In order to explore the mechanism of improving the surface wettability of low-energy polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)by new extended surfactants,five kinds of extended anionic surfactants with different numbers of oxypro...In order to explore the mechanism of improving the surface wettability of low-energy polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)by new extended surfactants,five kinds of extended anionic surfactants with different numbers of oxypropylene(PO)and oxyethylene(EO),octadecyl-(PO)_(m)-(EO)_(n)-sodium carboxylate(C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C,m=5,10,15,n=5,10,15),were studied.The surface tension and contact angle of C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C solution with different concentrations were measured,and the adhesion tension,PTFE-water interfacial tension,and adhesion work were calculated.It was found that the extended surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of the solution and the PTFE-liquid interface simultaneously when the concentration is lower than the critical micelle concentration(cmc),and there was a linear relationship between surface tension and adhesion tension.The adsorption amount of C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C at the PTFE-water interface was significantly lower than that on the surface of the solution.As the concentration increases above cmc,semi-micelle aggregates on the surface of PTFE are formed by C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C molecules through hydrophobic interaction,and the hydrophilic group faces the solution to modify the surface of PTFE with high efficiency.展开更多
Non-aqueous emulsions have a wide range of applications in cosmetics,drug-controlled release,and the preparation of functional nanoparticles.However,due to the weaker polarity of non-aqueous solvents,these emulsions o...Non-aqueous emulsions have a wide range of applications in cosmetics,drug-controlled release,and the preparation of functional nanoparticles.However,due to the weaker polarity of non-aqueous solvents,these emulsions often exhibit inferior stability compared to their aqueous counterparts.In this experiment,the properties of quaternary ammonium surfactants in glycerol were investigated through surface tension measurements,to further enhance the stability of n-decane/glycerol emulsions,hydrophilic nanoparticles SiO_(2) were modified in situ using double tailed quaternary ammonium surfactants Di-C_(12)DAB and Di-C_(16)DAB.Stable n-decane/glycerol Pickering emulsions were successfully prepared.These emulsions were stable at 45℃for over six months,and no significant changes in droplet size occurred.The minimum droplet size of the emulsion was only 2-3μm.Contact angle measurements showed that the wettability of the silica surface was tremendously affected by the concentration and the alkyl chain length of the double-tailed surfactants.In the presence of Di-C_(12)DAB,the contact angle of glycerol on the silica surface increased monotonically with the surfactant concentration.This explains the phenomenon that the Pickering emulsions containing Di-C_(12)DAB and silica particles were stable within the contact angle range of 80°-120°.Comparatively,the contact angle of the glycerol on the silica surface in the presence of Di-C_(16)DAB first increased with surfactant concentrations and then decreased,reaching a maximum at 0.6 mmol/L.It can be concluded that Di-C_(12)DAB formed monolayers at the surface of silica particles within all investigated concentrations.On the contrary,Di-C_(16)DAB formed monolayers at concentrations below 0.6 mmol/L and formed double layers at concentrations above 0.6 mmol/L,leading to a non-monotonic change in the contact angle with respect to concentration.Using these stable non-aqueous Pickering emulsions as templates,polymer microspheres with a particle size of 2-3μm were successfully prepared with high yield.This work is helpful to expand the potential applications of non-aqueous emulsions in the encapsulation of drug,controlled release,material preparation,and cosmetic formulations.展开更多
To shorten the bioleaching cycle of arsenic-containing gold concentrate, surfactants were used to promote the interaction between bacteria and ore to increase the arsenic leaching rate. Three different kinds of surfac...To shorten the bioleaching cycle of arsenic-containing gold concentrate, surfactants were used to promote the interaction between bacteria and ore to increase the arsenic leaching rate. Three different kinds of surfactants were used to evaluate the effects of surfactants on the growth of bacteria and arsenic leaching rate of arsenic-containing gold concentrate. The mechanism underlying surfactant enhancement was also studied. Results show that when relatively low-concentration surfactants are added to the medium, no significant difference is observed in the growth and Fe2+ oxidation ability of the bacteria compared with no surfactant in the medium. However, only the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate and the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 are found to improve the arsenic leaching rates. Their optimum mass concentrations are 30 and 80 mg/L, respectively. At such optimum mass concentrations, the arsenic leaching rates are approximately 13.7% and 9.1% higher than those without the addition of surfactant, respectively. Mechanism research reveals that adding the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate improves the percentage of bacterial adhesion on the mineral surface and decreases the surface tension in the leaching solution.展开更多
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different surfactants on the removal efficiency of heavy metals in sewage sludge treated by a method combining bio-acidification with Fenton oxidation. Four surfac...The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different surfactants on the removal efficiency of heavy metals in sewage sludge treated by a method combining bio-acidification with Fenton oxidation. Four surfactants were adopted such as anionic surfactant(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS), nonionic surfactants(tween-20 and tween-60) and cationic surfactant(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, HTAC), respectively. The indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in bio-acidification phase were enriched and cultured from fresh activated sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment plant. It is shown that different surfactants exhibited distinct effect on the removal efficiency of heavy metals from sewage sludge. The nonionic surfactants,especially tween-60, promotes the solubilization of heavy metals, while the anionic and cationic surfactants hinder the removal of heavy metals. Copper is efficiently leached. The removal efficiency of cadium is relatively lower than that of Cu due to the demand for rigorous p H value. Lead is leached with a low efficiency as the formation of low soluble Pb SO4 precipitates.展开更多
In the past four decades, there is a growing use of surfactant modified clay complexes in wide range of applications. The mostly used surfactants to modify the swelling clay minerals are cationic surfactants, such as ...In the past four decades, there is a growing use of surfactant modified clay complexes in wide range of applications. The mostly used surfactants to modify the swelling clay minerals are cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium, which consists of two distinct moieties, a hydrophilic head, where the positive charge is concentrated, and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain tail. During the surface modification, this kind of surfactant molecules attach on the inner and outer surface of clay minerals, the hydrophilic surface of raw clay minerals may changed into hydrophobic surface. The changes of organophilicity and hydrophobicity of clay minerals enable them used in more wide fields, such as adsorbents for organic contaminant, geotechnical barriers, filling of nanocomposite, etc.展开更多
The wettability,surfactivity and the correlation between wettability and surfactivity of sodium diethylhexylphosphate,sodium diethylhexyl polyoxyethylene phosphate and their complex in NaOH solutions were studied.A co...The wettability,surfactivity and the correlation between wettability and surfactivity of sodium diethylhexylphosphate,sodium diethylhexyl polyoxyethylene phosphate and their complex in NaOH solutions were studied.A complex alkali resistant phosphate surfactant with good permeability was prepared.The wettability of surfactants was investigated by measuring the immersion time,sinking time and capillary effects of nature cotton grey fabric in NaOH solutions.The surfactivity of the surfactants was characterized by measuring the surface tension.The effect of the complex on the surface appearance of cotton grey fabric was also investigated with a scanning electron microscope(SEM) .The results show that all the surfactants exhibit good wettability for cotton grey fabric in 0.5-5.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions,the complex system exhibits better wettability in 5.0-7.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions,in comparison with either corresponding single surfactant component employed,and wettability is well correlative with the surfactivities of the surfactant.SEM images indicate that the cotton grey fabric is well wetted by the alkaline surfactant solution and the quality of fabric is improved.展开更多
The electrodeposition of nickel-silicon carbide coatings on a copper electrode was done by mixing SiC particles in the nickel electrodeposition solution.The influence of surfactants and silicon carbide particle size o...The electrodeposition of nickel-silicon carbide coatings on a copper electrode was done by mixing SiC particles in the nickel electrodeposition solution.The influence of surfactants and silicon carbide particle size on uniformity and quantity of silicon carbide particles in nickel-silicon carbide composite coatings was investigated.It was found that particle size affects the nucleation overpotential,with 40 nm silicon carbide nanoparticles more effective in promoting nickel nucleation than 500 nm particles due to an increase in active nucleation sites.In terms of surfactants,anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)produced better dispersion of 40 nm silicon carbide particles than cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB),but little difference was found between the two when 500 nm silicon carbide particles were used.Thus,although the suspension of silicon carbide particles can be improved and their co-deposition can be promoted with a cationic surfactant CTAB,it is less effective than an anionic surfactant SDS in terms of surface finish.展开更多
To reveal the potential effect of surfactant on improving surface wettability of copper ore,the droplet spreading behavior of sulfuric acid solution contained surfactant was visualized using high-speed camera and an i...To reveal the potential effect of surfactant on improving surface wettability of copper ore,the droplet spreading behavior of sulfuric acid solution contained surfactant was visualized using high-speed camera and an image processing method,and the solid-liquid interaction was discussed in this study.The results show that liquid surface tension and ore surface roughness are the main factors affecting surface wettability.The effect of sulfuric acid solution concentration and surfactants on the surface wettability of ore is revealed via quantitative spreading area,spreading coefficient,and contact angle.The results of droplet spreading experiment show that the higher concentration of surfactant and sulfuric acid solution result in improving the wettability of ore,spreading coefficient,and decreasing contact angle.The“leaching reaction coefficient”and“surface activity coefficient”are introduced to modify the mathematical expression of the equilibrium contact angle.展开更多
In this study,the effects of surfactants on the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubbles in shear-thinning fluids at low Reynolds number(Re<50)are investigated.The bubble terminal velocity and drag coefficient of bu...In this study,the effects of surfactants on the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubbles in shear-thinning fluids at low Reynolds number(Re<50)are investigated.The bubble terminal velocity and drag coefficient of bubble in clean and contaminated carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)solutions are obtained using a high-speed camera for examining differences.The results show that the existence of surfactant could reduce the terminal velocity of bubble at small volume(0.25wt%CMC:<100 mm3;0.50wt%CMC:<110 mm3),attributed to stiffening the bubble interface.However,this negative effect decreases and finally disappears with increasing bubble volume.The drag coefficient curves of the bubble in contaminated CMC solution exhibit behavior similar to that exhibited by a solid sphere at Re<10,indicating that internal circulation flow is absent at the bubble interface as compared to that in clean CMC solution.However,for 10<Re<40,a transition of drag curve from 24/Re to 16/Re in contaminated CMC solution is observed,which is easy at low SDS concentrations and high CMC concentrations.展开更多
Surfactant is widely used in the industry,and its determination is important in both performance and quality control consideration.A liquid chromatography coupling mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was established for an...Surfactant is widely used in the industry,and its determination is important in both performance and quality control consideration.A liquid chromatography coupling mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was established for analyzing surfactants in lubricant.Three surfactants,including polyoxyethylene(9)nonyl phenyl ether,polyoxyethylene(10)decanamine ether,and polyoxyethylene(5)oleylamine ether were identified.展开更多
The adsorption of dedecyltrimethylammoium chloride(DTAC) and hexadecyltrimethylammoium chloride(CTAC) on muscovite mica substrates was examined using atomic force microscopy(AFM). Adsorption morphology images and inte...The adsorption of dedecyltrimethylammoium chloride(DTAC) and hexadecyltrimethylammoium chloride(CTAC) on muscovite mica substrates was examined using atomic force microscopy(AFM). Adsorption morphology images and interaction forces of cationic surfactants at solid-solution interfaces were measured in tapping mode and Pico Force mode, respectively. The images demonstrated that the adsorbed structure was varied by a variety of surfactant concentrations. The adsorbed layer on mica was monolayer at first, and then became bilayer. A striped adsorbed structure was observed in a higher concentration of CTAC,which could not be found in any other concentrations of DTAC. For force measurements, the repulsive force was exponentially decreasing with the concentration increasing till a net attractive force appeared. A largest attractive force could be observed at a certain concentration, which was close to the point of charge neutralization. The results also showed a significant impact of hydrocarbon chain length on adsorption. An adsorption simulation was established to give a clear understanding of the interaction between cationic surfactants and mica.展开更多
Technology intensified with surface wettability was introduced to leach vanadium and chromium from converter vanadium slag without roasting.Parameters affecting the leaching efficiency of vanadium and chromium were in...Technology intensified with surface wettability was introduced to leach vanadium and chromium from converter vanadium slag without roasting.Parameters affecting the leaching efficiency of vanadium and chromium were investigated:sulfuric acid concentration,Mn0_(2)-to-slag mass ratio,liquid-to-solid ratio,leaching time,leaching temperature,and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-to-slag mass ratio.The leaching efficiencies of vanadium and chromium were 33.46%and 20.02%higher in the presence of Mn0_(2) and SDS,respectively,compared to the control.The leaching efficiencies of vanadium and chromium were 68.93%and 30.74%,respectively,under the optimum conditions:sulfuric acid concentration 40 wt%,Mn0_(2)-to-slag mass ratio 10.0 wt%,liquid-to-solid ratio 5:1 mL/g;12 h;90℃;and SDS-to-slag mass ratio 0.25 wt%.The analysis of the reaction mechanism in the leaching process indicates that Mn0_(2) combined with protons(H+)could oxidize low-valent vanadium and chromium;SDS could change the chemical behavior and decrease the surface tension of the aqueous solution to favor Mn0_(2) oxidization.展开更多
High-thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid is one of the promising topics of the nanoscience research field. This work reports the experimental study on the preparation of graphene(GN) and multi-walled carbon ...High-thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid is one of the promising topics of the nanoscience research field. This work reports the experimental study on the preparation of graphene(GN) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) based nanofluids with the assistance of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) surfactants, and their thermal behaviors. The present work suggests not a solution, but a solution approach and deduces a new conclusion by trying to resolve the agglomeration problem and improve the dispersibility of nanoparticles in the base fluid. The analysis results of FESEM, thermal conductivity, diffusivity, effusivity and heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio of nanofluid with surfactants SDS and SDBS expose strong evidence of the dispersing effect of surfactant on the making of nanofluid.展开更多
To solve the problem of slow leaching speed of copper,surfactant was added into lixivium as leaching agent in the experiment.Based on physical chemistry and seepage flow mechanics,the leaching mechanics of surfactant ...To solve the problem of slow leaching speed of copper,surfactant was added into lixivium as leaching agent in the experiment.Based on physical chemistry and seepage flow mechanics,the leaching mechanics of surfactant was analyzed.The solution surface tension and surfactant adsorbing on the surface of ore have a significant impact on the surface wetting effect.With leaching rate for response,the study screened out three main factors by Plackett-Burman design method:the sulfuric acid concentration,surfactant concentration and temperature.Among these three factors,the surfactant concentration is the most important contributor to leaching rate.After obtaining the experiment center by the steepest ascent experiment,a continuous variable surface model was built by response surface methodology.By solving quadratic polynomial equation,optimal conditions for leaching were finally obtained as follows:the sulfuric acid concentration was 60 g/L,the surfactant concentration was 0.00914 mol/L,and the temperature was 45 °C.The leaching rate was 66.81% in the optimized leaching conditions,which was close to the predicted value,showing that regression result was good.展开更多
Superalloys are grouped as hard-to-cut materials with relatively poor machinability.Tool wear is considered one of the main machinability attributes in machining superalloys.Although numerous works have been reported ...Superalloys are grouped as hard-to-cut materials with relatively poor machinability.Tool wear is considered one of the main machinability attributes in machining superalloys.Although numerous works have been reported on factors governing tool life in machining superalloys,no study was found on the effect of nanoparticles stability on nanofluid performance and consequently resulted tool wear morphologies.In the present work,the nanoparticles were reinforced by means of improving the stability of the base fluid.To that accomplished,the surface active agent (surfactant) was added to the base cutting fluid as a reinforcing element.The effects of new lubricant on the tool wear morphology of A286 works parts were assessed.展开更多
The viscoelastic micelle systems formed by novel anionic-nonionic dimeric surfactant and conventional cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium(1631) were studied.The viscoelasticity,thixotropy,flow curves and consti...The viscoelastic micelle systems formed by novel anionic-nonionic dimeric surfactant and conventional cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium(1631) were studied.The viscoelasticity,thixotropy,flow curves and constitutive equation for the novel viscoelastic micelle systems were investigated.The results show that the micelle systems possess viscoelasticity,thixotropy,and shear thinning property.Some micelle systems possess hysteresis loops showing both viscoelasticity and thixotropy.It is proved that the flow curves are characterized by the co-rotational Jeffreys constitutive equation correctly.展开更多
文摘In order to explore the mechanism of improving the surface wettability of low-energy polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)by new extended surfactants,five kinds of extended anionic surfactants with different numbers of oxypropylene(PO)and oxyethylene(EO),octadecyl-(PO)_(m)-(EO)_(n)-sodium carboxylate(C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C,m=5,10,15,n=5,10,15),were studied.The surface tension and contact angle of C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C solution with different concentrations were measured,and the adhesion tension,PTFE-water interfacial tension,and adhesion work were calculated.It was found that the extended surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of the solution and the PTFE-liquid interface simultaneously when the concentration is lower than the critical micelle concentration(cmc),and there was a linear relationship between surface tension and adhesion tension.The adsorption amount of C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C at the PTFE-water interface was significantly lower than that on the surface of the solution.As the concentration increases above cmc,semi-micelle aggregates on the surface of PTFE are formed by C_(18)PO_(m)EO_(n)C molecules through hydrophobic interaction,and the hydrophilic group faces the solution to modify the surface of PTFE with high efficiency.
文摘Non-aqueous emulsions have a wide range of applications in cosmetics,drug-controlled release,and the preparation of functional nanoparticles.However,due to the weaker polarity of non-aqueous solvents,these emulsions often exhibit inferior stability compared to their aqueous counterparts.In this experiment,the properties of quaternary ammonium surfactants in glycerol were investigated through surface tension measurements,to further enhance the stability of n-decane/glycerol emulsions,hydrophilic nanoparticles SiO_(2) were modified in situ using double tailed quaternary ammonium surfactants Di-C_(12)DAB and Di-C_(16)DAB.Stable n-decane/glycerol Pickering emulsions were successfully prepared.These emulsions were stable at 45℃for over six months,and no significant changes in droplet size occurred.The minimum droplet size of the emulsion was only 2-3μm.Contact angle measurements showed that the wettability of the silica surface was tremendously affected by the concentration and the alkyl chain length of the double-tailed surfactants.In the presence of Di-C_(12)DAB,the contact angle of glycerol on the silica surface increased monotonically with the surfactant concentration.This explains the phenomenon that the Pickering emulsions containing Di-C_(12)DAB and silica particles were stable within the contact angle range of 80°-120°.Comparatively,the contact angle of the glycerol on the silica surface in the presence of Di-C_(16)DAB first increased with surfactant concentrations and then decreased,reaching a maximum at 0.6 mmol/L.It can be concluded that Di-C_(12)DAB formed monolayers at the surface of silica particles within all investigated concentrations.On the contrary,Di-C_(16)DAB formed monolayers at concentrations below 0.6 mmol/L and formed double layers at concentrations above 0.6 mmol/L,leading to a non-monotonic change in the contact angle with respect to concentration.Using these stable non-aqueous Pickering emulsions as templates,polymer microspheres with a particle size of 2-3μm were successfully prepared with high yield.This work is helpful to expand the potential applications of non-aqueous emulsions in the encapsulation of drug,controlled release,material preparation,and cosmetic formulations.
基金Projects(51104024,51374043)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(10JJ6019)supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China+1 种基金Project(10C0399)supported by Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,ChinaProject(2014SK3182)supported by Hunan Provincial Science&Technology Department,China
文摘To shorten the bioleaching cycle of arsenic-containing gold concentrate, surfactants were used to promote the interaction between bacteria and ore to increase the arsenic leaching rate. Three different kinds of surfactants were used to evaluate the effects of surfactants on the growth of bacteria and arsenic leaching rate of arsenic-containing gold concentrate. The mechanism underlying surfactant enhancement was also studied. Results show that when relatively low-concentration surfactants are added to the medium, no significant difference is observed in the growth and Fe2+ oxidation ability of the bacteria compared with no surfactant in the medium. However, only the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate and the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 are found to improve the arsenic leaching rates. Their optimum mass concentrations are 30 and 80 mg/L, respectively. At such optimum mass concentrations, the arsenic leaching rates are approximately 13.7% and 9.1% higher than those without the addition of surfactant, respectively. Mechanism research reveals that adding the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate improves the percentage of bacterial adhesion on the mineral surface and decreases the surface tension in the leaching solution.
基金Project(21276069)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(CX2012B139)supported by the Hunan Province Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,China
文摘The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different surfactants on the removal efficiency of heavy metals in sewage sludge treated by a method combining bio-acidification with Fenton oxidation. Four surfactants were adopted such as anionic surfactant(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS), nonionic surfactants(tween-20 and tween-60) and cationic surfactant(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, HTAC), respectively. The indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in bio-acidification phase were enriched and cultured from fresh activated sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment plant. It is shown that different surfactants exhibited distinct effect on the removal efficiency of heavy metals from sewage sludge. The nonionic surfactants,especially tween-60, promotes the solubilization of heavy metals, while the anionic and cationic surfactants hinder the removal of heavy metals. Copper is efficiently leached. The removal efficiency of cadium is relatively lower than that of Cu due to the demand for rigorous p H value. Lead is leached with a low efficiency as the formation of low soluble Pb SO4 precipitates.
文摘In the past four decades, there is a growing use of surfactant modified clay complexes in wide range of applications. The mostly used surfactants to modify the swelling clay minerals are cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium, which consists of two distinct moieties, a hydrophilic head, where the positive charge is concentrated, and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain tail. During the surface modification, this kind of surfactant molecules attach on the inner and outer surface of clay minerals, the hydrophilic surface of raw clay minerals may changed into hydrophobic surface. The changes of organophilicity and hydrophobicity of clay minerals enable them used in more wide fields, such as adsorbents for organic contaminant, geotechnical barriers, filling of nanocomposite, etc.
基金Project(20573079) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The wettability,surfactivity and the correlation between wettability and surfactivity of sodium diethylhexylphosphate,sodium diethylhexyl polyoxyethylene phosphate and their complex in NaOH solutions were studied.A complex alkali resistant phosphate surfactant with good permeability was prepared.The wettability of surfactants was investigated by measuring the immersion time,sinking time and capillary effects of nature cotton grey fabric in NaOH solutions.The surfactivity of the surfactants was characterized by measuring the surface tension.The effect of the complex on the surface appearance of cotton grey fabric was also investigated with a scanning electron microscope(SEM) .The results show that all the surfactants exhibit good wettability for cotton grey fabric in 0.5-5.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions,the complex system exhibits better wettability in 5.0-7.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions,in comparison with either corresponding single surfactant component employed,and wettability is well correlative with the surfactivities of the surfactant.SEM images indicate that the cotton grey fabric is well wetted by the alkaline surfactant solution and the quality of fabric is improved.
基金Project(20180550242)supported by the Liaoning Science and Technology Plan,China。
文摘The electrodeposition of nickel-silicon carbide coatings on a copper electrode was done by mixing SiC particles in the nickel electrodeposition solution.The influence of surfactants and silicon carbide particle size on uniformity and quantity of silicon carbide particles in nickel-silicon carbide composite coatings was investigated.It was found that particle size affects the nucleation overpotential,with 40 nm silicon carbide nanoparticles more effective in promoting nickel nucleation than 500 nm particles due to an increase in active nucleation sites.In terms of surfactants,anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)produced better dispersion of 40 nm silicon carbide particles than cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB),but little difference was found between the two when 500 nm silicon carbide particles were used.Thus,although the suspension of silicon carbide particles can be improved and their co-deposition can be promoted with a cationic surfactant CTAB,it is less effective than an anionic surfactant SDS in terms of surface finish.
基金Project(LJ2020JCL002)supported by Education Commission of Liaoning Province,ChinaProject(51604138)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘To reveal the potential effect of surfactant on improving surface wettability of copper ore,the droplet spreading behavior of sulfuric acid solution contained surfactant was visualized using high-speed camera and an image processing method,and the solid-liquid interaction was discussed in this study.The results show that liquid surface tension and ore surface roughness are the main factors affecting surface wettability.The effect of sulfuric acid solution concentration and surfactants on the surface wettability of ore is revealed via quantitative spreading area,spreading coefficient,and contact angle.The results of droplet spreading experiment show that the higher concentration of surfactant and sulfuric acid solution result in improving the wettability of ore,spreading coefficient,and decreasing contact angle.The“leaching reaction coefficient”and“surface activity coefficient”are introduced to modify the mathematical expression of the equilibrium contact angle.
基金Project(21406141)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20141078)supported by the National Basic Research Program,ChinaProject(L201733)supported by the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Liaoning Province,China
文摘In this study,the effects of surfactants on the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubbles in shear-thinning fluids at low Reynolds number(Re<50)are investigated.The bubble terminal velocity and drag coefficient of bubble in clean and contaminated carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)solutions are obtained using a high-speed camera for examining differences.The results show that the existence of surfactant could reduce the terminal velocity of bubble at small volume(0.25wt%CMC:<100 mm3;0.50wt%CMC:<110 mm3),attributed to stiffening the bubble interface.However,this negative effect decreases and finally disappears with increasing bubble volume.The drag coefficient curves of the bubble in contaminated CMC solution exhibit behavior similar to that exhibited by a solid sphere at Re<10,indicating that internal circulation flow is absent at the bubble interface as compared to that in clean CMC solution.However,for 10<Re<40,a transition of drag curve from 24/Re to 16/Re in contaminated CMC solution is observed,which is easy at low SDS concentrations and high CMC concentrations.
文摘Surfactant is widely used in the industry,and its determination is important in both performance and quality control consideration.A liquid chromatography coupling mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was established for analyzing surfactants in lubricant.Three surfactants,including polyoxyethylene(9)nonyl phenyl ether,polyoxyethylene(10)decanamine ether,and polyoxyethylene(5)oleylamine ether were identified.
基金Project(50974134)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The adsorption of dedecyltrimethylammoium chloride(DTAC) and hexadecyltrimethylammoium chloride(CTAC) on muscovite mica substrates was examined using atomic force microscopy(AFM). Adsorption morphology images and interaction forces of cationic surfactants at solid-solution interfaces were measured in tapping mode and Pico Force mode, respectively. The images demonstrated that the adsorbed structure was varied by a variety of surfactant concentrations. The adsorbed layer on mica was monolayer at first, and then became bilayer. A striped adsorbed structure was observed in a higher concentration of CTAC,which could not be found in any other concentrations of DTAC. For force measurements, the repulsive force was exponentially decreasing with the concentration increasing till a net attractive force appeared. A largest attractive force could be observed at a certain concentration, which was close to the point of charge neutralization. The results also showed a significant impact of hydrocarbon chain length on adsorption. An adsorption simulation was established to give a clear understanding of the interaction between cationic surfactants and mica.
基金Project(2015BAB17B00)supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of ChinaProject(CYB15045)supported by the Program for Chongqing University Postgraduates’ Innovation Project,China
文摘Technology intensified with surface wettability was introduced to leach vanadium and chromium from converter vanadium slag without roasting.Parameters affecting the leaching efficiency of vanadium and chromium were investigated:sulfuric acid concentration,Mn0_(2)-to-slag mass ratio,liquid-to-solid ratio,leaching time,leaching temperature,and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-to-slag mass ratio.The leaching efficiencies of vanadium and chromium were 33.46%and 20.02%higher in the presence of Mn0_(2) and SDS,respectively,compared to the control.The leaching efficiencies of vanadium and chromium were 68.93%and 30.74%,respectively,under the optimum conditions:sulfuric acid concentration 40 wt%,Mn0_(2)-to-slag mass ratio 10.0 wt%,liquid-to-solid ratio 5:1 mL/g;12 h;90℃;and SDS-to-slag mass ratio 0.25 wt%.The analysis of the reaction mechanism in the leaching process indicates that Mn0_(2) combined with protons(H+)could oxidize low-valent vanadium and chromium;SDS could change the chemical behavior and decrease the surface tension of the aqueous solution to favor Mn0_(2) oxidization.
基金Project(NRF-2014R1A1A4A03005148)supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,Korea
文摘High-thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid is one of the promising topics of the nanoscience research field. This work reports the experimental study on the preparation of graphene(GN) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) based nanofluids with the assistance of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) surfactants, and their thermal behaviors. The present work suggests not a solution, but a solution approach and deduces a new conclusion by trying to resolve the agglomeration problem and improve the dispersibility of nanoparticles in the base fluid. The analysis results of FESEM, thermal conductivity, diffusivity, effusivity and heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio of nanofluid with surfactants SDS and SDBS expose strong evidence of the dispersing effect of surfactant on the making of nanofluid.
基金Projects (51374035,51304011) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2012BAB08B02) supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program for the 12th Five-year Plan of China
文摘To solve the problem of slow leaching speed of copper,surfactant was added into lixivium as leaching agent in the experiment.Based on physical chemistry and seepage flow mechanics,the leaching mechanics of surfactant was analyzed.The solution surface tension and surfactant adsorbing on the surface of ore have a significant impact on the surface wetting effect.With leaching rate for response,the study screened out three main factors by Plackett-Burman design method:the sulfuric acid concentration,surfactant concentration and temperature.Among these three factors,the surfactant concentration is the most important contributor to leaching rate.After obtaining the experiment center by the steepest ascent experiment,a continuous variable surface model was built by response surface methodology.By solving quadratic polynomial equation,optimal conditions for leaching were finally obtained as follows:the sulfuric acid concentration was 60 g/L,the surfactant concentration was 0.00914 mol/L,and the temperature was 45 °C.The leaching rate was 66.81% in the optimized leaching conditions,which was close to the predicted value,showing that regression result was good.
文摘Superalloys are grouped as hard-to-cut materials with relatively poor machinability.Tool wear is considered one of the main machinability attributes in machining superalloys.Although numerous works have been reported on factors governing tool life in machining superalloys,no study was found on the effect of nanoparticles stability on nanofluid performance and consequently resulted tool wear morphologies.In the present work,the nanoparticles were reinforced by means of improving the stability of the base fluid.To that accomplished,the surface active agent (surfactant) was added to the base cutting fluid as a reinforcing element.The effects of new lubricant on the tool wear morphology of A286 works parts were assessed.
基金Project(20276016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The viscoelastic micelle systems formed by novel anionic-nonionic dimeric surfactant and conventional cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium(1631) were studied.The viscoelasticity,thixotropy,flow curves and constitutive equation for the novel viscoelastic micelle systems were investigated.The results show that the micelle systems possess viscoelasticity,thixotropy,and shear thinning property.Some micelle systems possess hysteresis loops showing both viscoelasticity and thixotropy.It is proved that the flow curves are characterized by the co-rotational Jeffreys constitutive equation correctly.
