Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing...Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing of large capital investment towards research and development of sustainable alternative energy sources. One of the most promising and abundant of these sources is hydrogen. Firstly, the use of current fossil fuels is. discussed focusing on the emissions and economic sides to emphasize the need for a new, cleaner and renewable fuel with particular reference to hydrogen as a suitable possible alternative. Hydrogen properties, production and storage methods are then reviewed along with its suitability from the economical point of view. Finally, a cost analysis for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines is carried out to illustrate the benefits of its use as a replacement for diesel. The outcome of this cost analysis shows that 98% of the capital expenditure is consumed by the equipment, and 68.3% of the total cost of the equipment is spent on the solar photovoltaic cells. The hydrogen plant is classified as a large investment project because of its high initial cost which is about 1 billion US$; but this is justified because hydrogen is produced in a totally green way. When hydrogen is used as a fuel, no harmful emissions are obtained.展开更多
Measurement of dose distribution in patients during radiotherapy is impossible. The Monte Carlo simulation is an alternative method for dose calculations. In routine radiotherapy, the source-to-surface distance(SSD)me...Measurement of dose distribution in patients during radiotherapy is impossible. The Monte Carlo simulation is an alternative method for dose calculations. In routine radiotherapy, the source-to-surface distance(SSD)method is not practical for an isocentric unit because it requires numerous values of tissue–air ratios and inverse square law. Therefore, this method is time consuming. In this paper, the curves of relative depth doses were obtained for three different SSDs using the MCNP4C Monte Carlo simulation and approximated with a single curve called calibration curve. This curve was compared to the curve obtained by published data, differing in approximately 5% in the worst case. It was also observed that the obtained results were more accurate for distances between-5 and 10 cm from source-to-axis distance.展开更多
文摘Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing of large capital investment towards research and development of sustainable alternative energy sources. One of the most promising and abundant of these sources is hydrogen. Firstly, the use of current fossil fuels is. discussed focusing on the emissions and economic sides to emphasize the need for a new, cleaner and renewable fuel with particular reference to hydrogen as a suitable possible alternative. Hydrogen properties, production and storage methods are then reviewed along with its suitability from the economical point of view. Finally, a cost analysis for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines is carried out to illustrate the benefits of its use as a replacement for diesel. The outcome of this cost analysis shows that 98% of the capital expenditure is consumed by the equipment, and 68.3% of the total cost of the equipment is spent on the solar photovoltaic cells. The hydrogen plant is classified as a large investment project because of its high initial cost which is about 1 billion US$; but this is justified because hydrogen is produced in a totally green way. When hydrogen is used as a fuel, no harmful emissions are obtained.
文摘Measurement of dose distribution in patients during radiotherapy is impossible. The Monte Carlo simulation is an alternative method for dose calculations. In routine radiotherapy, the source-to-surface distance(SSD)method is not practical for an isocentric unit because it requires numerous values of tissue–air ratios and inverse square law. Therefore, this method is time consuming. In this paper, the curves of relative depth doses were obtained for three different SSDs using the MCNP4C Monte Carlo simulation and approximated with a single curve called calibration curve. This curve was compared to the curve obtained by published data, differing in approximately 5% in the worst case. It was also observed that the obtained results were more accurate for distances between-5 and 10 cm from source-to-axis distance.
