The artificial bee colony （ABC） algorithm is a sim- ple and effective global optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied in practical optimization problems of various fields. However, the algorithm is...The artificial bee colony （ABC） algorithm is a sim- ple and effective global optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied in practical optimization problems of various fields. However, the algorithm is still insufficient in balancing ex- ploration and exploitation. To solve this problem, we put forward an improved algorithm with a comprehensive search mechanism. The search mechanism contains three main strategies. Firstly, the heuristic Gaussian search strategy composed of three different search equations is proposed for the employed bees, which fully utilizes and balances the exploration and exploitation of the three different search equations by introducing the selectivity probability P,. Secondly, in order to improve the search accuracy, we propose the Gbest-guided neighborhood search strategy for onlooker bees to improve the exploitation performance of ABC. Thirdly, the self- adaptive population perturbation strategy for the current colony is used by random perturbation or Gaussian perturbation to en- hance the diversity of the population. In addition, to improve the quality of the initial population, we introduce the chaotic opposition- based learning method for initialization. The experimental results and Wilcoxon signed ranks test based on 27 benchmark func- tions show that the proposed algorithm, especially for solving high dimensional and complex function optimization problems, has a higher convergence speed and search precision than ABC and three other current ABC-based algorithms.展开更多
The European Community’s Single Market plan to chop down many barriers to free trade and movement of people became effective on January 1 after seven years of hard bargaining between the 12 member states. After 74 ye...The European Community’s Single Market plan to chop down many barriers to free trade and movement of people became effective on January 1 after seven years of hard bargaining between the 12 member states. After 74 years under the umbrella of a federation created from the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 10 million Czechs and five million Slovaks became citizens of separate countries from January 1, 1993. Russian President Boris Yeltsin and US President George Bush signed the START-Ⅱ arms reduc-展开更多
On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon t...On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon to end 16 years of civil war. A powerful volcano spewed torrents of lava, ash and gas over a mountain town in southern Japan on June 4, leaving at least 30 people missing. From June 9 to 14, powerful explosions rocked a Philippine volcano for many times, sending huge mushroom cloud of ash and debris thousands of metres into the sky. Chinese President Yang Shangkun arrived in Indonesia on June 5 at the start of a five-day state visit. Yang was greeted by President Suharto at a red carpet welcoming ceremony held at the Independence Palace. Yang left Indonesia for Bangkok on June 10 for five-day visit to Thailand. He was accorded a grand red carpet welcoming ceremony and greeting by thousands of flagwaving locals. On June 15, he returned to Kunming.展开更多
China and Mexico signed agreements on December 17 in Beijing on cooperation across a wide range of industries. The pacts were in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and the chemical industry. The signing of the pacts...China and Mexico signed agreements on December 17 in Beijing on cooperation across a wide range of industries. The pacts were in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and the chemical industry. The signing of the pacts came on the first day of Mexican President Salinas’s four-day visit to China.展开更多
Israel and Jordan ended 46 years of hostility on October 26, signing a peace treaty witnessed by US President Bill Clinton at the Arava desert border crossing south of the Dead Sea. The prime ministers of both countri...Israel and Jordan ended 46 years of hostility on October 26, signing a peace treaty witnessed by US President Bill Clinton at the Arava desert border crossing south of the Dead Sea. The prime ministers of both countries signed展开更多
China and Slovakia signed a pact in Beijing on February 21 to promote their fledgling but increasing economic ties. Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar of Slovakia and Chinese Premier Li Peng attended the signing ceremony.
Eight of the 12 Soviet republics signed an economic cooperation treaty in the Kremlin on October 18.The treaty had been initialled by all 12 remaining Soviet Republics earlier.But the Ukraine, Azerbaijan,Georgia and M...Eight of the 12 Soviet republics signed an economic cooperation treaty in the Kremlin on October 18.The treaty had been initialled by all 12 remaining Soviet Republics earlier.But the Ukraine, Azerbaijan,Georgia and Moldova did not sign the document. On October 22,Europe’s two largest trade blocs overcame disagreements over transportation and fishing rights and agreed to create a 19-nation展开更多
(July 16-31, 1993) The third annual Ibero-American summit meeting in Salvador, Brazil, closed on July 16. It called for freer, fairer trade. The leaders critized the US trade embargo against Cuba and called for greate...(July 16-31, 1993) The third annual Ibero-American summit meeting in Salvador, Brazil, closed on July 16. It called for freer, fairer trade. The leaders critized the US trade embargo against Cuba and called for greater support from rich nations in a final draft of the Ibero-American summit declaration. The Salvador declaration was signed by more than 20 heads of state.展开更多
The Supreme Soviet passed a law on July l, allowing the state to sell most industry to private companies and individuals, including foreigners. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on July l. Representatives of the Soviet Un...The Supreme Soviet passed a law on July l, allowing the state to sell most industry to private companies and individuals, including foreigners. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on July l. Representatives of the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria signed a document in Prague, disbanding the military alliance binding the arms forces of the Soviet Union and East Europe. Invited by leaders of six Middle East countries, Premier Li Peng visited Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Kuwait from July 2 to 14. His talks with various leaders focus on the situation in the Middle East and the Gulf. Li Peng展开更多
The Seventh National Games of China opened in Beijing on September 4, with athletes from across China competing in dozens of events for a tot(?) of 328 gold medals. The Games, the largest and highest-level sports meet...The Seventh National Games of China opened in Beijing on September 4, with athletes from across China competing in dozens of events for a tot(?) of 328 gold medals. The Games, the largest and highest-level sports meet in China, closed on September 15. Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao arrived in Beijing on September 6 to begin展开更多
China and Latvia agreed on July 28 in Beijing to normalize relations, ending the Baltic country’s so-called "consular relations" with Taiwan. The joint communique will increase political, economic and cultu...China and Latvia agreed on July 28 in Beijing to normalize relations, ending the Baltic country’s so-called "consular relations" with Taiwan. The joint communique will increase political, economic and cultural exchanges. Chinese Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister Qian Qichen signed the communique with visiting Latvian展开更多
The North American Free Trade Agreement signed by the United States, Mexico and Canada took effect from January 1, 1994. On the same day, the European Economic Zone was officially established.China ledged a strong pro...The North American Free Trade Agreement signed by the United States, Mexico and Canada took effect from January 1, 1994. On the same day, the European Economic Zone was officially established.China ledged a strong protest on January 7 over the United States’ unilateral decision to slash China’s textile import quotas. The cuts,展开更多
On November 27, Israael and Jordan established diplomatic relations in line with a peace treaty signed last month. Norway rejected membership of the European Union in a referendum on November 28,choosing to stay outsi...On November 27, Israael and Jordan established diplomatic relations in line with a peace treaty signed last month. Norway rejected membership of the European Union in a referendum on November 28,choosing to stay outside the powerful bloc is a bitter defeat for pro-EU prime minister展开更多
On June 17, South Africa white legislators repealed the 1950 population registration act by 103 votes to 38. On June 27, President de Klerk signed a total of 45 bills into law at a ceremony in Pretoria, including the ...On June 17, South Africa white legislators repealed the 1950 population registration act by 103 votes to 38. On June 27, President de Klerk signed a total of 45 bills into law at a ceremony in Pretoria, including the legislation scrapping apartheid laws. Yeltsin, the newly-elected president of Russia, arrived in the US on June 18 for an unofficial four-day visit. He, welcomed like a visiting head of state, lobbied Congress on June 19 for closer ties between the United States and the展开更多
Chinese President Jiang Zemin told visiting Eritrean President Issalas Afwerki on April 4 in Beijing that China wants to develop mutually beneficial economic co-operation with the newly independent East African State....Chinese President Jiang Zemin told visiting Eritrean President Issalas Afwerki on April 4 in Beijing that China wants to develop mutually beneficial economic co-operation with the newly independent East African State. The two governments signed agreements on Chinese loans to Eritrea and bilateral cultural exchanges. Issalas said his government had always regarded China as a reliable partner.展开更多
基金supported by the Aviation Science Foundation of China(20105196016)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2012M521807)
文摘The artificial bee colony （ABC） algorithm is a sim- ple and effective global optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied in practical optimization problems of various fields. However, the algorithm is still insufficient in balancing ex- ploration and exploitation. To solve this problem, we put forward an improved algorithm with a comprehensive search mechanism. The search mechanism contains three main strategies. Firstly, the heuristic Gaussian search strategy composed of three different search equations is proposed for the employed bees, which fully utilizes and balances the exploration and exploitation of the three different search equations by introducing the selectivity probability P,. Secondly, in order to improve the search accuracy, we propose the Gbest-guided neighborhood search strategy for onlooker bees to improve the exploitation performance of ABC. Thirdly, the self- adaptive population perturbation strategy for the current colony is used by random perturbation or Gaussian perturbation to en- hance the diversity of the population. In addition, to improve the quality of the initial population, we introduce the chaotic opposition- based learning method for initialization. The experimental results and Wilcoxon signed ranks test based on 27 benchmark func- tions show that the proposed algorithm, especially for solving high dimensional and complex function optimization problems, has a higher convergence speed and search precision than ABC and three other current ABC-based algorithms.
文摘The European Community’s Single Market plan to chop down many barriers to free trade and movement of people became effective on January 1 after seven years of hard bargaining between the 12 member states. After 74 years under the umbrella of a federation created from the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 10 million Czechs and five million Slovaks became citizens of separate countries from January 1, 1993. Russian President Boris Yeltsin and US President George Bush signed the START-Ⅱ arms reduc-
文摘On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon to end 16 years of civil war. A powerful volcano spewed torrents of lava, ash and gas over a mountain town in southern Japan on June 4, leaving at least 30 people missing. From June 9 to 14, powerful explosions rocked a Philippine volcano for many times, sending huge mushroom cloud of ash and debris thousands of metres into the sky. Chinese President Yang Shangkun arrived in Indonesia on June 5 at the start of a five-day state visit. Yang was greeted by President Suharto at a red carpet welcoming ceremony held at the Independence Palace. Yang left Indonesia for Bangkok on June 10 for five-day visit to Thailand. He was accorded a grand red carpet welcoming ceremony and greeting by thousands of flagwaving locals. On June 15, he returned to Kunming.
文摘China and Mexico signed agreements on December 17 in Beijing on cooperation across a wide range of industries. The pacts were in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and the chemical industry. The signing of the pacts came on the first day of Mexican President Salinas’s four-day visit to China.
文摘Israel and Jordan ended 46 years of hostility on October 26, signing a peace treaty witnessed by US President Bill Clinton at the Arava desert border crossing south of the Dead Sea. The prime ministers of both countries signed
文摘China and Slovakia signed a pact in Beijing on February 21 to promote their fledgling but increasing economic ties. Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar of Slovakia and Chinese Premier Li Peng attended the signing ceremony.
文摘Eight of the 12 Soviet republics signed an economic cooperation treaty in the Kremlin on October 18.The treaty had been initialled by all 12 remaining Soviet Republics earlier.But the Ukraine, Azerbaijan,Georgia and Moldova did not sign the document. On October 22,Europe’s two largest trade blocs overcame disagreements over transportation and fishing rights and agreed to create a 19-nation
文摘(July 16-31, 1993) The third annual Ibero-American summit meeting in Salvador, Brazil, closed on July 16. It called for freer, fairer trade. The leaders critized the US trade embargo against Cuba and called for greater support from rich nations in a final draft of the Ibero-American summit declaration. The Salvador declaration was signed by more than 20 heads of state.
文摘The Supreme Soviet passed a law on July l, allowing the state to sell most industry to private companies and individuals, including foreigners. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on July l. Representatives of the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria signed a document in Prague, disbanding the military alliance binding the arms forces of the Soviet Union and East Europe. Invited by leaders of six Middle East countries, Premier Li Peng visited Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Kuwait from July 2 to 14. His talks with various leaders focus on the situation in the Middle East and the Gulf. Li Peng
文摘The Seventh National Games of China opened in Beijing on September 4, with athletes from across China competing in dozens of events for a tot(?) of 328 gold medals. The Games, the largest and highest-level sports meet in China, closed on September 15. Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao arrived in Beijing on September 6 to begin
文摘China and Latvia agreed on July 28 in Beijing to normalize relations, ending the Baltic country’s so-called "consular relations" with Taiwan. The joint communique will increase political, economic and cultural exchanges. Chinese Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister Qian Qichen signed the communique with visiting Latvian
文摘The North American Free Trade Agreement signed by the United States, Mexico and Canada took effect from January 1, 1994. On the same day, the European Economic Zone was officially established.China ledged a strong protest on January 7 over the United States’ unilateral decision to slash China’s textile import quotas. The cuts,
文摘On November 27, Israael and Jordan established diplomatic relations in line with a peace treaty signed last month. Norway rejected membership of the European Union in a referendum on November 28,choosing to stay outside the powerful bloc is a bitter defeat for pro-EU prime minister
文摘On June 17, South Africa white legislators repealed the 1950 population registration act by 103 votes to 38. On June 27, President de Klerk signed a total of 45 bills into law at a ceremony in Pretoria, including the legislation scrapping apartheid laws. Yeltsin, the newly-elected president of Russia, arrived in the US on June 18 for an unofficial four-day visit. He, welcomed like a visiting head of state, lobbied Congress on June 19 for closer ties between the United States and the
文摘Chinese President Jiang Zemin told visiting Eritrean President Issalas Afwerki on April 4 in Beijing that China wants to develop mutually beneficial economic co-operation with the newly independent East African State. The two governments signed agreements on Chinese loans to Eritrea and bilateral cultural exchanges. Issalas said his government had always regarded China as a reliable partner.
