single-crystal quartz and eclogite were used to provide samples under test,respectively.The results of this work agree with the previous measurements very well within the error range.By the use of this new technique,more precise and reasonable data of elastic properties of rocks and minerals at elevated temperature and pressure can be achieved.展开更多
The classification and discrimination of minerals are important in geological research. The distribution of rocks and minerals may be inferred based on their identification, which is helpful for the investigation of s...The classification and discrimination of minerals are important in geological research. The distribution of rocks and minerals may be inferred based on their identification, which is helpful for the investigation of some geological and environmental evolution problems, either on the earth or on other planets. LIBS and Raman spectra techniques have shown great advantages in simultaneous multi-component, in-situ, and non-destructive detection and they play an important role in rock composition analysis. In this presentation, six kinds of minerals （Gypsum, Spodumene, Barite, Haematite, Moonstone, and Labradorite） were detected by first using LIBS and Raman systems, and then several other methods （PCA, PLS-DA, ANN, and SVM） were used to evaluate the LIBS, Raman, and the fused LIBS/Raman data, respectively. The results indicate the superiority of the fused LIBS/Raman data in mineral classification, which stems from their complementary analysis abilities when studying element composition and structural features.展开更多
The flotation of diasporic bauxite is to separate diaspore(valuable mineral)from aluminosilicate minerals(gangue minerals,mainly including kaolinite,illite and pyrophyllite),and the microscopic interaction force betwe...The flotation of diasporic bauxite is to separate diaspore(valuable mineral)from aluminosilicate minerals(gangue minerals,mainly including kaolinite,illite and pyrophyllite),and the microscopic interaction force between the two types of minerals and air bubbles determines the separation efficiency.In this paper,based on the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)theory,the van der Waals,electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between particles of the four minerals mentioned above and air bubbles in collectorless solution were calculated first,and then diaspore and kaolinite were taken as examples to analyze the influence of various factors such as electrolyte concentration,mineral particle size,air bubble size,collector type(dodecylamine hydrochloride(DAH)and sodium oleate(NaOL))and concentration,and pulp pH on the interactions between the particles of valuable mineral and gangue minerals and air bubbles.The results showed that the total extended DLVO interactions between the four minerals and air bubbles were repulsive in most cases in collectorless solution.The increase in electrolyte concentration reduced the interaction force or even changed the direction of the force under certain circumstances.The addition of DAH and NaOL can reduce the adhesion energy barrier of kaolinitebubble and diaspore-bubble respectively.Each type of minerals exhibited a specific interface interaction response with air bubbles in each collector with different pH values.The research results have theoretical guiding significance for the optimization and directional control of diasporic bauxite flotation conditions.展开更多
Copper oxide minerals are important copper resources,which include malachite,azurite,chrysocolla,cuprite,etc.Flotation is the most widely used method for the enrichment of copper oxide minerals in the mineral processi...Copper oxide minerals are important copper resources,which include malachite,azurite,chrysocolla,cuprite,etc.Flotation is the most widely used method for the enrichment of copper oxide minerals in the mineral processing industry.In this paper,the surface properties of copper oxide minerals and their effects on the mineral flotation behavior are systematically summarized.The flotation methods of copper oxide minerals and the interaction mechanism with reagents are reviewed in detail.Flotation methods include direct flotation(using chelating reagents or a fatty acid as collector),sulfidization flotation(using xanthate as collector),and activation flotation(using chelating reagents,ammonium/amine salts,metal ions,and oxidant for activation).An effective way to realize efficient flotation of copper oxide minerals is to increase active sites on the surface of copper oxide minerals to enhance the interaction of collector with the mineral surface.Besides,various perspectives for further investigation on the efficient recovery of copper oxide minerals are proposed.展开更多
To effectively alleviate the ever-increasing energy crisis and environmental issues,clean and sustainable energy-related materials as well as the corresponding storage/conversion devices are in urgent demand.Silicon(S...To effectively alleviate the ever-increasing energy crisis and environmental issues,clean and sustainable energy-related materials as well as the corresponding storage/conversion devices are in urgent demand.Silicon(Si) with the second most elemental abundance on the crust in the form of silicate or silica(SiO_(2)) minerals,is an advanced emerging material showing high performance in energy-related fields(e.g.batteries,photocatalytic hydrogen evolution).For the improved performance in industry-scale applications,Si materials with delicate nanostructures and ideal compositions in a massive production are highly cherished.On account of the reserve,low cost and diverse micro-nanostructures,silicate minerals are proposed as promising raw materials.In the article,crystal structures and the reduction approaches for silicate minerals,as well as recent progress on the as-reduced Si products for clean energy storage/conversion,are presented systematically.Moreover,some cutting-edge fields involving Si materials are discussed,which may offer deep insights into the rational design of advanced Si nanostructures for extended energy-related fields.展开更多
A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearin...A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.展开更多
The reactive surface area, an important parameter controlling mineral reactions, affects the amount of mineralization trapping of CO2 which affects the long-term CO2 storage. The effect of the reactive surface area on...The reactive surface area, an important parameter controlling mineral reactions, affects the amount of mineralization trapping of CO2 which affects the long-term CO2 storage. The effect of the reactive surface area on the mineralization trapping of CO2 was numerically simulated for CO2 storage in saline aquifers. Three kinds of minerals, including anorthite, calcite and kaolinite, are involved in the mineral reactions. This paper models the relationship between the specific surface area and the grain diameter of anorthite based on experimental data from literature （Brantley and Mellott, 2000）. When the reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m^2/m^3, the percentage of mineralization trapping of CO： after 500 years decreases from 11.8% to 0.65%. The amount of dissolved anorthite and the amounts of precipitated kaolinite and calcite decrease significantly when the reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m2/m3. Calcite is initially dissolved in the brine and then precipitates during the geochemical reactions between CO2-H20 and the minerals. Different reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite lead to different times from dissolution to precipitation. The pH of the brine decreases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite which influences the acidity of the saline aquifer. The gas saturation between the upper and lower parts of the saline aquifer increases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite. The mass density distribution of brine solution shows that the CO2^＋brine solution region increases with decreasing reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite.展开更多
Numerous techniques have been developed to determine the bioavailability of minerals.Each method has specific detection objects with certain procedures to assure the results.This review focuses on a comprehensivecompa...Numerous techniques have been developed to determine the bioavailability of minerals.Each method has specific detection objects with certain procedures to assure the results.This review focuses on a comprehensivecomparison of the applications,advantages,and critical control points of these techniques.The commonly used approaches for assessing mineral bioavailability can be divided into three categories-chemical methods,in vitro models and in vivo tests.Chemical methods are first developed,and mainly simulating the digestion environment to give a rough prediction of mineral bioavailability.In vitro models mainly used different cells to simulate the process and environment of food digestion to assess the availability of minerals.In vivo tests are employing complex models to observe the bioavailability of minerals after complicated digestive process in animal models or human volunteers.This review summarizes the critical points of establishment of these relevant models,compares the advantages and limitations among three categories.Although no single bioavailability method is ideal for all micronutrients,certain methods under proper operation can indeed be employed to minimize the differences between simulated results and reality for effective evaluation of the bioavailability of minerals.展开更多
In order to apply ultra-fine water mist technology on spontaneous coal combustion in the goaf of a coal mine, we built a small scale compartment with ultra-fine water mist for restraining coal combustion in a confined...In order to apply ultra-fine water mist technology on spontaneous coal combustion in the goaf of a coal mine, we built a small scale compartment with ultra-fine water mist for restraining coal combustion in a confined space and then investigated the restraining efficiency and related factors. The study obtained the following results： a descending rate of heat release, an increase in 02, the production of CO2 decreased gradually, while the production of CO increased dramatically and quickly and then decreased; ultimately it tended to become stable after the discharge of an ultra-fine water mist. The technology showed that the ultra-fine water mist can effectively reduce the heat release rate of coal and the rate to generate components. We found that the restraining effect relied on the mist flux, the discharge time and other factors. A sufficient amount of mist has a better effect compared to an insufficient amount of mist. To combat coal combustion, the greater the discharge time, the better coal flames are extinguished.展开更多
Dealing with large-scale deformations in soft-rock tunnels is a very important issue in soft-rock tunnel engineering. The mechanism of this large-scale deformation is closely related to the physical and chemical prope...Dealing with large-scale deformations in soft-rock tunnels is a very important issue in soft-rock tunnel engineering. The mechanism of this large-scale deformation is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of soft rock, interaction between soft rock and water, and interaction between soft rock and gas contained in soft rock. In order to gain a better predictive understanding of the governing principles associated with this phenomenon, we used experimental and theoretical methods to study the effects of point defect on physical and chemical properties of soft rock and mechanism of interaction between water(gas) and soft rock. Firstly, we calculated the impurity formation energies and transition energy levels of defects by using the first-principle calculation, the results showed the microscopic mechanism of defects substitution in kaolinite and effects of defects on the structure of kaolinite. Moreover,comparing the experimental and theoretical results, we found the mechanism of interaction between water and soft rock. The results show that water is one of the most important factors which can induce various kinds of geological disasters. At last, the interaction between soft rock and surrounding gas as CO2, CH4 and CO is disused, the influence of surrounding gas on soft rock should not be ignored.展开更多
The method of random forest was used to classify the heavy mineral assemblages of 2 418 Jurassic samples in the southern Junggar Basin, and determine the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblages from the same pro...The method of random forest was used to classify the heavy mineral assemblages of 2 418 Jurassic samples in the southern Junggar Basin, and determine the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblages from the same provenance systems. Based on the analysis of heavy minerals assemblages, ZTR index, sedimentary characteristics, U-Pb zircon ages, whole-rock geochemical and paleocurrent direction analysis, the study reveals that five important provenances were providing sediments to the southern Junggar Basin in the Jurassic period: The North Tianshan(NTS), Central Tianshan(CTS), Bogda Mountains, Zhayier Mountains and Kalamaili Mountains. During the Early Jurassic, NTS-CTS, Kalamaili Mountains and Zhayier Mountains are primary provenances, Bogda Mountains started to uplift and supply clastic materials in the Middle Jurassic. There are three sedimentary area in the Jurassic of southern Junggar Basin: the western part, the central part and the eastern part. In the western part, the clastic materials of the Early Jurassic was mainly from NTS blocks and Zhayier Mountains, and the sediments were dominantly derived from the Zhayier Mountains during the Middle–Late Jurassic. In the central part, the main provenance of the Early Jurassic switched from NTS to CTS. In the Xishanyao Formation, the main source went back to NTS again. The NTS was the primary provenance during the sedimentary periods of Toutunhe Formation and Qigu Formation. In the eastern part, the contribution of CTS and Kalamaili Mountains were considered as major provenances in the Early Jurassic-Xishanyao Formation, small proportion of sediments were from NTS. The Bogda mountains uplifted and started to provide sediments to the Junggar Basin in the sedimentary period of Xishanyao Formation, and became the major source during the Toutunhe Formation period, with small amount of sediments from CTS. The provenance from CTS was hindered during the sedimentary period of Qigu Formation owing to the uplifting of the Bogda mountains, and the sediments were mainly from the Bogda mountains and NTS.展开更多
According to tectonic position and mineral inclusions, supply resource in western Qaidamu basin is di- vided into the front of Aerjinshan mountain and the front of Qimantageshan mountain. The former is mainly composed...According to tectonic position and mineral inclusions, supply resource in western Qaidamu basin is di- vided into the front of Aerjinshan mountain and the front of Qimantageshan mountain. The former is mainly composed of zircon, garnet inclusions, indicating that its mother rocks are mainly metamorphic rocks. Gas and zircon, iron ore, carbon grain inclusions is common in the front of Qimantage mountain, indicating that its mother rock are mainly magmatite and mixed metamorphic rocks. The supply resource is abundant and tectonic movement is active in the joint of the two mountains. The western Qaidamu basin is further divided into 6 heavy mineral sub-regions according to their features of association and stable coefficient of heavy mineral. They are approximately corresponding to their sedimentary environment. Of the 6 sub-regions, the unstable region is corresponding to fluvial fan, middle stable re- gion is corresponding to river-alluvial plain-delta, stable region is corresponding to river-alluvial plain -delta-offshore. The fragment transported distance is presumed based on stable coefficient. In vertical, stable coefficient of heavy min- eral becomes small from Xiaganchai formation to Xiayoushashan formation, indicating that the supply resource be- came nearer and nearer.展开更多
The activity levels of long-lived radionuclides in minerals have received more and more concern for the public health. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the content of uranium and th...The activity levels of long-lived radionuclides in minerals have received more and more concern for the public health. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the content of uranium and thorium in 60 mineral samples collected from 16 mines of seven provinces in China. The contents of uranium and thorium ranged0.17 ± 0.04 lg g^(-1)to 15.3 ± 2.39 lg g^(-1), and 0.19 ± 0.04 lg g^(-1)to 19.6 ± 7.56 lg g^(-1), respectively. The highest levels of U and Th contents were found in aluminum ore,whereas the lowest was found in antimony and copper ores.展开更多
The objective of this work is to study the efficiency of some surface modified phyllosilicate minerals （bentonite and glauconite） in the removal of dyes from textile waste water. It is found that complete dye remova...The objective of this work is to study the efficiency of some surface modified phyllosilicate minerals （bentonite and glauconite） in the removal of dyes from textile waste water. It is found that complete dye removal was achieved by using 10-25g modified glauconite from solutions having a dye concentration of 10-50 mg/L. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Adsorption capacities and optimum adsorption isotherms were predicted by linear regression method. The analysis of experimental isotherms showed that Langmuir isotherm reasonably fit the experimental data in the studied concentration range for the adsorption of dye onto glauconite mineral surface where Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental data for the adsorption of dve onto bentonite mineral surface.展开更多
In order to develop appropriate reservoir protection measures in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and improve its oil and gas recovery efficiency,characteristics of clay minerals from eleven clay rock samples f...In order to develop appropriate reservoir protection measures in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and improve its oil and gas recovery efficiency,characteristics of clay minerals from eleven clay rock samples from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis,the Scanning Electron Microscope（SEM）and energy spectrum analysis.Clay mineral composition and distribution characteristics of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs,i.e.,from the Jurassic and Paleogene-Neogene,were explored.We analyzed the main factors which affected these attributes.The results show that the major clay minerals in the northern margin are chlorite,kaolinite,illite,smectite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals.Illite is the most widely spread clay mineral in this area. Chlorite is mainly found in the entire Neogene and in shallow horizons of the Paleogene.Smectite is enriched in the shallow Paleogene-Neogene.There are large amounts of kaolinite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals in the Jurassic.The major factors affecting the different development of clay minerals in the region are properties of parent rocks,paleoclimate and paleowater media conditions, diagenesis transformation,tectonic and terrain conditions.展开更多
基金founded by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(20)3179)Dongminghuanghetan Ecological Agriculture Co.,Ltd(204032897)+1 种基金partially funded funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no.861976,project SUSINCHAINthe German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF),in the frame of FACCE-SURPLUS/FACCE-JPI project UpWaste,grant number 031B0934A。
文摘In response to the rapid increase in world population and subsequent demands for food,edible insects represent an alternative food source for humans that is rich in proteins,amino acids and minerals.Entomophagy is a tradition in many countries including China and Thailand,and edible insects have attracted a lot of attention in Western World due to their suitable nutrient composition,high mineral content(e.g.,Fe,Zn,Ca,Mg)and potential use as a supplement in human diet.In this study,we surveyed mineral content in seven insect orders and 67 species of mass produced and wild-harvested edible insects.The total content of essential elements in edible insects was very high in Tenebrio molitor,Bombyx mori,and Zonocerus variegatus.The heavy metal content(summarized for eight species)was below the maximum limit allowed for safe consumption.Sustainable supply of minerals derived from insect biomass is complicated due to the high variations of mineral content in insects and the potential of its change due to processing.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42204122).
文摘There are abundant igneous gas reservoirs in the South China Sea with significant value of research,and lithology classification,mineral analysis and porosity inversion are important links in reservoir evaluation.However,affected by the diverse lithology,complicated mineral and widespread alteration,conventional logging lithology classification and mineral inversion become considerably difficult.At the same time,owing to the limitation of the wireline log response equation,the quantity and accuracy of minerals can hardly meet the exploration requirements of igneous formations.To overcome those issues,this study takes the South China Sea as an example,and combines multi-scale data such as micro rock slices,petrophysical experiments,wireline log and element cutting log to establish a set of joint inversion methods for minerals and porosity of altered igneous rocks.Specifically,we define the lithology and mineral characteristics through core slices and mineral data,and establish an igneous multi-mineral volumetric model.Then we determine element cutting log correction method based on core element data,and combine wireline log and corrected element cutting log to perform the lithology classification and joint inversion of minerals and porosity.However,it is always difficult to determine the elemental eigenvalues of different minerals in inversion.This paper uses multiple linear regression methods to solve this problem.Finally,an integrated inversion technique for altered igneous formations was developed.The results show that the corrected element cutting log are in good agreement with the core element data,and the mineral and porosity results obtained from the joint inversion based on the wireline log and corrected element cutting log are also in good agreement with the core data from X-ray diffraction.The results demonstrate that the inversion technique is applicable and this study provides a new direction for the mineral inversion research of altered igneous formations.
基金Supported by the Enterprise Innovation and Development Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19B6003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872150)。
文摘The types,occurrence and composition of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation(Mao-1 Member)in eastern Sichuan Basin were investigated through outcrop section measurement,core observation,thin section identification,argon ion polishing,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,energy spectrum analysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The diagenetic evolution sequence of clay minerals was clarified,and the sedimentary-diagenetic evolution model of clay minerals was established.The results show that authigenic sepiolite minerals were precipitated in the Si4+and Mg2+-rich cool aragonite sea and sepiolite-bearing strata were formed in the Mao-1 Member.During burial diagenesis,authigenic clay minerals undergo two possible evolution sequences.First,from the early diagenetic stage A to the middle diagenetic stage A1,the sepiolite kept stable in the shallow-buried environment lack of Al3+.It began to transform into stevensite in the middle diagenetic stage A2,and then evolved into disordered talc in the middle diagenetic stage B1and finally into talc in the period from the middle diagenetic stage B2to the late diagenetic stage.Thus,the primary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-stevensite-disordered talc-talc,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.Second,in the early diagenetic stage A,as Al3+carried by the storm and upwelling currents was involved in the diagenetic process,trace of sepiolite started to evolve into smectite,and a part of smectite turned into chlorite.From the early diagenetic stage B to the middle diagenesis stage A1,a part of smectite evolved to illite/smectite mixed layer(I/S).The I/S evolved initially into illite from the middle diagenesis stage A2to the middle diagenesis stage B2,and then totally into illite in the late diagenesis stage.Thus,the secondary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-smectite-chlorite/illite,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.The types and evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata are significant for petroleum geology in two aspects.First,sepiolite can adsorb and accumulate a large amount of organic matters,thereby effectively improving the quality and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks of the Mao-1 Member.Second,the evolution from sepiolite to talc is accompanied by the formation of numerous organic matter pores and clay shrinkage pores/fractures,as well as the releasing of the Mg2+-rich diagenetic fluid,which allows for the dolomitization of limestone within or around the sag.As a result,the new assemblages of self-generation and self-accumulation,and lower/side source and upper/lateral reservoir,are created in the Middle Permian,enhancing the hydrocarbon accumulation efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42090023,42102323,51734009,42102322)the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2022DJ5503)the Joint Geological Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2244223)。
文摘Shale oil is one of the most promising alternative unconventional energies in the world,and Lucaogou Formation shows significant exploration potential,becoming the primary target in northwestern China.This paper compared the mechanical properties of shale layered samples from oil layer and interlayer of Lucaogou Formation,using uniaxial compressive tests with real-time micro-CT scanning.After that,the mineral analysis was conducted on one cross-section of the fractured sample to analyze the influence of mineral composition and distribution on micro-crack propagation.Such research has rarely been reported before.The results showed the surface porosity and elastic modulus of oil-bearing samples is larger than that of the interlayer samples,while the uniaxial compressive strength is lower.Besides,when there is only one dominant mineral with a content greater than 60%,a main crack tends to form at this area;When there are 2~3 major minerals with a content of 10%-60%,a fractured zone with many fine micro-cracks is more likely to form here.Finally,the higher the Moh's hardness of the mineral,the more difficult it is for micro-cracks to develop through it.
文摘Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10032040 and 49774235Foundation of the Geodynamics Opening Laboratory of High-Pressure and High-Temperature.
文摘A transmission-reflection-combined new method is presented for measuring elastic velocities of rocks and minerals at elevated temperature and pressure,which resolves the problems of gradients of temperature and pressure existing in original sample assembly with a pyrophyllite cube.At room temperature and pressure up to 3 GPa,single-crystal quartz and eclogite were used to provide samples under test,respectively.The results of this work agree with the previous measurements very well within the error range.By the use of this new technique,more precise and reasonable data of elastic properties of rocks and minerals at elevated temperature and pressure can be achieved.
基金supported by Shandong University of China(No.2014ZQXM004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41503063)
文摘The classification and discrimination of minerals are important in geological research. The distribution of rocks and minerals may be inferred based on their identification, which is helpful for the investigation of some geological and environmental evolution problems, either on the earth or on other planets. LIBS and Raman spectra techniques have shown great advantages in simultaneous multi-component, in-situ, and non-destructive detection and they play an important role in rock composition analysis. In this presentation, six kinds of minerals （Gypsum, Spodumene, Barite, Haematite, Moonstone, and Labradorite） were detected by first using LIBS and Raman systems, and then several other methods （PCA, PLS-DA, ANN, and SVM） were used to evaluate the LIBS, Raman, and the fused LIBS/Raman data, respectively. The results indicate the superiority of the fused LIBS/Raman data in mineral classification, which stems from their complementary analysis abilities when studying element composition and structural features.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904240,51904239,52104268)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2020JQ-752,2021JQ-571)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.2019M653877XB)the Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Xi’an University of Science and Technology(No.2019YQ3-08)the Huo Yingdong Education Foundation(No.171102)the 2019 Merit-based Science and Technology Project Foundation for Shannxi Overseas-educated Scholars(No.14).
文摘The flotation of diasporic bauxite is to separate diaspore(valuable mineral)from aluminosilicate minerals(gangue minerals,mainly including kaolinite,illite and pyrophyllite),and the microscopic interaction force between the two types of minerals and air bubbles determines the separation efficiency.In this paper,based on the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)theory,the van der Waals,electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between particles of the four minerals mentioned above and air bubbles in collectorless solution were calculated first,and then diaspore and kaolinite were taken as examples to analyze the influence of various factors such as electrolyte concentration,mineral particle size,air bubble size,collector type(dodecylamine hydrochloride(DAH)and sodium oleate(NaOL))and concentration,and pulp pH on the interactions between the particles of valuable mineral and gangue minerals and air bubbles.The results showed that the total extended DLVO interactions between the four minerals and air bubbles were repulsive in most cases in collectorless solution.The increase in electrolyte concentration reduced the interaction force or even changed the direction of the force under certain circumstances.The addition of DAH and NaOL can reduce the adhesion energy barrier of kaolinitebubble and diaspore-bubble respectively.Each type of minerals exhibited a specific interface interaction response with air bubbles in each collector with different pH values.The research results have theoretical guiding significance for the optimization and directional control of diasporic bauxite flotation conditions.
基金supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(No.202101BE070001-009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018T111000)Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2018FD035).
文摘Copper oxide minerals are important copper resources,which include malachite,azurite,chrysocolla,cuprite,etc.Flotation is the most widely used method for the enrichment of copper oxide minerals in the mineral processing industry.In this paper,the surface properties of copper oxide minerals and their effects on the mineral flotation behavior are systematically summarized.The flotation methods of copper oxide minerals and the interaction mechanism with reagents are reviewed in detail.Flotation methods include direct flotation(using chelating reagents or a fatty acid as collector),sulfidization flotation(using xanthate as collector),and activation flotation(using chelating reagents,ammonium/amine salts,metal ions,and oxidant for activation).An effective way to realize efficient flotation of copper oxide minerals is to increase active sites on the surface of copper oxide minerals to enhance the interaction of collector with the mineral surface.Besides,various perspectives for further investigation on the efficient recovery of copper oxide minerals are proposed.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702291,51874357,U20A20123)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682352)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha,Chinasupport from the Youth Talent Program of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial Key Technology R&D Program(212102210597)。
文摘To effectively alleviate the ever-increasing energy crisis and environmental issues,clean and sustainable energy-related materials as well as the corresponding storage/conversion devices are in urgent demand.Silicon(Si) with the second most elemental abundance on the crust in the form of silicate or silica(SiO_(2)) minerals,is an advanced emerging material showing high performance in energy-related fields(e.g.batteries,photocatalytic hydrogen evolution).For the improved performance in industry-scale applications,Si materials with delicate nanostructures and ideal compositions in a massive production are highly cherished.On account of the reserve,low cost and diverse micro-nanostructures,silicate minerals are proposed as promising raw materials.In the article,crystal structures and the reduction approaches for silicate minerals,as well as recent progress on the as-reduced Si products for clean energy storage/conversion,are presented systematically.Moreover,some cutting-edge fields involving Si materials are discussed,which may offer deep insights into the rational design of advanced Si nanostructures for extended energy-related fields.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05004-002)Basic Research and Strategic Reserve Technology Research Fund of Institutes Directly Under CNPC(2018D-5008-03)PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2019D-5009-16)。
文摘A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50906043)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(2009THZ02232)The first author did this study while at Geoscience Australia sponsored by CAGS (China-Australia Geological Storage of CO2Project)
文摘The reactive surface area, an important parameter controlling mineral reactions, affects the amount of mineralization trapping of CO2 which affects the long-term CO2 storage. The effect of the reactive surface area on the mineralization trapping of CO2 was numerically simulated for CO2 storage in saline aquifers. Three kinds of minerals, including anorthite, calcite and kaolinite, are involved in the mineral reactions. This paper models the relationship between the specific surface area and the grain diameter of anorthite based on experimental data from literature （Brantley and Mellott, 2000）. When the reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m^2/m^3, the percentage of mineralization trapping of CO： after 500 years decreases from 11.8% to 0.65%. The amount of dissolved anorthite and the amounts of precipitated kaolinite and calcite decrease significantly when the reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m2/m3. Calcite is initially dissolved in the brine and then precipitates during the geochemical reactions between CO2-H20 and the minerals. Different reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite lead to different times from dissolution to precipitation. The pH of the brine decreases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite which influences the acidity of the saline aquifer. The gas saturation between the upper and lower parts of the saline aquifer increases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite. The mass density distribution of brine solution shows that the CO2^＋brine solution region increases with decreasing reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite.
文摘Numerous techniques have been developed to determine the bioavailability of minerals.Each method has specific detection objects with certain procedures to assure the results.This review focuses on a comprehensivecomparison of the applications,advantages,and critical control points of these techniques.The commonly used approaches for assessing mineral bioavailability can be divided into three categories-chemical methods,in vitro models and in vivo tests.Chemical methods are first developed,and mainly simulating the digestion environment to give a rough prediction of mineral bioavailability.In vitro models mainly used different cells to simulate the process and environment of food digestion to assess the availability of minerals.In vivo tests are employing complex models to observe the bioavailability of minerals after complicated digestive process in animal models or human volunteers.This review summarizes the critical points of establishment of these relevant models,compares the advantages and limitations among three categories.Although no single bioavailability method is ideal for all micronutrients,certain methods under proper operation can indeed be employed to minimize the differences between simulated results and reality for effective evaluation of the bioavailability of minerals.
基金Project 50274061 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinaprovided by the NSFC (50274061)+3 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0618)the Henan Province Basic and Lead-ing-edge Technology Research Program (082300 463205 and 072300420180)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Henan Province (2005HANCET-05) the Henan Poly-technic University Innovation Funds of Graduate Student Scientific Dissertation (M-20) is gratefully acknowledged
文摘In order to apply ultra-fine water mist technology on spontaneous coal combustion in the goaf of a coal mine, we built a small scale compartment with ultra-fine water mist for restraining coal combustion in a confined space and then investigated the restraining efficiency and related factors. The study obtained the following results： a descending rate of heat release, an increase in 02, the production of CO2 decreased gradually, while the production of CO increased dramatically and quickly and then decreased; ultimately it tended to become stable after the discharge of an ultra-fine water mist. The technology showed that the ultra-fine water mist can effectively reduce the heat release rate of coal and the rate to generate components. We found that the restraining effect relied on the mist flux, the discharge time and other factors. A sufficient amount of mist has a better effect compared to an insufficient amount of mist. To combat coal combustion, the greater the discharge time, the better coal flames are extinguished.
基金supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China (No. IRT0656)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40972196 and 41172263)
文摘Dealing with large-scale deformations in soft-rock tunnels is a very important issue in soft-rock tunnel engineering. The mechanism of this large-scale deformation is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of soft rock, interaction between soft rock and water, and interaction between soft rock and gas contained in soft rock. In order to gain a better predictive understanding of the governing principles associated with this phenomenon, we used experimental and theoretical methods to study the effects of point defect on physical and chemical properties of soft rock and mechanism of interaction between water(gas) and soft rock. Firstly, we calculated the impurity formation energies and transition energy levels of defects by using the first-principle calculation, the results showed the microscopic mechanism of defects substitution in kaolinite and effects of defects on the structure of kaolinite. Moreover,comparing the experimental and theoretical results, we found the mechanism of interaction between water and soft rock. The results show that water is one of the most important factors which can induce various kinds of geological disasters. At last, the interaction between soft rock and surrounding gas as CO2, CH4 and CO is disused, the influence of surrounding gas on soft rock should not be ignored.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2017ZX05008-001)
文摘The method of random forest was used to classify the heavy mineral assemblages of 2 418 Jurassic samples in the southern Junggar Basin, and determine the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblages from the same provenance systems. Based on the analysis of heavy minerals assemblages, ZTR index, sedimentary characteristics, U-Pb zircon ages, whole-rock geochemical and paleocurrent direction analysis, the study reveals that five important provenances were providing sediments to the southern Junggar Basin in the Jurassic period: The North Tianshan(NTS), Central Tianshan(CTS), Bogda Mountains, Zhayier Mountains and Kalamaili Mountains. During the Early Jurassic, NTS-CTS, Kalamaili Mountains and Zhayier Mountains are primary provenances, Bogda Mountains started to uplift and supply clastic materials in the Middle Jurassic. There are three sedimentary area in the Jurassic of southern Junggar Basin: the western part, the central part and the eastern part. In the western part, the clastic materials of the Early Jurassic was mainly from NTS blocks and Zhayier Mountains, and the sediments were dominantly derived from the Zhayier Mountains during the Middle–Late Jurassic. In the central part, the main provenance of the Early Jurassic switched from NTS to CTS. In the Xishanyao Formation, the main source went back to NTS again. The NTS was the primary provenance during the sedimentary periods of Toutunhe Formation and Qigu Formation. In the eastern part, the contribution of CTS and Kalamaili Mountains were considered as major provenances in the Early Jurassic-Xishanyao Formation, small proportion of sediments were from NTS. The Bogda mountains uplifted and started to provide sediments to the Junggar Basin in the sedimentary period of Xishanyao Formation, and became the major source during the Toutunhe Formation period, with small amount of sediments from CTS. The provenance from CTS was hindered during the sedimentary period of Qigu Formation owing to the uplifting of the Bogda mountains, and the sediments were mainly from the Bogda mountains and NTS.
基金System in research area Project/OF4534 supported by CUMT Science Foundation
文摘According to tectonic position and mineral inclusions, supply resource in western Qaidamu basin is di- vided into the front of Aerjinshan mountain and the front of Qimantageshan mountain. The former is mainly composed of zircon, garnet inclusions, indicating that its mother rocks are mainly metamorphic rocks. Gas and zircon, iron ore, carbon grain inclusions is common in the front of Qimantage mountain, indicating that its mother rock are mainly magmatite and mixed metamorphic rocks. The supply resource is abundant and tectonic movement is active in the joint of the two mountains. The western Qaidamu basin is further divided into 6 heavy mineral sub-regions according to their features of association and stable coefficient of heavy mineral. They are approximately corresponding to their sedimentary environment. Of the 6 sub-regions, the unstable region is corresponding to fluvial fan, middle stable re- gion is corresponding to river-alluvial plain-delta, stable region is corresponding to river-alluvial plain -delta-offshore. The fragment transported distance is presumed based on stable coefficient. In vertical, stable coefficient of heavy min- eral becomes small from Xiaganchai formation to Xiayoushashan formation, indicating that the supply resource be- came nearer and nearer.
基金financial support by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant Nos. 2005DIB1J087, 2013BAK03B00)
文摘The activity levels of long-lived radionuclides in minerals have received more and more concern for the public health. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the content of uranium and thorium in 60 mineral samples collected from 16 mines of seven provinces in China. The contents of uranium and thorium ranged0.17 ± 0.04 lg g^(-1)to 15.3 ± 2.39 lg g^(-1), and 0.19 ± 0.04 lg g^(-1)to 19.6 ± 7.56 lg g^(-1), respectively. The highest levels of U and Th contents were found in aluminum ore,whereas the lowest was found in antimony and copper ores.
文摘The objective of this work is to study the efficiency of some surface modified phyllosilicate minerals （bentonite and glauconite） in the removal of dyes from textile waste water. It is found that complete dye removal was achieved by using 10-25g modified glauconite from solutions having a dye concentration of 10-50 mg/L. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Adsorption capacities and optimum adsorption isotherms were predicted by linear regression method. The analysis of experimental isotherms showed that Langmuir isotherm reasonably fit the experimental data in the studied concentration range for the adsorption of dye onto glauconite mineral surface where Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental data for the adsorption of dve onto bentonite mineral surface.
基金provided by the National Petroleum and Gas Resources Strategic Area Selection Survey & Evaluation projects in 2005,is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘In order to develop appropriate reservoir protection measures in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and improve its oil and gas recovery efficiency,characteristics of clay minerals from eleven clay rock samples from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis,the Scanning Electron Microscope（SEM）and energy spectrum analysis.Clay mineral composition and distribution characteristics of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs,i.e.,from the Jurassic and Paleogene-Neogene,were explored.We analyzed the main factors which affected these attributes.The results show that the major clay minerals in the northern margin are chlorite,kaolinite,illite,smectite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals.Illite is the most widely spread clay mineral in this area. Chlorite is mainly found in the entire Neogene and in shallow horizons of the Paleogene.Smectite is enriched in the shallow Paleogene-Neogene.There are large amounts of kaolinite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals in the Jurassic.The major factors affecting the different development of clay minerals in the region are properties of parent rocks,paleoclimate and paleowater media conditions, diagenesis transformation,tectonic and terrain conditions.
