由于美国的亲专利政策的影响,1998年联邦巡回控诉法院(CAFC)通过State street bank案从正面对商业方法除外原则进行了完全的否定。由此,在亲专利政策中产生成长了一种政府容忍的战略性专利形态———商业方法专利。以此为契机,商业方法...由于美国的亲专利政策的影响,1998年联邦巡回控诉法院(CAFC)通过State street bank案从正面对商业方法除外原则进行了完全的否定。由此,在亲专利政策中产生成长了一种政府容忍的战略性专利形态———商业方法专利。以此为契机,商业方法专利的申请、诉讼以及讨论达到了空前的规模和发展。然而,经过了十年的路程,KSR案件与B ilsk i案判决出现了新的动向,原来专利对象性的宽泛要求得到了严格和加强,提高了商业方法专利申请门槛和高度。这是美国适时考虑专利权人和社会公正之间的平衡关系的同时,又在适时地调整着自己的专利政策的结果。展开更多
近年来,互联网上的用户生成内容(UGC)数据急剧增长,智能手机等定位设备的普及让人们可以在众多可选的门户网站分享他们的地理信息,这种信息常被称为自发地理信息(VGI)。VGI平台中影响最大的是Open Street Map(OSM),其主要目标是创建免...近年来,互联网上的用户生成内容(UGC)数据急剧增长,智能手机等定位设备的普及让人们可以在众多可选的门户网站分享他们的地理信息,这种信息常被称为自发地理信息(VGI)。VGI平台中影响最大的是Open Street Map(OSM),其主要目标是创建免费的全球地理数据库。本文全面概述VGI研究的最新进展,以OSM为例介绍协作收集地理数据和相应的贡献者模式,并就VGI应用前景作出展望。展开更多
Although extensive analyses of road segments and intersections located in urban road networks have examined the role of many factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of crashes, the explicit relationship ...Although extensive analyses of road segments and intersections located in urban road networks have examined the role of many factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of crashes, the explicit relationship between street pattern characteristics and traffic safety remains underexplored. Based on a zone-based Hong Kong database, the Space Syntax was used to quantify the topological characteristics of street patterns and investigate the role of street patterns and zone-related factors in zone-based traffic safety analysis. A joint probability model was adopted to analyze crash frequency and severity in an integrated modeling framework and the maximum likelihood estimation method was used to estimate the parameters. In addition to the characteristics of street patterns, speed, road geometry, land-use patterns, and temporal factors were considered. The vehicle hours was also included as an exposure proxy in the model to make crash frequency predictions. The results indicate that the joint probability model can reveal the relationship between zone-based traffic safety and various other factors, and that street pattern characteristics play an important role in crash frequency prediction.展开更多
A communique issued on June 16in Singapore at the end of a two-day Asean (Association of South-east Asian Nations) foreignministerial meeting called onall countries including theSoviet Union to urge Viet Nam toleave K...A communique issued on June 16in Singapore at the end of a two-day Asean (Association of South-east Asian Nations) foreignministerial meeting called onall countries including theSoviet Union to urge Viet Nam toleave Kampuchea.展开更多
Nowadays,crowded environment and high-speed life pace are likely to bring mental stress and fatigue to citizens.How to apply achievements of the restorative environment into urban planning and environmental design has...Nowadays,crowded environment and high-speed life pace are likely to bring mental stress and fatigue to citizens.How to apply achievements of the restorative environment into urban planning and environmental design has received more attention in recent years.Earlier research does not provide detailed information about the specific components of the physical environment that support restoration.This study explores which characteristics of the street environment and psychological factors of the street environment have an impact on subjective restoration.The streets were sampled from Shenzhen.Each street was represented by a single photo.The photo was quantified in terms of the different objective street components and also rated on psychological variables related to restoration.The rating on the psychological variables,being away,fascination,coherence,scope,the likelihood of restoration,and preference were provided by people of various ages and occupations.The results show that:1)the proportion of natural elements have the greatest impact on street restoration benefits and preference,and its impact is robust;2)the two characteristics of street safety and quiet are important to street restoration benefits and preferences;3)fascination and being away have a greater impact on restorative benefits of streets,followed by coherence,and the scope of the street has no significant effect on restorative benefits.The study could provide evidence for policy-makers and urban design and planning interventions.展开更多
文摘由于美国的亲专利政策的影响,1998年联邦巡回控诉法院(CAFC)通过State street bank案从正面对商业方法除外原则进行了完全的否定。由此,在亲专利政策中产生成长了一种政府容忍的战略性专利形态———商业方法专利。以此为契机,商业方法专利的申请、诉讼以及讨论达到了空前的规模和发展。然而,经过了十年的路程,KSR案件与B ilsk i案判决出现了新的动向,原来专利对象性的宽泛要求得到了严格和加强,提高了商业方法专利申请门槛和高度。这是美国适时考虑专利权人和社会公正之间的平衡关系的同时,又在适时地调整着自己的专利政策的结果。
文摘近年来,互联网上的用户生成内容(UGC)数据急剧增长,智能手机等定位设备的普及让人们可以在众多可选的门户网站分享他们的地理信息,这种信息常被称为自发地理信息(VGI)。VGI平台中影响最大的是Open Street Map(OSM),其主要目标是创建免费的全球地理数据库。本文全面概述VGI研究的最新进展,以OSM为例介绍协作收集地理数据和相应的贡献者模式,并就VGI应用前景作出展望。
基金Project(71301083)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012AA112305)supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China+1 种基金Project(2012CB725405)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(17208614)supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China
文摘Although extensive analyses of road segments and intersections located in urban road networks have examined the role of many factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of crashes, the explicit relationship between street pattern characteristics and traffic safety remains underexplored. Based on a zone-based Hong Kong database, the Space Syntax was used to quantify the topological characteristics of street patterns and investigate the role of street patterns and zone-related factors in zone-based traffic safety analysis. A joint probability model was adopted to analyze crash frequency and severity in an integrated modeling framework and the maximum likelihood estimation method was used to estimate the parameters. In addition to the characteristics of street patterns, speed, road geometry, land-use patterns, and temporal factors were considered. The vehicle hours was also included as an exposure proxy in the model to make crash frequency predictions. The results indicate that the joint probability model can reveal the relationship between zone-based traffic safety and various other factors, and that street pattern characteristics play an important role in crash frequency prediction.
文摘A communique issued on June 16in Singapore at the end of a two-day Asean (Association of South-east Asian Nations) foreignministerial meeting called onall countries including theSoviet Union to urge Viet Nam toleave Kampuchea.
文摘Nowadays,crowded environment and high-speed life pace are likely to bring mental stress and fatigue to citizens.How to apply achievements of the restorative environment into urban planning and environmental design has received more attention in recent years.Earlier research does not provide detailed information about the specific components of the physical environment that support restoration.This study explores which characteristics of the street environment and psychological factors of the street environment have an impact on subjective restoration.The streets were sampled from Shenzhen.Each street was represented by a single photo.The photo was quantified in terms of the different objective street components and also rated on psychological variables related to restoration.The rating on the psychological variables,being away,fascination,coherence,scope,the likelihood of restoration,and preference were provided by people of various ages and occupations.The results show that:1)the proportion of natural elements have the greatest impact on street restoration benefits and preference,and its impact is robust;2)the two characteristics of street safety and quiet are important to street restoration benefits and preferences;3)fascination and being away have a greater impact on restorative benefits of streets,followed by coherence,and the scope of the street has no significant effect on restorative benefits.The study could provide evidence for policy-makers and urban design and planning interventions.
