The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels.This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities ...The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels.This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities for transitioning to sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydrogen.This transition economically challenges traditional energy sectors while fostering new industries,promoting job growth,and sustainable economic development.The transition to renewable energy demands social equity,ensuring universal access to affordable energy,and considering community impact.The environmental benefits include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a lesser ecological footprint.This study highlights the rapid growth of the global wind power market,which is projected to increase from$112.23 billion in 2022 to$278.43 billion by 2030,with a compound annual growth rate of 13.67%.In addition,the demand for hydrogen is expected to increase,significantly impacting the market with potential cost reductions and making it a critical renewable energy source owing to its affordability and zero emissions.By 2028,renewables are predicted to account for 42%of global electricity generation,with significant contributions from wind and solar photovoltaic(PV)technology,particularly in China,the European Union,the United States,and India.These developments signify a global commitment to diversifying energy sources,reducing emissions,and moving toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.This review offers stakeholders the insights required to smoothly transition to sustainable energy,setting the stage for a resilient future.展开更多
The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area o...The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area of a standard 6T SRAM unit is approximately 0.16μm^(2),resulting in a significant enhancement of multi-cell charge-sharing effects.Multiple-cell upsets(MCUs)have become the primary physical mechanism behind single-event upsets(SEUs)in advanced nanometer node devices.The range of ionization track effects increases with higher ion energies,and spacecraft in orbit primarily experience SEUs caused by high-energy ions.However,ground accelerator experiments have mainly obtained low-energy ion irradiation data.Therefore,the impact of ion energy on the SEU cross section,charge collection mechanisms,and MCU patterns and quantities in advanced nanometer devices remains unclear.In this study,based on the experimental platform of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,low-and high-energy heavy-ion beams were used to study the SEUs of 28 nm SRAM devices.The influence of ion energy on the charge collection processes of small-sensitive-volume devices,MCU patterns,and upset cross sections was obtained,and the applicable range of the inverse cosine law was clarified.The findings of this study are an important guide for the accurate evaluation of SEUs in advanced nanometer devices and for the development of radiation-hardening techniques.展开更多
Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is cha...Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is challenged by restricted electromagneticsensitivity and intricate sensing coupling. In this study, a sensitized polymericmicrowave actuator is fabricated by hybridizing a liquid crystal polymer with Ti3C2Tx(MXene). Compared to the initial counterpart, the hybrid polymer exhibits unique spacechargepolarization and interfacial polarization, resulting in significant improvements of230% in the dielectric loss factor and 830% in the apparent efficiency of electromagneticenergy harvest. The sensitized microwave actuation demonstrates as the shortenedresponse time of nearly 10 s, which is merely 13% of that for the initial shape memory polymer. Moreover, the ultra-low content of MXene (upto 0.15 wt%) benefits for maintaining the actuation potential of the hybrid polymer. An innovative self-powered sensing prototype that combinesdriving and piezoelectric polymers is developed, which generates real-time electric potential feedback (open-circuit potential of ~ 3 mV) duringactuation. The polarization-dominant energy conversion mechanism observed in the MXene-polymer hybrid structure furnishes a new approachfor developing efficient electromagnetic dissipative structures and shows potential for advancing polymeric electromagnetic intelligent devices.展开更多
High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,inclu...High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.展开更多
Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power sta...Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power stations).To solve the problem,we propose an energy harvesting based task scheduling and resource management framework to provide robust and low-cost edge computing services for smart grid.First,we formulate an energy consumption minimization problem with regard to task offloading,time switching,and resource allocation for mobile devices,which can be decoupled and transformed into a typical knapsack problem.Then,solutions are derived by two different algorithms.Furthermore,we deploy renewable energy and energy storage units at edge servers to tackle intermittency and instability problems.Finally,we design an energy management algorithm based on sampling average approximation for edge computing servers to derive the optimal charging/discharging strategies,number of energy storage units,and renewable energy utilization.The simulation results show the efficiency and superiority of our proposed framework.展开更多
This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational ...This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energ...This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energy exploration.A review of existing prospective wave energy resource assessments worldwide is also given,and those studies have been collated and classified by continent.Finally,information about forty existing open sea wave energy test sites worldwide and their characteristics is depicted and displayed on a newly created global map.It has been found that wave power density is still the most consensual metric used for wave energy resource assessment purposes among researchers.Nonetheless,to accomplish a comprehensive wave resource assessment for exploitation,the computation of other metrics at the practicable,technical,and socio-economic levels has also been performed at both spatial and temporal domains.Overall,regions in latitudes between 40°and 60°of both hemispheres are those where the highest wave power density is concentrated.Some areas where the most significant wave power density occurs are in offshore regions of southern Australia,New Zealand,South Africa,Chile,the British Isles,Iceland,and Greenland.However,Europe has been the continent where most research efforts have been done targeting wave energy characterisation for exploitation.展开更多
Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery ...Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery cells, and surrounded by N_c spins serving as the charger cells. We apply the invariant subspace method to solve the dynamics of the central-spin battery with a large number of spins. We establish a universal inverse relationship between the battery capacity and the battery–charger entanglement, which persists in any size of the battery and charger cells. Moreover, we find that when N_b= N_c, the central-spin battery has the optimal energy transportation, corresponding to the minimal battery–charger entanglement. Surprisingly, the central-spin battery has a uniform energy transportation behaviors in certain battery–charger scales. Our results reveal a nonmonotonic relationship between the battery–charger size and the energy transportation efficiency, which may provide more insights on designing other types of quantum batteries.展开更多
The large-scale use of ample marine energy will be one of the most important ways for human to achieve sustainable development through carbon neutral development plans.As a burgeoning technological method for electrom...The large-scale use of ample marine energy will be one of the most important ways for human to achieve sustainable development through carbon neutral development plans.As a burgeoning technological method for electromechanical conversion,triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has significant advantages in marine energy for its low weight,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency in low-frequency range.It can realize the efficient and economical harvesting of low-frequency blue energy by constructing the floating marine energy harvesting TENG.This paper firstly introduces the power transfer process and structural composition of TENG for marine energy harvesting in detail.In addition,the latest research works of TENG on marine energy harvesting in basic research and structural design are systematically reviewed by category.Finally,the advanced research progress in the power take-off types and engineering study of TENG with the marine energy are comprehensively generalized.Importantly,the challenges and problems faced by TENG in marine energy and in situ electrochemical application are summarized and the corresponding prospects and suggestions are proposed for the subsequent development direction and prospects to look forward to promoting the commercialization process of this field.展开更多
We consider large-time behaviors of weak solutions to the evolutionary p-Laplacian with logarithmic source of time-dependent coefficient.We find that the weak solutions may neither decay nor blow up,provided that the ...We consider large-time behaviors of weak solutions to the evolutionary p-Laplacian with logarithmic source of time-dependent coefficient.We find that the weak solutions may neither decay nor blow up,provided that the initial data u(·,t_(0))is on the Nehari manifold N:={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,to)=0,||▽v||P^(P)≠0}.This is quite different from the known results that the weak solutions may blow up as,u(·,to)∈N^(+):={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,t_(0))<0}and weak solutions may decay as u(·,t_(0))∈N^(+):={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,t_(0))>0}.展开更多
Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and the...Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and thermal comfort.However,the low optical modulation and poor durability of these devices severely limit its practical applications.Herein,we demonstrate an efficient and flexible bifunctional dual-band electrochromic device which not only shows excellent spectral-selective electrochromic performance with a high optical modulation and a long cycle life,but also displays a high capacitance and a high energy recycling efficiency of 51.4%,integrating energy-saving with energy-storage.The nanowires structure and abundant oxygen-vacancies of oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanowires endows it high flexibility and a high optical modulation of 73.1%and 85.3%at 633 and 1200 nm respectively.The prototype device assembled can modulate the VIS light and NIR independently and effectively through three distinct modes with a long cycle life(3.3%capacity loss after 10,000 cycles)and a high energy-saving performance(8.8℃lower than the common glass).Furthermore,simulations also demonstrate that our device outperforms the commercial low-emissivity glass in terms of energy-saving in most climatic zones around the world.Such windows represent an intriguing potential technology to improve the building energy efficiency.展开更多
Microbatteries(MBs)are crucial to power miniaturized devices for the Internet of Things.In the evolutionary journey of MBs,fabrication technology emerges as the cornerstone,guiding the intricacies of their configurati...Microbatteries(MBs)are crucial to power miniaturized devices for the Internet of Things.In the evolutionary journey of MBs,fabrication technology emerges as the cornerstone,guiding the intricacies of their configuration designs,ensuring precision,and facilitating scalability for mass production.Photolithography stands out as an ideal technology,leveraging its unparalleled resolution,exceptional design flexibility,and entrenched position within the mature semiconductor industry.However,comprehensive reviews on its application in MB development remain scarce.This review aims to bridge that gap by thoroughly assessing the recent status and promising prospects of photolithographic microfabrication for MBs.Firstly,we delve into the fundamental principles and step-by-step procedures of photolithography,offering a nuanced understanding of its operational mechanisms and the criteria for photoresist selection.Subsequently,we highlighted the specific roles of photolithography in the fabrication of MBs,including its utilization as a template for creating miniaturized micropatterns,a protective layer during the etching process,a mold for soft lithography,a constituent of MB active component,and a sacrificial layer in the construction of micro-Swiss-roll structure.Finally,the review concludes with a summary of the key challenges and future perspectives of MBs fabricated by photolithography,providing comprehensive insights and sparking research inspiration in this field.展开更多
Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power densi...Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power density with improved trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity.Herein,polyelectrolyte hydrogels(channel width,2.2 nm)with inherent high ion conductivity have been demonstrated to enable excellent selective ion transfer when confined in cylindrical anodized aluminum pore with lateral size even up to the submillimeter scale(radius,0.1 mm).The membrane permeability of the anti-swelling hydrogel can also be further increased with cellulose nanofibers.With real seawater and river water,the output power density of a three-chamber cell on behalf of repeat unit of RED system can reach up to 8.99 W m^(-2)(per unit total membrane area),much better than state-of-the-art membranes.This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ion-selective membranes,owning broad application prospects in the fields of osmotic energy collection,electrodialysis,flow battery and so on.展开更多
Organic nanophotocatalysts are promising candidates for solar fuels production,but they still face the challenge of unfavorable geminate recombination due to the limited exciton diffusion lengths.Here,we introduce a b...Organic nanophotocatalysts are promising candidates for solar fuels production,but they still face the challenge of unfavorable geminate recombination due to the limited exciton diffusion lengths.Here,we introduce a binary nanophotocatalyst fabricated by blending two polymers,PS-PEG5(PS)and PBT-PEG5(PBT),with matched absorption and emission spectra,enabling a Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)process for enhanced photocatalysis.These heterostructure nanophotocatalysts are processed using a facile and scalable flash nanoprecipitation(FNP)technique with precious kinetic control over binary nanoparticle formation.The resulting nanoparticles exhibit an exceptional photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate up to 65 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1),2.5 times higher than that single component nanoparticles.Characterizations through fluorescence spectra and transient absorption spectra confirm the hetero-energy transfer within the binary nanoparticles,which prolongs the excited-state lifetime and extends the namely“effective exciton diffusion length”.Our finding opens new avenues for designing efficient organic photocatalysts by improving exciton migration.展开更多
We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the ma...We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the major and minor axes increase with bacterial concentration but decrease with trap stiffness.Notably,the average potential energy along the major axis consistently exceeds that along the minor axis.This discrepancy from equilibrium systems is primarily attributed to the distinct bacterial flow fields and direct bacterium–plate collisions near the major and minor axes,as evidenced by the higher orientational order around the plate along the major compared to the minor axis,despite identical bacterial densities in these regions.Our findings highlight the critical role of hydrodynamic interactions in determining the potential energy of passive objects immersed in an active bath.展开更多
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)comprises a set of interconnected,compact,autonomous,and resource-constrained sensor nodes that are wirelessly linked to monitor and gather data from the physical environment.WSNs are commo...Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)comprises a set of interconnected,compact,autonomous,and resource-constrained sensor nodes that are wirelessly linked to monitor and gather data from the physical environment.WSNs are commonly used in various applications such as environmental monitoring,surveillance,healthcare,agriculture,and industrial automation.Despite the benefits of WSN,energy efficiency remains a challenging problem that needs to be addressed.Clustering and routing can be considered effective solutions to accomplish energy efficiency in WSNs.Recent studies have reported that metaheuristic algorithms can be applied to optimize cluster formation and routing decisions.This study introduces a new Northern Goshawk Optimization with boosted coati optimization algorithm for cluster-based routing(NGOBCO-CBR)method for WSN.The proposed NGOBCO-CBR method resolves the hot spot problem,uneven load balancing,and energy consumption in WSN.The NGOBCO-CBR technique comprises two major processes such as NGO based clustering and BCO-based routing.In the initial phase,the NGObased clustering method is designed for cluster head(CH)selection and cluster construction using five input variables such as residual energy(RE),node proximity,load balancing,network average energy,and distance to BS(DBS).Besides,the NGOBCO-CBR technique applies the BCO algorithm for the optimum selection of routes to BS.The experimental results of the NGOBCOCBR technique are studied under different scenarios,and the obtained results showcased the improved efficiency of the NGOBCO-CBR technique over recent approaches in terms of different measures.展开更多
EHL-2 spherical torus(ST)is one of the key steps of p-^(11)B(proton-boron or hydrogen-boron)fusion energy research in ENN.The fusion produced energy is carried mainly by alpha particles of average energy 3 MeV,which i...EHL-2 spherical torus(ST)is one of the key steps of p-^(11)B(proton-boron or hydrogen-boron)fusion energy research in ENN.The fusion produced energy is carried mainly by alpha particles of average energy 3 MeV,which ideally can be converted to electricity with high efficiency(>80%).However,there exist serious difficulties to realize such conversion in a fusion device,due to the high energy density and high voltage required.To comprehensively describe the progress of the EHL-2 physics design,this work presents preliminary considerations of approaches for achieving energy conversion,highlighting critical issues for further investigation.Specifically,we provide an initial simulation of alpha particle extraction in the EHL-2 ST configuration as a starting point for p-^(11)B fusion energy conversion.展开更多
The deployment of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)in blockage-prone millimeter wave(mmWave)communication networks have garnered considerable attention lately.Despite the remarkably low circuit power cons...The deployment of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)in blockage-prone millimeter wave(mmWave)communication networks have garnered considerable attention lately.Despite the remarkably low circuit power consumption per IRS element,the aggregate energy consumption becomes substantial if all elements of an IRS are turned on given a considerable number of IRSs,resulting in lower overall energy efficiency(EE).To tackle this challenge,we propose a flexible and efficient approach that individually controls the status of each IRS element.Specifically,the network EE is maximized by jointly optimizing the associations of base stations(BSs)and user equipments(UEs),transmit beamforming,phase shifts of IRS elements,and the associations of individual IRS elements and UEs.The problem is efficiently addressed in two phases.First,the Gale-Shapley algorithm is applied for BS-UE association,followed by a block coordinate descent-based algorithm that iteratively solves the subproblems related to active beamforming,phase shifts,and element-UE associations.To reduce the tremendous dimensionality of optimization variables introduced by element-UE associations in large-scale IRS networks,we introduce an efficient algorithm to solve the associations between IRS elements and UEs.Numerical results show that the proposed elementwise control scheme improves EE by 34.24% compared to the network with IRS-all-on scheme.展开更多
Fiber-shaped energy storage devices(FSESDs)with exceptional flexibility for wearable power sources should be applied with solid electrolytes over liquid electrolytes due to short circuits and leakage issue during defo...Fiber-shaped energy storage devices(FSESDs)with exceptional flexibility for wearable power sources should be applied with solid electrolytes over liquid electrolytes due to short circuits and leakage issue during deformation.Among the solid options,polymer electrolytes are particularly preferred due to their robustness and flexibility,although their low ionic conductivity remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a redox polymer electrolyte(HT_RPE)with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl(HT)as a multi-functional additive.HT acts as a plasticizer that transforms the glassy state into the rubbery state for improved chain mobility and provides distinctive ion conduction pathway by the self-exchange reaction between radical and oxidized species.These synergetic effects lead to high ionic conductivity(73.5 mS cm−1)based on a lower activation energy of 0.13 eV than other redox additives.Moreover,HT_RPE with a pseudocapacitive characteristic by HT enables an outstanding electrochemical performance of the symmetric FSESDs using carbon-based fiber electrodes(energy density of 25.4 W h kg^(−1) at a power density of 25,000 W kg^(−1))without typical active materials,along with excellent stability(capacitance retention of 91.2%after 8,000 bending cycles).This work highlights a versatile HT_RPE that utilizes the unique functionality of HT for both the high ionic conductivity and improved energy storage capability,providing a promising pathway for next-generation flexible energy storage devices.展开更多
Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials ...Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials have received widespread attention because of their high theoretical energy densities,low cost,and sustainability.Despite the great progress in research and development of SSLBs based on conversiontype cathodes,their practical applications still face challenges such as blocked ionic-electronic migration pathways,huge volume change,interfacial incompatibility,and expensive processing costs.This review focuses on the advantages and critical issues of coupling conversion-type cathodes with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs),as well as state-of-the-art progress in various promising cathodes(e.g.,FeS_(2),CuS,FeF_(3),FeF_(2),and S)in SSLBs.Furthermore,representative research on conversion-type solid-state full cells is discussed to offer enlightenment for their practical application.Significantly,the energy density exhibited by the S cathode stands out impressively,while sulfide SSEs and halide SSEs have demonstrated immense potential for coupling with conversion-type cathodes.Finally,perspectives on conversion-type cathodes are provided at the material,interface,composite electrode,and battery levels,with a view to accelerating the development of conversion-type cathodes for high-energy–density SSLBs.展开更多
文摘The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels.This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities for transitioning to sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydrogen.This transition economically challenges traditional energy sectors while fostering new industries,promoting job growth,and sustainable economic development.The transition to renewable energy demands social equity,ensuring universal access to affordable energy,and considering community impact.The environmental benefits include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a lesser ecological footprint.This study highlights the rapid growth of the global wind power market,which is projected to increase from$112.23 billion in 2022 to$278.43 billion by 2030,with a compound annual growth rate of 13.67%.In addition,the demand for hydrogen is expected to increase,significantly impacting the market with potential cost reductions and making it a critical renewable energy source owing to its affordability and zero emissions.By 2028,renewables are predicted to account for 42%of global electricity generation,with significant contributions from wind and solar photovoltaic(PV)technology,particularly in China,the European Union,the United States,and India.These developments signify a global commitment to diversifying energy sources,reducing emissions,and moving toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.This review offers stakeholders the insights required to smoothly transition to sustainable energy,setting the stage for a resilient future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12105341 and 12035019)the opening fund of Key Laboratory of Silicon Device and Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KLSDTJJ2022-3).
文摘The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area of a standard 6T SRAM unit is approximately 0.16μm^(2),resulting in a significant enhancement of multi-cell charge-sharing effects.Multiple-cell upsets(MCUs)have become the primary physical mechanism behind single-event upsets(SEUs)in advanced nanometer node devices.The range of ionization track effects increases with higher ion energies,and spacecraft in orbit primarily experience SEUs caused by high-energy ions.However,ground accelerator experiments have mainly obtained low-energy ion irradiation data.Therefore,the impact of ion energy on the SEU cross section,charge collection mechanisms,and MCU patterns and quantities in advanced nanometer devices remains unclear.In this study,based on the experimental platform of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,low-and high-energy heavy-ion beams were used to study the SEUs of 28 nm SRAM devices.The influence of ion energy on the charge collection processes of small-sensitive-volume devices,MCU patterns,and upset cross sections was obtained,and the applicable range of the inverse cosine law was clarified.The findings of this study are an important guide for the accurate evaluation of SEUs in advanced nanometer devices and for the development of radiation-hardening techniques.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373280,52177014,51977009,52273257)。
文摘Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is challenged by restricted electromagneticsensitivity and intricate sensing coupling. In this study, a sensitized polymericmicrowave actuator is fabricated by hybridizing a liquid crystal polymer with Ti3C2Tx(MXene). Compared to the initial counterpart, the hybrid polymer exhibits unique spacechargepolarization and interfacial polarization, resulting in significant improvements of230% in the dielectric loss factor and 830% in the apparent efficiency of electromagneticenergy harvest. The sensitized microwave actuation demonstrates as the shortenedresponse time of nearly 10 s, which is merely 13% of that for the initial shape memory polymer. Moreover, the ultra-low content of MXene (upto 0.15 wt%) benefits for maintaining the actuation potential of the hybrid polymer. An innovative self-powered sensing prototype that combinesdriving and piezoelectric polymers is developed, which generates real-time electric potential feedback (open-circuit potential of ~ 3 mV) duringactuation. The polarization-dominant energy conversion mechanism observed in the MXene-polymer hybrid structure furnishes a new approachfor developing efficient electromagnetic dissipative structures and shows potential for advancing polymeric electromagnetic intelligent devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272103 and 52072010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2242029 and JL23004).
文摘High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61473066in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant No.F2021501020+2 种基金in part by the S&T Program of Qinhuangdao under Grant No.202401A195in part by the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department under Grant No.QN2025008in part by the Innovation Capability Improvement Plan Project of Hebei Province under Grant No.22567637H
文摘Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power stations).To solve the problem,we propose an energy harvesting based task scheduling and resource management framework to provide robust and low-cost edge computing services for smart grid.First,we formulate an energy consumption minimization problem with regard to task offloading,time switching,and resource allocation for mobile devices,which can be decoupled and transformed into a typical knapsack problem.Then,solutions are derived by two different algorithms.Furthermore,we deploy renewable energy and energy storage units at edge servers to tackle intermittency and instability problems.Finally,we design an energy management algorithm based on sampling average approximation for edge computing servers to derive the optimal charging/discharging strategies,number of energy storage units,and renewable energy utilization.The simulation results show the efficiency and superiority of our proposed framework.
文摘This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.
文摘This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energy exploration.A review of existing prospective wave energy resource assessments worldwide is also given,and those studies have been collated and classified by continent.Finally,information about forty existing open sea wave energy test sites worldwide and their characteristics is depicted and displayed on a newly created global map.It has been found that wave power density is still the most consensual metric used for wave energy resource assessment purposes among researchers.Nonetheless,to accomplish a comprehensive wave resource assessment for exploitation,the computation of other metrics at the practicable,technical,and socio-economic levels has also been performed at both spatial and temporal domains.Overall,regions in latitudes between 40°and 60°of both hemispheres are those where the highest wave power density is concentrated.Some areas where the most significant wave power density occurs are in offshore regions of southern Australia,New Zealand,South Africa,Chile,the British Isles,Iceland,and Greenland.However,Europe has been the continent where most research efforts have been done targeting wave energy characterisation for exploitation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 12275215,12305028,and 12247103)the Major Basic Research Program of the Natural Science of Shaanxi Province,China (Grant No. 2021JCW-19)Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics (Grant No. 22JSZ005)。
文摘Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery cells, and surrounded by N_c spins serving as the charger cells. We apply the invariant subspace method to solve the dynamics of the central-spin battery with a large number of spins. We establish a universal inverse relationship between the battery capacity and the battery–charger entanglement, which persists in any size of the battery and charger cells. Moreover, we find that when N_b= N_c, the central-spin battery has the optimal energy transportation, corresponding to the minimal battery–charger entanglement. Surprisingly, the central-spin battery has a uniform energy transportation behaviors in certain battery–charger scales. Our results reveal a nonmonotonic relationship between the battery–charger size and the energy transportation efficiency, which may provide more insights on designing other types of quantum batteries.
基金supported by the Talent Fund of Beijing Jiaotong University(2023XKRC034)China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20230037)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730205)National key research and development program(2021YFB3203202)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(4232074)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020JBZD011)。
文摘The large-scale use of ample marine energy will be one of the most important ways for human to achieve sustainable development through carbon neutral development plans.As a burgeoning technological method for electromechanical conversion,triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has significant advantages in marine energy for its low weight,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency in low-frequency range.It can realize the efficient and economical harvesting of low-frequency blue energy by constructing the floating marine energy harvesting TENG.This paper firstly introduces the power transfer process and structural composition of TENG for marine energy harvesting in detail.In addition,the latest research works of TENG on marine energy harvesting in basic research and structural design are systematically reviewed by category.Finally,the advanced research progress in the power take-off types and engineering study of TENG with the marine energy are comprehensively generalized.Importantly,the challenges and problems faced by TENG in marine energy and in situ electrochemical application are summarized and the corresponding prospects and suggestions are proposed for the subsequent development direction and prospects to look forward to promoting the commercialization process of this field.
文摘We consider large-time behaviors of weak solutions to the evolutionary p-Laplacian with logarithmic source of time-dependent coefficient.We find that the weak solutions may neither decay nor blow up,provided that the initial data u(·,t_(0))is on the Nehari manifold N:={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,to)=0,||▽v||P^(P)≠0}.This is quite different from the known results that the weak solutions may blow up as,u(·,to)∈N^(+):={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,t_(0))<0}and weak solutions may decay as u(·,t_(0))∈N^(+):={v∈W_(0)^(1,p)(Ω):I(v,t_(0))>0}.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62105148)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0148 and 2023M731651)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of NUAA(xcxjh20230609).
文摘Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and thermal comfort.However,the low optical modulation and poor durability of these devices severely limit its practical applications.Herein,we demonstrate an efficient and flexible bifunctional dual-band electrochromic device which not only shows excellent spectral-selective electrochromic performance with a high optical modulation and a long cycle life,but also displays a high capacitance and a high energy recycling efficiency of 51.4%,integrating energy-saving with energy-storage.The nanowires structure and abundant oxygen-vacancies of oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanowires endows it high flexibility and a high optical modulation of 73.1%and 85.3%at 633 and 1200 nm respectively.The prototype device assembled can modulate the VIS light and NIR independently and effectively through three distinct modes with a long cycle life(3.3%capacity loss after 10,000 cycles)and a high energy-saving performance(8.8℃lower than the common glass).Furthermore,simulations also demonstrate that our device outperforms the commercial low-emissivity glass in terms of energy-saving in most climatic zones around the world.Such windows represent an intriguing potential technology to improve the building energy efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125903,22439003,22209175)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant 2022YFA1504100,2023YFB4005204)+1 种基金the Energy Revolution S&T Program of Yulin Innovation Institute of Clean Energy(Grant E412010508)the State Key Laboratory of Catalysis(No:2024SKL-A-001)。
文摘Microbatteries(MBs)are crucial to power miniaturized devices for the Internet of Things.In the evolutionary journey of MBs,fabrication technology emerges as the cornerstone,guiding the intricacies of their configuration designs,ensuring precision,and facilitating scalability for mass production.Photolithography stands out as an ideal technology,leveraging its unparalleled resolution,exceptional design flexibility,and entrenched position within the mature semiconductor industry.However,comprehensive reviews on its application in MB development remain scarce.This review aims to bridge that gap by thoroughly assessing the recent status and promising prospects of photolithographic microfabrication for MBs.Firstly,we delve into the fundamental principles and step-by-step procedures of photolithography,offering a nuanced understanding of its operational mechanisms and the criteria for photoresist selection.Subsequently,we highlighted the specific roles of photolithography in the fabrication of MBs,including its utilization as a template for creating miniaturized micropatterns,a protective layer during the etching process,a mold for soft lithography,a constituent of MB active component,and a sacrificial layer in the construction of micro-Swiss-roll structure.Finally,the review concludes with a summary of the key challenges and future perspectives of MBs fabricated by photolithography,providing comprehensive insights and sparking research inspiration in this field.
基金supported by The Project of“20 Items of University”of Jinan(Grant No.202228078)Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023KJ107)+2 种基金Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn201812085)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51903102,Grant No.52376063,Grant No.52302256)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744223).
文摘Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power density with improved trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity.Herein,polyelectrolyte hydrogels(channel width,2.2 nm)with inherent high ion conductivity have been demonstrated to enable excellent selective ion transfer when confined in cylindrical anodized aluminum pore with lateral size even up to the submillimeter scale(radius,0.1 mm).The membrane permeability of the anti-swelling hydrogel can also be further increased with cellulose nanofibers.With real seawater and river water,the output power density of a three-chamber cell on behalf of repeat unit of RED system can reach up to 8.99 W m^(-2)(per unit total membrane area),much better than state-of-the-art membranes.This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ion-selective membranes,owning broad application prospects in the fields of osmotic energy collection,electrodialysis,flow battery and so on.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,22338006,92356301,9235630033 and 22375062)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(21JC1401700)+4 种基金Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(22TQ1400100-10)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesShanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1402400)“Chenguang Program”supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(22CGA32)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001).
文摘Organic nanophotocatalysts are promising candidates for solar fuels production,but they still face the challenge of unfavorable geminate recombination due to the limited exciton diffusion lengths.Here,we introduce a binary nanophotocatalyst fabricated by blending two polymers,PS-PEG5(PS)and PBT-PEG5(PBT),with matched absorption and emission spectra,enabling a Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)process for enhanced photocatalysis.These heterostructure nanophotocatalysts are processed using a facile and scalable flash nanoprecipitation(FNP)technique with precious kinetic control over binary nanoparticle formation.The resulting nanoparticles exhibit an exceptional photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate up to 65 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1),2.5 times higher than that single component nanoparticles.Characterizations through fluorescence spectra and transient absorption spectra confirm the hetero-energy transfer within the binary nanoparticles,which prolongs the excited-state lifetime and extends the namely“effective exciton diffusion length”.Our finding opens new avenues for designing efficient organic photocatalysts by improving exciton migration.
基金supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12304245,12374205,12475031,and 12364029)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant Nos.2462023YJRC031 and 2462024BJRC010)+4 种基金the National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering(Grant No.PRE/DX-2407)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2024YQ017)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by BAST(Grant No.BYESS2023300)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young ScholarsThis work was also supported by Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics(Grant Nos.2023BNLCMPKF014 and 2024BNLCMPKF009).
文摘We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the major and minor axes increase with bacterial concentration but decrease with trap stiffness.Notably,the average potential energy along the major axis consistently exceeds that along the minor axis.This discrepancy from equilibrium systems is primarily attributed to the distinct bacterial flow fields and direct bacterium–plate collisions near the major and minor axes,as evidenced by the higher orientational order around the plate along the major compared to the minor axis,despite identical bacterial densities in these regions.Our findings highlight the critical role of hydrodynamic interactions in determining the potential energy of passive objects immersed in an active bath.
文摘Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)comprises a set of interconnected,compact,autonomous,and resource-constrained sensor nodes that are wirelessly linked to monitor and gather data from the physical environment.WSNs are commonly used in various applications such as environmental monitoring,surveillance,healthcare,agriculture,and industrial automation.Despite the benefits of WSN,energy efficiency remains a challenging problem that needs to be addressed.Clustering and routing can be considered effective solutions to accomplish energy efficiency in WSNs.Recent studies have reported that metaheuristic algorithms can be applied to optimize cluster formation and routing decisions.This study introduces a new Northern Goshawk Optimization with boosted coati optimization algorithm for cluster-based routing(NGOBCO-CBR)method for WSN.The proposed NGOBCO-CBR method resolves the hot spot problem,uneven load balancing,and energy consumption in WSN.The NGOBCO-CBR technique comprises two major processes such as NGO based clustering and BCO-based routing.In the initial phase,the NGObased clustering method is designed for cluster head(CH)selection and cluster construction using five input variables such as residual energy(RE),node proximity,load balancing,network average energy,and distance to BS(DBS).Besides,the NGOBCO-CBR technique applies the BCO algorithm for the optimum selection of routes to BS.The experimental results of the NGOBCOCBR technique are studied under different scenarios,and the obtained results showcased the improved efficiency of the NGOBCO-CBR technique over recent approaches in terms of different measures.
文摘EHL-2 spherical torus(ST)is one of the key steps of p-^(11)B(proton-boron or hydrogen-boron)fusion energy research in ENN.The fusion produced energy is carried mainly by alpha particles of average energy 3 MeV,which ideally can be converted to electricity with high efficiency(>80%).However,there exist serious difficulties to realize such conversion in a fusion device,due to the high energy density and high voltage required.To comprehensively describe the progress of the EHL-2 physics design,this work presents preliminary considerations of approaches for achieving energy conversion,highlighting critical issues for further investigation.Specifically,we provide an initial simulation of alpha particle extraction in the EHL-2 ST configuration as a starting point for p-^(11)B fusion energy conversion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant U22A2003 and 62271515Shenzhen Science and Technology Program under grant ZDSYS20210623091807023supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62301300.
文摘The deployment of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)in blockage-prone millimeter wave(mmWave)communication networks have garnered considerable attention lately.Despite the remarkably low circuit power consumption per IRS element,the aggregate energy consumption becomes substantial if all elements of an IRS are turned on given a considerable number of IRSs,resulting in lower overall energy efficiency(EE).To tackle this challenge,we propose a flexible and efficient approach that individually controls the status of each IRS element.Specifically,the network EE is maximized by jointly optimizing the associations of base stations(BSs)and user equipments(UEs),transmit beamforming,phase shifts of IRS elements,and the associations of individual IRS elements and UEs.The problem is efficiently addressed in two phases.First,the Gale-Shapley algorithm is applied for BS-UE association,followed by a block coordinate descent-based algorithm that iteratively solves the subproblems related to active beamforming,phase shifts,and element-UE associations.To reduce the tremendous dimensionality of optimization variables introduced by element-UE associations in large-scale IRS networks,we introduce an efficient algorithm to solve the associations between IRS elements and UEs.Numerical results show that the proposed elementwise control scheme improves EE by 34.24% compared to the network with IRS-all-on scheme.
基金supported by Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)Institutional Program and Open Research Program(ORP)This work was also supported by grant from the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea government(RS-2024-00433159 and RS-2023-00208313)from ITECH R&D program of MOTIE/KEIT(RS-2023-00257573).
文摘Fiber-shaped energy storage devices(FSESDs)with exceptional flexibility for wearable power sources should be applied with solid electrolytes over liquid electrolytes due to short circuits and leakage issue during deformation.Among the solid options,polymer electrolytes are particularly preferred due to their robustness and flexibility,although their low ionic conductivity remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a redox polymer electrolyte(HT_RPE)with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl(HT)as a multi-functional additive.HT acts as a plasticizer that transforms the glassy state into the rubbery state for improved chain mobility and provides distinctive ion conduction pathway by the self-exchange reaction between radical and oxidized species.These synergetic effects lead to high ionic conductivity(73.5 mS cm−1)based on a lower activation energy of 0.13 eV than other redox additives.Moreover,HT_RPE with a pseudocapacitive characteristic by HT enables an outstanding electrochemical performance of the symmetric FSESDs using carbon-based fiber electrodes(energy density of 25.4 W h kg^(−1) at a power density of 25,000 W kg^(−1))without typical active materials,along with excellent stability(capacitance retention of 91.2%after 8,000 bending cycles).This work highlights a versatile HT_RPE that utilizes the unique functionality of HT for both the high ionic conductivity and improved energy storage capability,providing a promising pathway for next-generation flexible energy storage devices.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22322903,52072061)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(2023NSFSC1914)Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics(2023BNLCMPKF015)。
文摘Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials have received widespread attention because of their high theoretical energy densities,low cost,and sustainability.Despite the great progress in research and development of SSLBs based on conversiontype cathodes,their practical applications still face challenges such as blocked ionic-electronic migration pathways,huge volume change,interfacial incompatibility,and expensive processing costs.This review focuses on the advantages and critical issues of coupling conversion-type cathodes with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs),as well as state-of-the-art progress in various promising cathodes(e.g.,FeS_(2),CuS,FeF_(3),FeF_(2),and S)in SSLBs.Furthermore,representative research on conversion-type solid-state full cells is discussed to offer enlightenment for their practical application.Significantly,the energy density exhibited by the S cathode stands out impressively,while sulfide SSEs and halide SSEs have demonstrated immense potential for coupling with conversion-type cathodes.Finally,perspectives on conversion-type cathodes are provided at the material,interface,composite electrode,and battery levels,with a view to accelerating the development of conversion-type cathodes for high-energy–density SSLBs.
