Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is...Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is limited by conventional material systems in terms of energy density,response time,and functional integration.Carbon materials have emerged as a key solution for overcoming these problems due to their structural adjustability and multifunctional compatibility.Strategies for improving their electrochemical performance by changing the pore structure and interlayer spacing,as well as chemical functionalization,and composite design are analyzed,and their impact on improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of batteries is demonstrated.The unique advantages of carbon materials in realizing smart functions such as power supply,real-time monitoring and energy management in smart batteries are also discussed.Based on current progress in related fields,the prospects for the use of carbon materials in smart batteries are evaluated.展开更多
Projectiles made of reactive structure materials(RSM)can damage the target with not only kinetic but also chemical energy,but the enhanced damage potential of RSM may become compromised if extreme loading condition di...Projectiles made of reactive structure materials(RSM)can damage the target with not only kinetic but also chemical energy,but the enhanced damage potential of RSM may become compromised if extreme loading condition disintegrates the projectile before the target is reached.In this work,a ductile coating of Ni was introduced to a tungsten-zirconium(W-Zr)alloy,a typical brittle RSM,to preserve the damage potential of the projectile.Detonation driving tests were carried out with X-ray photography and gunpowder deflagration driving tests were carried out with high-speed photography for the coated and uncoated RSM samples,respectively.The craters on the witness target were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The Ni coating was found to effectively preserve the damage potential of the W-Zr alloy under extreme loading conditions,whereas the uncoated sample fractured and ignited before impacting the target in both detonation and deflagration driving.The crack propagation between the reactively brittle core and the ductile coating was analyzed based on the crack arrest theory to mechanistically demonstrate how the coating improves the structural integrity and preserves the damage potential of the projectile.Specifically,the Ni coating envelops theW-Zr core until the coated sphere penetrates the target,and the coating is then eroded and worn to release the reactive core for the projectile to damage the target more intensively.展开更多
The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is...The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co_3W_3C (M_6 C type). The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M_6C→M_12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W_2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.展开更多
二氧化碳(CO_(2))的大量排放是导致全球变暖的主要原因之一,其中CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存(CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是减少碳排放的关键手段,然而传统CCUS技术中捕集成本较高,限制了CCUS技术的推广应用。本文采...二氧化碳(CO_(2))的大量排放是导致全球变暖的主要原因之一,其中CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存(CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是减少碳排放的关键手段,然而传统CCUS技术中捕集成本较高,限制了CCUS技术的推广应用。本文采用CO_(2)捕集-转化一体化(integrated carbon capture and conversion,ICCC)技术方案,通过将碳捕集过程与碳转化过程相耦合,避免CO_(2)捕集材料再生所需的大量能耗,从而降低CCUS捕集过程成本。实验以Fe、Co基非贵金属作为催化组分,Ca为吸附组分,采用并流共沉淀的方法制备了FexCoyCa_(3)Al系列双功能材料,应用于ICCC制备合成气过程,探究了Fe/Co对双功能材料性能的影响,通过透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、H2-程序升温还原、CO_(2)-程序升温脱附等对双功能材料进行表征,相关结果表明双功能材料Fe、Co、Ca、Al等元素分布均匀,未出现团聚现象,Fe-Co元素之间存在相互作用,提升了双功能材料的一体化性能。在优化条件下,Fe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)Ca_(3)Al材料CO_(2)捕集容量为11.05mmol/g,CO产率达到11.94mmol/(g∙h)。展开更多
文摘Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is limited by conventional material systems in terms of energy density,response time,and functional integration.Carbon materials have emerged as a key solution for overcoming these problems due to their structural adjustability and multifunctional compatibility.Strategies for improving their electrochemical performance by changing the pore structure and interlayer spacing,as well as chemical functionalization,and composite design are analyzed,and their impact on improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of batteries is demonstrated.The unique advantages of carbon materials in realizing smart functions such as power supply,real-time monitoring and energy management in smart batteries are also discussed.Based on current progress in related fields,the prospects for the use of carbon materials in smart batteries are evaluated.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China.Grant ID:11872123.
文摘Projectiles made of reactive structure materials(RSM)can damage the target with not only kinetic but also chemical energy,but the enhanced damage potential of RSM may become compromised if extreme loading condition disintegrates the projectile before the target is reached.In this work,a ductile coating of Ni was introduced to a tungsten-zirconium(W-Zr)alloy,a typical brittle RSM,to preserve the damage potential of the projectile.Detonation driving tests were carried out with X-ray photography and gunpowder deflagration driving tests were carried out with high-speed photography for the coated and uncoated RSM samples,respectively.The craters on the witness target were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The Ni coating was found to effectively preserve the damage potential of the W-Zr alloy under extreme loading conditions,whereas the uncoated sample fractured and ignited before impacting the target in both detonation and deflagration driving.The crack propagation between the reactively brittle core and the ductile coating was analyzed based on the crack arrest theory to mechanistically demonstrate how the coating improves the structural integrity and preserves the damage potential of the projectile.Specifically,the Ni coating envelops theW-Zr core until the coated sphere penetrates the target,and the coating is then eroded and worn to release the reactive core for the projectile to damage the target more intensively.
基金Projects(50323008, 50574104) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (04JJ3084) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China
文摘The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co_3W_3C (M_6 C type). The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M_6C→M_12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W_2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.
文摘二氧化碳(CO_(2))的大量排放是导致全球变暖的主要原因之一,其中CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存(CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是减少碳排放的关键手段,然而传统CCUS技术中捕集成本较高,限制了CCUS技术的推广应用。本文采用CO_(2)捕集-转化一体化(integrated carbon capture and conversion,ICCC)技术方案,通过将碳捕集过程与碳转化过程相耦合,避免CO_(2)捕集材料再生所需的大量能耗,从而降低CCUS捕集过程成本。实验以Fe、Co基非贵金属作为催化组分,Ca为吸附组分,采用并流共沉淀的方法制备了FexCoyCa_(3)Al系列双功能材料,应用于ICCC制备合成气过程,探究了Fe/Co对双功能材料性能的影响,通过透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、H2-程序升温还原、CO_(2)-程序升温脱附等对双功能材料进行表征,相关结果表明双功能材料Fe、Co、Ca、Al等元素分布均匀,未出现团聚现象,Fe-Co元素之间存在相互作用,提升了双功能材料的一体化性能。在优化条件下,Fe_(0.5)Co_(0.5)Ca_(3)Al材料CO_(2)捕集容量为11.05mmol/g,CO产率达到11.94mmol/(g∙h)。
