Objective:A computer-based STS(simulative training system) in providing pre-hospital trauma care at a disaster site was applied to teaching nursing students in the Second Military Medical University,China.This article...Objective:A computer-based STS(simulative training system) in providing pre-hospital trauma care at a disaster site was applied to teaching nursing students in the Second Military Medical University,China.This article reports on the teaching effectiveness of this system.Methods:Among 92 participants,46 were in the study group and 46 were in the 'control' group. Each student completed a multiple-choice quiz after completing 18 hours(six three-hour sessions) of the study module,and a score was recorded.The simulative training module was completed only by the study group;the 'control' group was assigned in-class discussions for the same amount of time covering the same content as the study group.The final course scores,which included both comprehensive and group task-based tests were compared between these two groups.The study used a descriptive and comparative approach for quantitative data analysis.Tests of independency between the multiple choice scores and the simulation scores were also performed.Finally,anonymous surveys were conducted.Results:The study group performed better than the 'control' group with a significantly higher average score for the group scenario task-based test score,and consequently the study group's final course score was significantly higher than the 'control' group.As per chi-square tests,no significant associations were found between the multiple choice scores and the simulated training scores.The final surveys showed students overwhelmingly agreed that STS training improved their knowledge and skills,their ability to recognize a potential critical event, and their initial response for trauma care at pre-hospital settings.The survey responses of the study group were noteworthy as they indicated that students recognized the importance of simulative training,appreciated the realism of the simulation,and were able to fight/adjust to the stressful feelings in order to focus on the task.Conclusion:Computer-based STS may be an effective teaching model to help students improve their capability in providing pre-hospital trauma care,and in their effectiveness in disaster response.展开更多
Aim Toshorten integral design period of electric vehicles Methods The electric vehicle simulation program(EVSP), a modular user-friendly program which is written in Borland C++ OWL for Windows was developed. Results ...Aim Toshorten integral design period of electric vehicles Methods The electric vehicle simulation program(EVSP), a modular user-friendly program which is written in Borland C++ OWL for Windows was developed. Results EVSP allows simulating the dynamic and the economy performance of electric vehicles.EVSP provides many kinds of data input module,a large components library of electric vehicles and several kinds of speed cycle with these library,it is easily to develop a new concept of different drive trains or even to compare or improve the existing electric vehicles. The paper simulated the performance of YW6120DD Electric Bus, and analyzed the test results comparing with simulation results Conclusion The simulation results indicate that the EVSP may contribute to the developments of electric vehicles in general and the definition of the optimal match management in the drive train in particular.展开更多
Although train modeling research is vast, most available simulation tools are confined to city-or trip-scale analysis, primarily offering micro-level simulations of network segments. This paper addresses this void by ...Although train modeling research is vast, most available simulation tools are confined to city-or trip-scale analysis, primarily offering micro-level simulations of network segments. This paper addresses this void by developing the Ne Train Sim simulator for heavy long-haul freight trains on a network of multiple intersecting tracks. The main objective of this simulator is to enable a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption and the associated carbon footprint for the entire train system. Four case studies were conducted to demonstrate the simulator's performance. The first case study validates the model by comparing Ne Train Sim output to empirical trajectory data. The results demonstrate that the simulated trajectory is precise enough to estimate the train energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The second application demonstrates the train-following model considering six trains following each other. The results showcase the model ability to maintain safefollowing distances between successive trains. The next study highlights the simulator's ability to resolve train conflicts for different scenarios. Finally, the suitability of the Ne Train Sim for modeling realistic railroad networks is verified through the modeling of the entire US network and comparing alternative powertrains on the fleet energy consumption.展开更多
Whole trip longitudinal dynamics and energy analysis of heavy haul trains are required by operators and manufacturers to enable optimisation of train controls and rolling stock components. A new technology named train...Whole trip longitudinal dynamics and energy analysis of heavy haul trains are required by operators and manufacturers to enable optimisation of train controls and rolling stock components. A new technology named train dynamics and energy analyser/train simulator （TDEAS） has been developed by the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power in China to perform detailed whole trip longitudinal train dynamics and energy analyses. Facilitated by a controller user interface and a graphic user interface, the TDEAS can also be used as a train driving simulator. This paper elaborates the modelling of three primary parts in the TDEAS, namely wagon connection systems, air brake systems and train energy components. TDEAS uses advanced wedge-spring draft gear models that can simulate a wider spectrum of friction draft gear behaviour. An effective and efficient air brake model that can simulate air brake systems in various train configurations has been integrated. In addition, TDEAS simulates the train energy on the basis of a detailed longitudinal train dynamics simulation, which enables a further perspective of the train energy composition and the overall energy consumption. To demonstrate the validity of the TDEAS, a case study was carried out on a 120-km-long Chinese railway. The results show that the employment of electric locomotives with regenerative braking could bring considerable energy benefits. Nearly 40 % of the locomotive energy usage could be collected from the dynamic brake system. Most of tractive energy was dissipated by propulsion resistance that accounted for 42.48 % of the total energy. Only a small amount of tractive energy was dissipated by curving resistance, air brake and draft gear systems.展开更多
BACKGROUND:There are several reasons why resuscitation measures may lead to inferior results:difficulties in team building,delayed realization of the emergency and interruption of chest compression.This study investig...BACKGROUND:There are several reasons why resuscitation measures may lead to inferior results:difficulties in team building,delayed realization of the emergency and interruption of chest compression.This study investigated the outcome of a new form of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) training with special focus on changes in self-assurance of potential helpers when faced with emergency situations.METHODS:Following a 12-month period of CPR training,questionnaires were distributed to participants and non-participants.Those non-participants who intended to undergo the training at a later date served as control group.RESULTS:The study showed that participants experienced a significant improvement in selfassurance,compared with their remembered self-assurance before the training.Their self-assurance also was significantly greater than that of the control group of non-participants.CONCLUSION:Short lessons in CPR have an impact on the self-assurance of medical and non-medical personnel.展开更多
Diesel fuel combustion results in exhaust containing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.Many railway vehicles use diesel fuel as their energy source.Exhaust emissions,as well as concerns about economical,alte...Diesel fuel combustion results in exhaust containing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.Many railway vehicles use diesel fuel as their energy source.Exhaust emissions,as well as concerns about economical,alternative power supply,have driven efforts to move to hydrogen motive power.Hydrogen fuel cell technology applied to railways offers the opportunity to eliminate harmful exhaust emissions and the potential for a low-or zero-emission energy supply chain.Currently,only multiple-unit trains with hydrail technology operate commercially.Development of an Integrated Hybrid Train Simulator for intercity railway is presented.The proposed tool incorporates the effect of powertrain components during the wheel-to-tank process.Compared to its predecessors,the proposed reconfigurable tool provides high fidelity with medium requirements and minimum computation time.Single train simulation and the federal government’s Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation(GREET)model are used in combination to evaluate the feasibility of various train and powertrain configurations.The Piedmont intercity service operating in North Carolina is used as a case study.The study includes six train configurations and powertrain options as well as nine hydrogen supply options in addition to the diesel supply.The results show that a hydrail option is not only feasible,but a low-or zero-carbon hydrogen supply chain could be possible.展开更多
In this paper, a new simulation approach for solving the mixed train scheduling problem on the high-speed double-track rail line is presented. Based on the discrete-time movement model, we propose control strategies f...In this paper, a new simulation approach for solving the mixed train scheduling problem on the high-speed double-track rail line is presented. Based on the discrete-time movement model, we propose control strategies for mixed train movement with different speeds on a high-speed double-track rail line, including braking strategy, priority rule, travelling strategy, and departing rule. A new detailed algorithm is also presented based on the proposed control strategies for mixed train movement. Moreover, we analyze the dynamic properties of rail traffic flow on a high-speed rail line. Using our proposed method, we can effectively simulate the mixed train schedule on a rail line. The numerical results demonstrate that an appropriate decrease of the departure interval can enhance the capacity, and a suitable increase of the distance between two adjacent stations can enhance the average speed. Meanwhile, the capacity and the average speed will be increased by appropriately enhancing the ratio of faster train number to slower train number from 1.展开更多
文摘Objective:A computer-based STS(simulative training system) in providing pre-hospital trauma care at a disaster site was applied to teaching nursing students in the Second Military Medical University,China.This article reports on the teaching effectiveness of this system.Methods:Among 92 participants,46 were in the study group and 46 were in the 'control' group. Each student completed a multiple-choice quiz after completing 18 hours(six three-hour sessions) of the study module,and a score was recorded.The simulative training module was completed only by the study group;the 'control' group was assigned in-class discussions for the same amount of time covering the same content as the study group.The final course scores,which included both comprehensive and group task-based tests were compared between these two groups.The study used a descriptive and comparative approach for quantitative data analysis.Tests of independency between the multiple choice scores and the simulation scores were also performed.Finally,anonymous surveys were conducted.Results:The study group performed better than the 'control' group with a significantly higher average score for the group scenario task-based test score,and consequently the study group's final course score was significantly higher than the 'control' group.As per chi-square tests,no significant associations were found between the multiple choice scores and the simulated training scores.The final surveys showed students overwhelmingly agreed that STS training improved their knowledge and skills,their ability to recognize a potential critical event, and their initial response for trauma care at pre-hospital settings.The survey responses of the study group were noteworthy as they indicated that students recognized the importance of simulative training,appreciated the realism of the simulation,and were able to fight/adjust to the stressful feelings in order to focus on the task.Conclusion:Computer-based STS may be an effective teaching model to help students improve their capability in providing pre-hospital trauma care,and in their effectiveness in disaster response.
文摘Aim Toshorten integral design period of electric vehicles Methods The electric vehicle simulation program(EVSP), a modular user-friendly program which is written in Borland C++ OWL for Windows was developed. Results EVSP allows simulating the dynamic and the economy performance of electric vehicles.EVSP provides many kinds of data input module,a large components library of electric vehicles and several kinds of speed cycle with these library,it is easily to develop a new concept of different drive trains or even to compare or improve the existing electric vehicles. The paper simulated the performance of YW6120DD Electric Bus, and analyzed the test results comparing with simulation results Conclusion The simulation results indicate that the EVSP may contribute to the developments of electric vehicles in general and the definition of the optimal match management in the drive train in particular.
基金funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under award number DE-AR0001471。
文摘Although train modeling research is vast, most available simulation tools are confined to city-or trip-scale analysis, primarily offering micro-level simulations of network segments. This paper addresses this void by developing the Ne Train Sim simulator for heavy long-haul freight trains on a network of multiple intersecting tracks. The main objective of this simulator is to enable a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption and the associated carbon footprint for the entire train system. Four case studies were conducted to demonstrate the simulator's performance. The first case study validates the model by comparing Ne Train Sim output to empirical trajectory data. The results demonstrate that the simulated trajectory is precise enough to estimate the train energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The second application demonstrates the train-following model considering six trains following each other. The results showcase the model ability to maintain safefollowing distances between successive trains. The next study highlights the simulator's ability to resolve train conflicts for different scenarios. Finally, the suitability of the Ne Train Sim for modeling realistic railroad networks is verified through the modeling of the entire US network and comparing alternative powertrains on the fleet energy consumption.
文摘Whole trip longitudinal dynamics and energy analysis of heavy haul trains are required by operators and manufacturers to enable optimisation of train controls and rolling stock components. A new technology named train dynamics and energy analyser/train simulator （TDEAS） has been developed by the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power in China to perform detailed whole trip longitudinal train dynamics and energy analyses. Facilitated by a controller user interface and a graphic user interface, the TDEAS can also be used as a train driving simulator. This paper elaborates the modelling of three primary parts in the TDEAS, namely wagon connection systems, air brake systems and train energy components. TDEAS uses advanced wedge-spring draft gear models that can simulate a wider spectrum of friction draft gear behaviour. An effective and efficient air brake model that can simulate air brake systems in various train configurations has been integrated. In addition, TDEAS simulates the train energy on the basis of a detailed longitudinal train dynamics simulation, which enables a further perspective of the train energy composition and the overall energy consumption. To demonstrate the validity of the TDEAS, a case study was carried out on a 120-km-long Chinese railway. The results show that the employment of electric locomotives with regenerative braking could bring considerable energy benefits. Nearly 40 % of the locomotive energy usage could be collected from the dynamic brake system. Most of tractive energy was dissipated by propulsion resistance that accounted for 42.48 % of the total energy. Only a small amount of tractive energy was dissipated by curving resistance, air brake and draft gear systems.
文摘BACKGROUND:There are several reasons why resuscitation measures may lead to inferior results:difficulties in team building,delayed realization of the emergency and interruption of chest compression.This study investigated the outcome of a new form of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) training with special focus on changes in self-assurance of potential helpers when faced with emergency situations.METHODS:Following a 12-month period of CPR training,questionnaires were distributed to participants and non-participants.Those non-participants who intended to undergo the training at a later date served as control group.RESULTS:The study showed that participants experienced a significant improvement in selfassurance,compared with their remembered self-assurance before the training.Their self-assurance also was significantly greater than that of the control group of non-participants.CONCLUSION:Short lessons in CPR have an impact on the self-assurance of medical and non-medical personnel.
文摘Diesel fuel combustion results in exhaust containing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.Many railway vehicles use diesel fuel as their energy source.Exhaust emissions,as well as concerns about economical,alternative power supply,have driven efforts to move to hydrogen motive power.Hydrogen fuel cell technology applied to railways offers the opportunity to eliminate harmful exhaust emissions and the potential for a low-or zero-emission energy supply chain.Currently,only multiple-unit trains with hydrail technology operate commercially.Development of an Integrated Hybrid Train Simulator for intercity railway is presented.The proposed tool incorporates the effect of powertrain components during the wheel-to-tank process.Compared to its predecessors,the proposed reconfigurable tool provides high fidelity with medium requirements and minimum computation time.Single train simulation and the federal government’s Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation(GREET)model are used in combination to evaluate the feasibility of various train and powertrain configurations.The Piedmont intercity service operating in North Carolina is used as a case study.The study includes six train configurations and powertrain options as well as nine hydrogen supply options in addition to the diesel supply.The results show that a hydrail option is not only feasible,but a low-or zero-carbon hydrogen supply chain could be possible.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB725400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71131001-1)the Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety,Beijing Jiaotong University,China(Grant Nos.RCS2012ZZ001 and RCS2012ZT001)
文摘In this paper, a new simulation approach for solving the mixed train scheduling problem on the high-speed double-track rail line is presented. Based on the discrete-time movement model, we propose control strategies for mixed train movement with different speeds on a high-speed double-track rail line, including braking strategy, priority rule, travelling strategy, and departing rule. A new detailed algorithm is also presented based on the proposed control strategies for mixed train movement. Moreover, we analyze the dynamic properties of rail traffic flow on a high-speed rail line. Using our proposed method, we can effectively simulate the mixed train schedule on a rail line. The numerical results demonstrate that an appropriate decrease of the departure interval can enhance the capacity, and a suitable increase of the distance between two adjacent stations can enhance the average speed. Meanwhile, the capacity and the average speed will be increased by appropriately enhancing the ratio of faster train number to slower train number from 1.
