In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of t...In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of the three-dimensional attack area model,restrict their practical applications.To address these issues,an improved backtracking algorithm is proposed to improve calculation efficiency.A significant reduction in solution time and maintenance of accuracy in the three-dimensional attack area are achieved by using the proposed algorithm.Furthermore,the age-layered population structure genetic programming(ALPS-GP)algorithm is introduced to determine an analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area,considering real-time requirements.The accuracy of the polynomial model is enhanced through the coefficient correction using an improved gradient descent algorithm.The study reveals a remarkable combination of high accuracy and efficient real-time computation,with a mean error of 91.89 m using the analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area solved in just 10^(-4)s,thus meeting the requirements of real-time combat scenarios.展开更多
Nanograins are characterized by a typical grain size from 1 to 100 nm. Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for the nanograin sphere with the diameters from 1.45 to 10.12 nm. We study the influence of ...Nanograins are characterized by a typical grain size from 1 to 100 nm. Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for the nanograin sphere with the diameters from 1.45 to 10.12 nm. We study the influence of grain size on structure and diffusion properties of the nanograins. The results reveal that as the grain size is reduced, the fraction of grain surface increases significantly, and the surface width is approximately constant; the mean atomic energy of the surface increases distinctly, but that of the grain interior varies insignificantly; the diffusion coefficient is increased sharply, and the relation of the diffusion coefficient and the grain size is close to exponential relation below 10 nm.展开更多
The difference of sintering crunodes of metal powders and fibers is discussed. The mathematical model of the surface diffusion described by the difference in mean curvature is defined as a Hamilton-Jacobi-type equatio...The difference of sintering crunodes of metal powders and fibers is discussed. The mathematical model of the surface diffusion described by the difference in mean curvature is defined as a Hamilton-Jacobi-type equation, and the model is numerically solved by the level set method. The three-dimensional numerical simulations of two metal powders and fibers(the fiber angle is 0° or 90°) are implemented by this mathematical model, respectively. The numerical simulation results accord with the experimental ones. The sintering neck growth trends of metal powders and metal fibers are similar. The sintering neck radius of metal fibers is larger than that of metal powders. The difference of the neck radius is caused by the difference of geometric structure which makes an important influence on the curvature affecting the migration rate of atoms.展开更多
A kind of novel electromagnetic structure of Cassini cross section is proposed and simulation is implemented with business microwave soft CST based on finite integral technique （FIT）. The electromagnetic field mode ...A kind of novel electromagnetic structure of Cassini cross section is proposed and simulation is implemented with business microwave soft CST based on finite integral technique （FIT）. The electromagnetic field mode type of Cassini wave-guide belongs to TE, and the electromagnetic field intensity is stronger near the neck region than at other areas. For Cassini electromagnetic patches and lumped elements, the radar cross section （RCS） is smaller around 7 GHz with -30.85 dBsm, and the absorbing property is better around 13 GHz with 4.56 dBsm difference of RCS from comparing of pure medium. For novel radiation structure of Cassini cross-section patches, the electromagnetic field value is larger in the neck areas of two half patches. At last, the potential application and development of Cassini oval structure are put forward in the electromagnetic stealth technology and antennae design.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the principles of frequency-phase scanning 3-D （three-dimensional） radar and the scattering mechanism of 3-D radar, the target and clutter IF （intermediate frequency） signals model of freq...Based on the analysis of the principles of frequency-phase scanning 3-D （three-dimensional） radar and the scattering mechanism of 3-D radar, the target and clutter IF （intermediate frequency） signals model of frequencyphase scanning 3-D radar is presented. The IF signals model of different channels of 3-D radar is presented in one simple formula in which complex waveform effects are considered. The simulation results obtained during tests are also provided in the end.展开更多
Movable cellular automata (MCA) method is applied in the analysis of dynamic characters of ceramic armor composite structures under impact loading. As a new approach, MCA is different from the traditional numerical me...Movable cellular automata (MCA) method is applied in the analysis of dynamic characters of ceramic armor composite structures under impact loading. As a new approach, MCA is different from the traditional numerical methods such as the finite element method and boundary element method. Based on the theory of particle mechanics, MCA is applied as a powerful tool in solving specific structural analysis of materials loss and penetrating damages. In this paper the method is used to study responses of multi-layered ceramic plates as a base of armor structures under impact loading, thus assisting further investigations in the crashing process and to improve ceramic armor structures.展开更多
Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is the most mature technology for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Alkaline water electrolyzer consists of multiple electrolysis cells,and a single cell consists of a diaphragm...Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is the most mature technology for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Alkaline water electrolyzer consists of multiple electrolysis cells,and a single cell consists of a diaphragm,electrodes,bipolar plates and end plates,etc.The existing industrial bipolar plate channel is concave-convex structure,which is manufactured by complicated and high-cost mold punching.This structure still results in uneven electrolyte flow and low current density in the electrolytic cell,further increasing in energy consumption and cost of AWE.Thereby,in this article,the electrochemical and flow model is firstly constructed,based on the existing industrial concave and convex flow channel structure of bipolar plate,to study the current density,electrolyte flow and bubble distribution in the electrolysis cell.The reliability of the model was verified by comparison with experimental data in literature.Among which,the electrochemical current density affects the bubble yield,on the other hand,the generated bubbles cover the electrode surface,affecting the active specific surface area and ohmic resistance,which in turn affects the electrochemical reaction.The result indicates that the flow velocity near the bottom of the concave ball approaches zero,while the flow velocity on the convex ball surface is significantly higher.Additionally,vortices are observed within the flow channel structure,leading to an uneven distribution of electrolyte.Next,modelling is used to optimize the bipolar plate structure of AWE by simulating the electrochemistry and fluid flow performances of four kinds of structures,namely,concave and convex,rhombus,wedge and expanded mesh,in the bipolar plate of alkaline water electrolyzer.The results show that the expanded mesh channel structure has the largest current density of 3330 A/m^(2)and electrolyte flow velocity of 0.507 m/s in the electrolytic cell.Under the same current density,the electrolytic cell with the expanded mesh runner structure has the smallest potential and energy consumption.This work provides a useful guide for the comprehensive understanding and optimization of channel structures,and a theoretical basis for the design of large-scale electrolyzer.展开更多
Modern additive manufacturing processes enable fabricating architected cellular materials of complex shape,which can be used for different purposes.Among them,lattice structures are increasingly used in applications r...Modern additive manufacturing processes enable fabricating architected cellular materials of complex shape,which can be used for different purposes.Among them,lattice structures are increasingly used in applications requiring a compromise among lightness and suited mechanical properties,like improved energy absorption capacity and specific stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios.A dedicated modeling strategy to assess the energy absorption capacity of lattice structures under uni-axial compression loading is presented in this work.The numerical model is developed in a non-linear framework accounting for the strain rate effect on the mechanical responses of the lattice structure.Four geometries,i.e.,cubic body centered cell,octet cell,rhombic-dodecahedron and truncated cuboctahedron 2+,are investigated.Specifically,the influence of the relative density of the representative volume element of each geometry,the strain-rate dependency of the bulk material and of the presence of the manufacturing process-induced geometrical imperfections on the energy absorption capacity of the lattice structure is investigated.The main outcome of this study points out the importance of correctly integrating geometrical imperfections into the modeling strategy when shock absorption applications are aimed for.展开更多
The distribution of Al （j） and the structural units distribution of Qi T in calcium aluminosilicate melts were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that provided there exists lower-fie...The distribution of Al （j） and the structural units distribution of Qi T in calcium aluminosilicate melts were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that provided there exists lower-field strength cation relative to Al3+, such as alkaline and alkaline earth metals, Al will be four-coordinated but not six-coordinated. Meanwhile, if there exist a large number of higher-field strength cations such as Si4+ and little lower-field strength cation, six-coordinated aluminum will be formed. The relation of structural units distribution of Qi T with chemical composition shift was also extracted, showing that as Ca2+ exists, the distributions of Qi Si, Qi Al or Qi T have the similar changing trend with the variation of component. Because of high-temperature effect, the Al-tetrahedral units in melts are greatly active and unstable and there exist dynamic transforming equilibria of Al（3）Al（4） and （Al（5））Al（4）. The three-coordinated oxygen and charge-compensated bridging oxygen are proposed to explain phenomena of the negative charge redundancy of AlO4 and location of network modifier with charge-compensated function in aluminosilicate melts.展开更多
The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is establishe...The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is established using the AUTODYN finite element program.Results of the near-field and far-field calculations of the shock wave respectively converge at cell sizes of 0.25-0.5 cm and 1-3 cm.The Euler--fluxcorrected transport solver is found to be suitable for the far-field calculation after mapping.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the formation,propagation,and interaction of the shock wave of the composite charge for different initiation modes.It is found that the initiation mode obviously affects the shock-wave waveform and pressure distribution of the composite charge.Additionally,it is found that the area of the overpressure distribution is greatest for internal and external simultaneous initiation,and the peak pressure of the shock wave exponentially decays,fitting the calculation formula of the peak overpressure attenuation under different initiation modes,which is obtained and verified by experiment.The difference between numerical and experimental results is less than 10%,and the peak overpressure of both internal and external initiation is 56.12% higher than that of central single-point initiation.展开更多
Probabilistic analysis is a rational approach for engineering design because it provides more insight than traditional deterministic analysis. Probabilistic evaluation on seismic stability of three dimensional (3D) sl...Probabilistic analysis is a rational approach for engineering design because it provides more insight than traditional deterministic analysis. Probabilistic evaluation on seismic stability of three dimensional (3D) slopes is studied in this paper. The slope safety factor is computed by combining the kinematic approach of limit analysis using a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism with the pseudo-dynamic approach. The variability of input parameters, including six pseudo-dynamic parameters and two soil shear strength parameters, are taken into account by means of Monte-Carlo Simulations (MCS) method. The influences of pseudo-dynamic input variables on the computed failure probabilities are investigated and discussed. It is shown that the obtained failure probabilities increase with the pseudo-dynamic input variables and the pseudo-dynamic approach gives more conservative failure probability estimates compared with the pseudo-static approach.展开更多
A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-indu...A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-induced volume loss effects.The numerical model was verified based on the results of a centrifuge test and a set of parametric studies was implemented based on this model.There is good agreement between the trend of the results of the centrifuge test and the present model.The results of parametric studies show that the tunnelling-induced pile internal force and deformation depend mainly on the pile?tunnel distance,the pile length to tunnel depth ratio and the volume loss.Two different zones are separated by a 45° line projected from the tunnel springline.Within the zone of influence,the pile is subjected to tensile force and large settlement;whereas outside the zone of influence,dragload and small settlement are induced.It is also established that the impact of tunnelling on a pile group is substantially smaller as compared with a single pile in the same location with the rear pile in a group,demonstrating a positive pile group effect.展开更多
In order to describe an investigation of the flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds using detached-eddy simulation(DES), a 1/8th scale model of a three-car high-speed train and a typical bridge mod...In order to describe an investigation of the flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds using detached-eddy simulation(DES), a 1/8th scale model of a three-car high-speed train and a typical bridge model are employed, Numerical wind tunnel technology based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is used, and the CFD models are set as stationary models. The Reynolds number of the flow, based on the inflow velocity and the height of the vehicle, is 1.9×10~6. The computations are conducted under three cases, train on the windward track on the bridge(WWC), train on the leeward track on the bridge(LWC) and train on the flat ground(FGC). Commercial software FLUENT is used and the mesh sensitivity research is carried out by three different grids: coarse, medium and fine. Results show that compared with FGC case, the side force coefficients of the head cars for the WWC and LWC cases increases by 14% and 29%, respectively; the coefficients of middle cars for the WWC and LWC increase by 32% and 10%, respectively; and that of the tail car increases by 45% for the WWC whereas decreases by 2% for the LWC case. The most notable thing is that the side force and the rolling moment of the head car are greater for the LWC, while the side force and the rolling moment of the middle car and the tail car are greater for the WWC. Comparing the velocity profiles at different locations, the flow is significantly influenced by the bridge-train system when the air is close to it. For the three cases(WWC, LWC and FGC), the pressure on the windward side of train is mostly positive while that of the leeward side is negative. The discrepancy of train's aerodynamic force is due to the different surface area of positive pressure and negative pressure zone. Many vortices are born on the leeward edge of the roofs. Theses vortices develop downstream, detach and dissipate into the wake region. The eddies develop irregularly, leading to a noticeably turbulent flow at leeward side of train.展开更多
Proper room and pillar sizes are both critical factors for safe mining and high ore recovery rate in shrinkage stoping mining of underground metal mines.The rock masses of Tangdan copper mine of China are fractured,wh...Proper room and pillar sizes are both critical factors for safe mining and high ore recovery rate in shrinkage stoping mining of underground metal mines.The rock masses of Tangdan copper mine of China are fractured,which needs much reinforcement and support prior to mining.Cement-sodium silicate grout technology was selected,then its related parameters such as grout pressure,diffusion radius and time were calculated and proposed.In order to test the effect of the pressured grout in the fractured No.4 ore block,field experiments were conducted.To optimize stoping configuration,three-dimensional numerical simulation with ANSYS and FLAC 3 D softwares was proposed.The results show that the drilling porosity and mechanical properties of the rock masses are increased obviously.After grout,ore recovery rate is increased by 10.2%employing the newly designed stoping configuration compared with the previous.Last,analyzed from the surface movements,roof subsidence and the maximum principal stress of the pillars,the mining safety is probable of being ensured.展开更多
A user-defined micromechanical model was developed to investigate the fracture mechanism of asphalt concrete （AC） using the discrete element method （DEM）. A three-dimensional （3D） AC beam was built using the ＂F...A user-defined micromechanical model was developed to investigate the fracture mechanism of asphalt concrete （AC） using the discrete element method （DEM）. A three-dimensional （3D） AC beam was built using the ＂Fish＂ language provided by PFC3D and was employed to simulate the three-point bending beam test at two temperature levels： -10 ℃ and 15℃. The AC beam was modeled with the consideration of the microstructural features of asphalt mixtures. Uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. The 3D predictions were validated using laboratory experimental measurements of AC beams prepared by the same mixture design. Effects of mastic stiffness, cohesive and adhesive strength on AC fracture behavior were investigated using the DEM model. The results show that the 3D DEM fracture model can accurately predict the fracture patterns of asphalt concrete. The ratio of stress at interfaces to the stress in mastics increases as the mastic stiffness decreases; however, the increase in the cohesive strength or adhesive strength shows no significant influence on the tensile strength.展开更多
The research of LEFP(linear explosive forming projectile)is of great value to the development of new warhead due to its excellent performance.To further improve the damage ability of the shaped charge warhead,a specia...The research of LEFP(linear explosive forming projectile)is of great value to the development of new warhead due to its excellent performance.To further improve the damage ability of the shaped charge warhead,a special shell overhanging structure was designed to increase the charge based on the traditional spherical charge,in which case the crushing energy of LEFP could be guaranteed.LS-DYNA was used to simulate different charge structures obtained by changing the number of detonation points,the length of shell platform,the radius of curvature and the thickness of liner.The RSM(response surface model)between the molding parameters of LEFP and the structural parameters of charge was established.Based on RSM model,the structure of shaped charge was optimized by using multi-objective genetic algorithm.Meanwhile,the formation process of jet was analyzed by pulsed X-ray photography.The results show that the velocity,length-diameter ratio and specific kinetic energy of the LEFP were closely related to the structural parameters of the shaped charge.After the optimization of charge structure,the forming effect and penetration ability of LEPP had been significantly improved.The experimental data of jet velocity and length were consistent with the numerical results,which verifies the reliability of the numerical results.展开更多
In this study,a nonlinear three-dimensional hydrocode numerical simulation was carried out using AUTODYN-3D to investigate the effect of blasting of a high explosive material(TNT)against several configurations of the ...In this study,a nonlinear three-dimensional hydrocode numerical simulation was carried out using AUTODYN-3D to investigate the effect of blasting of a high explosive material(TNT)against several configurations of the composite structure.Several numerical models were carried out to study the effect of varying the thickness of the walls and the effect of adding an air layer or aluminum foam layer inside two layers of concrete in mitigating the effect of blast waves on the structure walls.The results showed that increasing the thickness of walls has a good effect on mitigating the effect of blast waves.When a layer of air was added,the effect of blast waves was exaggerated,while when a layer of aluminum foam was added the blast wave effects were mitigated with a reasonable percentage.展开更多
Based on the working principle and the damping characteristic of hydraulic shock absorber, a fluid structure interaction method was presented, which was used to analyze the microcosmic and high-frequency processing me...Based on the working principle and the damping characteristic of hydraulic shock absorber, a fluid structure interaction method was presented, which was used to analyze the microcosmic and high-frequency processing mechanism of fluid structure interaction between circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber. The fluid mesh distortion was controlled by the CEL language, and the fluid struc^tre interaction mathematical model was established. The finite element model was established by ANSYS CFX software and was analyzed by dynamic mesh technique. The local sensitive computational area was meshed by prismatic grid, which could reduce the negative volume problem during the simulation. The circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber were simulated and analyzed under the condition of sinusoidal inlet velocity loads. Flow characteristic and dynamics characteristic were obtained. The pressure distribution and the displacement of circulation value were obtained, and the acceleration curve of circulation valve was simulated and analyzed. The conformity of the final simulation results with the experimental datum indicates that this method is accurate and reliable to analyze the dynamics characteristic between circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber, which can provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing hydraulic shock absorber in the future.展开更多
This paper put forward a new-type vortex generator enhancing heat exchange of solar air-drier and air-heater on the gas side,and investigated the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction by the influe...This paper put forward a new-type vortex generator enhancing heat exchange of solar air-drier and air-heater on the gas side,and investigated the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction by the influence of vortex generators on the coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer.The flow and heat transfer characteristics of rectangle channel with bevel-cut half-elliptical column vortex generators were obtained using large eddy simulation(LES)and the hydromechanics software FLUENT6.3.The instantaneous properties of velocity,temperature and pressure in channel were gained.The coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer flow was showed,and the characteristic of vortex induced by inclined-cut semi-ellipse vortex generator and its influence on turbulent coherent structure were analyzed.And the effect mechanism of turbulent coherent structure on flow field,pressure field and temperature field was discussed.Based on the results,the heat transfer coefficient and drag reduction of the new vortex generator with different pitch angles were compared.Sometimes,the coherent effects of the increased wall heat transfer and the decreased skin friction do not satisfy the Reynolds analogy.The turbulent coherent structure can be controlled through the geometry of the vortex generator,so the heat transfer and drag reduction can also be controlled.Then we can seek suitable form of vortex generator and structure parameters,in order to achieve the enhanced heat transfer and flow of drag reduction in the solar air-heater and solar air-drier.展开更多
This paper presents a combination of experimental and numerical investigations on the dynamic response of scaling cabin structures under internal blast loading.The purpose of this study is to modify the similar relati...This paper presents a combination of experimental and numerical investigations on the dynamic response of scaling cabin structures under internal blast loading.The purpose of this study is to modify the similar relationship between the scaled-down model and the prototype of the cabin structures under internal blast loading.According to the Hopkinson’s scaling law,three sets of cabin structure models with different scaling factors combined with different explosive masses were designed for the experimental study.The dynamic deformation process of the models was recorded by a three-dimensional digital imaging correlation(DIC)method and a 3D scanning technology was used to reconstruct the deformation modes of the specimen.In addition,a finite element model was developed for the modification of the scaling law.The experimental results showed that the final deflection-to-thickness ratio was increased with the increase of the model size despite of the similar trend of their deformation processes.The reason for this inconsistency was discussed based on the traditional scaling law and a modified formula considering of the effects of size and strain-rate was provided.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373187)Forward-looking Layout Special Projects(ILA220591A22)。
文摘In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of the three-dimensional attack area model,restrict their practical applications.To address these issues,an improved backtracking algorithm is proposed to improve calculation efficiency.A significant reduction in solution time and maintenance of accuracy in the three-dimensional attack area are achieved by using the proposed algorithm.Furthermore,the age-layered population structure genetic programming(ALPS-GP)algorithm is introduced to determine an analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area,considering real-time requirements.The accuracy of the polynomial model is enhanced through the coefficient correction using an improved gradient descent algorithm.The study reveals a remarkable combination of high accuracy and efficient real-time computation,with a mean error of 91.89 m using the analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area solved in just 10^(-4)s,thus meeting the requirements of real-time combat scenarios.
基金supported by the National Naturl Science Foundation of China(No.10172088)the Potdoctoral Saience Foundation of China
文摘Nanograins are characterized by a typical grain size from 1 to 100 nm. Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for the nanograin sphere with the diameters from 1.45 to 10.12 nm. We study the influence of grain size on structure and diffusion properties of the nanograins. The results reveal that as the grain size is reduced, the fraction of grain surface increases significantly, and the surface width is approximately constant; the mean atomic energy of the surface increases distinctly, but that of the grain interior varies insignificantly; the diffusion coefficient is increased sharply, and the relation of the diffusion coefficient and the grain size is close to exponential relation below 10 nm.
基金Projects(51174236,51134003)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011CB606306)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(PMM-SKL-4-2012)supported by the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Porous Metal Materials(Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research),China
文摘The difference of sintering crunodes of metal powders and fibers is discussed. The mathematical model of the surface diffusion described by the difference in mean curvature is defined as a Hamilton-Jacobi-type equation, and the model is numerically solved by the level set method. The three-dimensional numerical simulations of two metal powders and fibers(the fiber angle is 0° or 90°) are implemented by this mathematical model, respectively. The numerical simulation results accord with the experimental ones. The sintering neck growth trends of metal powders and metal fibers are similar. The sintering neck radius of metal fibers is larger than that of metal powders. The difference of the neck radius is caused by the difference of geometric structure which makes an important influence on the curvature affecting the migration rate of atoms.
文摘A kind of novel electromagnetic structure of Cassini cross section is proposed and simulation is implemented with business microwave soft CST based on finite integral technique （FIT）. The electromagnetic field mode type of Cassini wave-guide belongs to TE, and the electromagnetic field intensity is stronger near the neck region than at other areas. For Cassini electromagnetic patches and lumped elements, the radar cross section （RCS） is smaller around 7 GHz with -30.85 dBsm, and the absorbing property is better around 13 GHz with 4.56 dBsm difference of RCS from comparing of pure medium. For novel radiation structure of Cassini cross-section patches, the electromagnetic field value is larger in the neck areas of two half patches. At last, the potential application and development of Cassini oval structure are put forward in the electromagnetic stealth technology and antennae design.
文摘Based on the analysis of the principles of frequency-phase scanning 3-D （three-dimensional） radar and the scattering mechanism of 3-D radar, the target and clutter IF （intermediate frequency） signals model of frequencyphase scanning 3-D radar is presented. The IF signals model of different channels of 3-D radar is presented in one simple formula in which complex waveform effects are considered. The simulation results obtained during tests are also provided in the end.
文摘Movable cellular automata (MCA) method is applied in the analysis of dynamic characters of ceramic armor composite structures under impact loading. As a new approach, MCA is different from the traditional numerical methods such as the finite element method and boundary element method. Based on the theory of particle mechanics, MCA is applied as a powerful tool in solving specific structural analysis of materials loss and penetrating damages. In this paper the method is used to study responses of multi-layered ceramic plates as a base of armor structures under impact loading, thus assisting further investigations in the crashing process and to improve ceramic armor structures.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52074130)the Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Carbon Neutrality,Ministry of Education。
文摘Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is the most mature technology for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Alkaline water electrolyzer consists of multiple electrolysis cells,and a single cell consists of a diaphragm,electrodes,bipolar plates and end plates,etc.The existing industrial bipolar plate channel is concave-convex structure,which is manufactured by complicated and high-cost mold punching.This structure still results in uneven electrolyte flow and low current density in the electrolytic cell,further increasing in energy consumption and cost of AWE.Thereby,in this article,the electrochemical and flow model is firstly constructed,based on the existing industrial concave and convex flow channel structure of bipolar plate,to study the current density,electrolyte flow and bubble distribution in the electrolysis cell.The reliability of the model was verified by comparison with experimental data in literature.Among which,the electrochemical current density affects the bubble yield,on the other hand,the generated bubbles cover the electrode surface,affecting the active specific surface area and ohmic resistance,which in turn affects the electrochemical reaction.The result indicates that the flow velocity near the bottom of the concave ball approaches zero,while the flow velocity on the convex ball surface is significantly higher.Additionally,vortices are observed within the flow channel structure,leading to an uneven distribution of electrolyte.Next,modelling is used to optimize the bipolar plate structure of AWE by simulating the electrochemistry and fluid flow performances of four kinds of structures,namely,concave and convex,rhombus,wedge and expanded mesh,in the bipolar plate of alkaline water electrolyzer.The results show that the expanded mesh channel structure has the largest current density of 3330 A/m^(2)and electrolyte flow velocity of 0.507 m/s in the electrolytic cell.Under the same current density,the electrolytic cell with the expanded mesh runner structure has the smallest potential and energy consumption.This work provides a useful guide for the comprehensive understanding and optimization of channel structures,and a theoretical basis for the design of large-scale electrolyzer.
文摘Modern additive manufacturing processes enable fabricating architected cellular materials of complex shape,which can be used for different purposes.Among them,lattice structures are increasingly used in applications requiring a compromise among lightness and suited mechanical properties,like improved energy absorption capacity and specific stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios.A dedicated modeling strategy to assess the energy absorption capacity of lattice structures under uni-axial compression loading is presented in this work.The numerical model is developed in a non-linear framework accounting for the strain rate effect on the mechanical responses of the lattice structure.Four geometries,i.e.,cubic body centered cell,octet cell,rhombic-dodecahedron and truncated cuboctahedron 2+,are investigated.Specifically,the influence of the relative density of the representative volume element of each geometry,the strain-rate dependency of the bulk material and of the presence of the manufacturing process-induced geometrical imperfections on the energy absorption capacity of the lattice structure is investigated.The main outcome of this study points out the importance of correctly integrating geometrical imperfections into the modeling strategy when shock absorption applications are aimed for.
文摘The distribution of Al （j） and the structural units distribution of Qi T in calcium aluminosilicate melts were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that provided there exists lower-field strength cation relative to Al3+, such as alkaline and alkaline earth metals, Al will be four-coordinated but not six-coordinated. Meanwhile, if there exist a large number of higher-field strength cations such as Si4+ and little lower-field strength cation, six-coordinated aluminum will be formed. The relation of structural units distribution of Qi T with chemical composition shift was also extracted, showing that as Ca2+ exists, the distributions of Qi Si, Qi Al or Qi T have the similar changing trend with the variation of component. Because of high-temperature effect, the Al-tetrahedral units in melts are greatly active and unstable and there exist dynamic transforming equilibria of Al（3）Al（4） and （Al（5））Al（4）. The three-coordinated oxygen and charge-compensated bridging oxygen are proposed to explain phenomena of the negative charge redundancy of AlO4 and location of network modifier with charge-compensated function in aluminosilicate melts.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under NO.11202103Qing-lan Project of Jiangsu Province。
文摘The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is established using the AUTODYN finite element program.Results of the near-field and far-field calculations of the shock wave respectively converge at cell sizes of 0.25-0.5 cm and 1-3 cm.The Euler--fluxcorrected transport solver is found to be suitable for the far-field calculation after mapping.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the formation,propagation,and interaction of the shock wave of the composite charge for different initiation modes.It is found that the initiation mode obviously affects the shock-wave waveform and pressure distribution of the composite charge.Additionally,it is found that the area of the overpressure distribution is greatest for internal and external simultaneous initiation,and the peak pressure of the shock wave exponentially decays,fitting the calculation formula of the peak overpressure attenuation under different initiation modes,which is obtained and verified by experiment.The difference between numerical and experimental results is less than 10%,and the peak overpressure of both internal and external initiation is 56.12% higher than that of central single-point initiation.
文摘Probabilistic analysis is a rational approach for engineering design because it provides more insight than traditional deterministic analysis. Probabilistic evaluation on seismic stability of three dimensional (3D) slopes is studied in this paper. The slope safety factor is computed by combining the kinematic approach of limit analysis using a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism with the pseudo-dynamic approach. The variability of input parameters, including six pseudo-dynamic parameters and two soil shear strength parameters, are taken into account by means of Monte-Carlo Simulations (MCS) method. The influences of pseudo-dynamic input variables on the computed failure probabilities are investigated and discussed. It is shown that the obtained failure probabilities increase with the pseudo-dynamic input variables and the pseudo-dynamic approach gives more conservative failure probability estimates compared with the pseudo-static approach.
文摘A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-induced volume loss effects.The numerical model was verified based on the results of a centrifuge test and a set of parametric studies was implemented based on this model.There is good agreement between the trend of the results of the centrifuge test and the present model.The results of parametric studies show that the tunnelling-induced pile internal force and deformation depend mainly on the pile?tunnel distance,the pile length to tunnel depth ratio and the volume loss.Two different zones are separated by a 45° line projected from the tunnel springline.Within the zone of influence,the pile is subjected to tensile force and large settlement;whereas outside the zone of influence,dragload and small settlement are induced.It is also established that the impact of tunnelling on a pile group is substantially smaller as compared with a single pile in the same location with the rear pile in a group,demonstrating a positive pile group effect.
基金Project(U1534210)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(14JJ1003)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China+2 种基金Project(2015CX003)supported by the Project of Innovation-driven Plan in Central South University,ChinaProject(14JC1003)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(2015T002-A)supported by the Technological Research and Development program of China Railways Cooperation
文摘In order to describe an investigation of the flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds using detached-eddy simulation(DES), a 1/8th scale model of a three-car high-speed train and a typical bridge model are employed, Numerical wind tunnel technology based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is used, and the CFD models are set as stationary models. The Reynolds number of the flow, based on the inflow velocity and the height of the vehicle, is 1.9×10~6. The computations are conducted under three cases, train on the windward track on the bridge(WWC), train on the leeward track on the bridge(LWC) and train on the flat ground(FGC). Commercial software FLUENT is used and the mesh sensitivity research is carried out by three different grids: coarse, medium and fine. Results show that compared with FGC case, the side force coefficients of the head cars for the WWC and LWC cases increases by 14% and 29%, respectively; the coefficients of middle cars for the WWC and LWC increase by 32% and 10%, respectively; and that of the tail car increases by 45% for the WWC whereas decreases by 2% for the LWC case. The most notable thing is that the side force and the rolling moment of the head car are greater for the LWC, while the side force and the rolling moment of the middle car and the tail car are greater for the WWC. Comparing the velocity profiles at different locations, the flow is significantly influenced by the bridge-train system when the air is close to it. For the three cases(WWC, LWC and FGC), the pressure on the windward side of train is mostly positive while that of the leeward side is negative. The discrepancy of train's aerodynamic force is due to the different surface area of positive pressure and negative pressure zone. Many vortices are born on the leeward edge of the roofs. Theses vortices develop downstream, detach and dissipate into the wake region. The eddies develop irregularly, leading to a noticeably turbulent flow at leeward side of train.
基金Projects(51374034,51674012)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013BAB02B05)supported by the China National Science and Technology Support Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period
文摘Proper room and pillar sizes are both critical factors for safe mining and high ore recovery rate in shrinkage stoping mining of underground metal mines.The rock masses of Tangdan copper mine of China are fractured,which needs much reinforcement and support prior to mining.Cement-sodium silicate grout technology was selected,then its related parameters such as grout pressure,diffusion radius and time were calculated and proposed.In order to test the effect of the pressured grout in the fractured No.4 ore block,field experiments were conducted.To optimize stoping configuration,three-dimensional numerical simulation with ANSYS and FLAC 3 D softwares was proposed.The results show that the drilling porosity and mechanical properties of the rock masses are increased obviously.After grout,ore recovery rate is increased by 10.2%employing the newly designed stoping configuration compared with the previous.Last,analyzed from the surface movements,roof subsidence and the maximum principal stress of the pillars,the mining safety is probable of being ensured.
基金Project(51208178)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012M520991)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘A user-defined micromechanical model was developed to investigate the fracture mechanism of asphalt concrete （AC） using the discrete element method （DEM）. A three-dimensional （3D） AC beam was built using the ＂Fish＂ language provided by PFC3D and was employed to simulate the three-point bending beam test at two temperature levels： -10 ℃ and 15℃. The AC beam was modeled with the consideration of the microstructural features of asphalt mixtures. Uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. The 3D predictions were validated using laboratory experimental measurements of AC beams prepared by the same mixture design. Effects of mastic stiffness, cohesive and adhesive strength on AC fracture behavior were investigated using the DEM model. The results show that the 3D DEM fracture model can accurately predict the fracture patterns of asphalt concrete. The ratio of stress at interfaces to the stress in mastics increases as the mastic stiffness decreases; however, the increase in the cohesive strength or adhesive strength shows no significant influence on the tensile strength.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11772061)。
文摘The research of LEFP(linear explosive forming projectile)is of great value to the development of new warhead due to its excellent performance.To further improve the damage ability of the shaped charge warhead,a special shell overhanging structure was designed to increase the charge based on the traditional spherical charge,in which case the crushing energy of LEFP could be guaranteed.LS-DYNA was used to simulate different charge structures obtained by changing the number of detonation points,the length of shell platform,the radius of curvature and the thickness of liner.The RSM(response surface model)between the molding parameters of LEFP and the structural parameters of charge was established.Based on RSM model,the structure of shaped charge was optimized by using multi-objective genetic algorithm.Meanwhile,the formation process of jet was analyzed by pulsed X-ray photography.The results show that the velocity,length-diameter ratio and specific kinetic energy of the LEFP were closely related to the structural parameters of the shaped charge.After the optimization of charge structure,the forming effect and penetration ability of LEPP had been significantly improved.The experimental data of jet velocity and length were consistent with the numerical results,which verifies the reliability of the numerical results.
文摘In this study,a nonlinear three-dimensional hydrocode numerical simulation was carried out using AUTODYN-3D to investigate the effect of blasting of a high explosive material(TNT)against several configurations of the composite structure.Several numerical models were carried out to study the effect of varying the thickness of the walls and the effect of adding an air layer or aluminum foam layer inside two layers of concrete in mitigating the effect of blast waves on the structure walls.The results showed that increasing the thickness of walls has a good effect on mitigating the effect of blast waves.When a layer of air was added,the effect of blast waves was exaggerated,while when a layer of aluminum foam was added the blast wave effects were mitigated with a reasonable percentage.
基金Project(51275542) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinaproject(CDJXS12110010) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Based on the working principle and the damping characteristic of hydraulic shock absorber, a fluid structure interaction method was presented, which was used to analyze the microcosmic and high-frequency processing mechanism of fluid structure interaction between circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber. The fluid mesh distortion was controlled by the CEL language, and the fluid struc^tre interaction mathematical model was established. The finite element model was established by ANSYS CFX software and was analyzed by dynamic mesh technique. The local sensitive computational area was meshed by prismatic grid, which could reduce the negative volume problem during the simulation. The circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber were simulated and analyzed under the condition of sinusoidal inlet velocity loads. Flow characteristic and dynamics characteristic were obtained. The pressure distribution and the displacement of circulation value were obtained, and the acceleration curve of circulation valve was simulated and analyzed. The conformity of the final simulation results with the experimental datum indicates that this method is accurate and reliable to analyze the dynamics characteristic between circulation valve and liquid of hydraulic shock absorber, which can provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing hydraulic shock absorber in the future.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50676027)
文摘This paper put forward a new-type vortex generator enhancing heat exchange of solar air-drier and air-heater on the gas side,and investigated the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction by the influence of vortex generators on the coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer.The flow and heat transfer characteristics of rectangle channel with bevel-cut half-elliptical column vortex generators were obtained using large eddy simulation(LES)and the hydromechanics software FLUENT6.3.The instantaneous properties of velocity,temperature and pressure in channel were gained.The coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer flow was showed,and the characteristic of vortex induced by inclined-cut semi-ellipse vortex generator and its influence on turbulent coherent structure were analyzed.And the effect mechanism of turbulent coherent structure on flow field,pressure field and temperature field was discussed.Based on the results,the heat transfer coefficient and drag reduction of the new vortex generator with different pitch angles were compared.Sometimes,the coherent effects of the increased wall heat transfer and the decreased skin friction do not satisfy the Reynolds analogy.The turbulent coherent structure can be controlled through the geometry of the vortex generator,so the heat transfer and drag reduction can also be controlled.Then we can seek suitable form of vortex generator and structure parameters,in order to achieve the enhanced heat transfer and flow of drag reduction in the solar air-heater and solar air-drier.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11902031,No. 11802030 , No. 11802031Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project Management Approach under No. Z181100004118002
文摘This paper presents a combination of experimental and numerical investigations on the dynamic response of scaling cabin structures under internal blast loading.The purpose of this study is to modify the similar relationship between the scaled-down model and the prototype of the cabin structures under internal blast loading.According to the Hopkinson’s scaling law,three sets of cabin structure models with different scaling factors combined with different explosive masses were designed for the experimental study.The dynamic deformation process of the models was recorded by a three-dimensional digital imaging correlation(DIC)method and a 3D scanning technology was used to reconstruct the deformation modes of the specimen.In addition,a finite element model was developed for the modification of the scaling law.The experimental results showed that the final deflection-to-thickness ratio was increased with the increase of the model size despite of the similar trend of their deformation processes.The reason for this inconsistency was discussed based on the traditional scaling law and a modified formula considering of the effects of size and strain-rate was provided.
