Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological im...Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.（larch） plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season（May–October） of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was 499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and 0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss（79%） mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model’s ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.展开更多
Quasi-elastic neutron scattering(QENS) has many applications that are directly related to the development of highperformance functional materials and biological macromolecules, especially those containing some water. ...Quasi-elastic neutron scattering(QENS) has many applications that are directly related to the development of highperformance functional materials and biological macromolecules, especially those containing some water. The analysis method of QENS spectra data is important to obtain parameters that can explain the structure of materials and the dynamics of water. In this paper, we present a revised jump-diffusion and rotation-diffusion model(rJRM) used for QENS spectra data analysis. By the rJRM, the QENS spectra from a pure magnesium-silicate-hydrate(MSH) sample are fitted well for the Q range from 0.3 ^(-1) to 1.9 ^(-1) and temperatures from 210 K up to 280 K. The fitted parameters can be divided into two kinds. The first kind describes the structure of the MSH sample, including the ratio of immobile water(or bound water) C and the confining radius of mobile water a_0. The second kind describes the dynamics of confined water in pores contained in the MSH sample, including the translational diffusion coefficient Dt, the average translational residence timeτ0, the rotational diffusion coefficient D_r, and the mean squared displacement(MSD) u^2. The r JRM is a new practical method suitable to fit QENS spectra from porous materials, where hydrogen atoms appear in both solid and liquid phases.展开更多
The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluorometha...The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluoromethanes （CF4, CF3H, CF2H2, and CFH3） are calculated in an energy range from 100 eV to 1500 eV by the revised additivity rule. The present calculations are compared with the original additivity rule results and the available experimental data. Better agreement with each other is obtained.展开更多
We investigate the low Mach number limit for the isentropic compressible NavierStokes equations with a revised Maxwell's law(with Galilean invariance) in R^(3). By applying the uniform estimates of the error syste...We investigate the low Mach number limit for the isentropic compressible NavierStokes equations with a revised Maxwell's law(with Galilean invariance) in R^(3). By applying the uniform estimates of the error system, it is proven that the solutions of the isentropic Navier-Stokes equations with a revised Maxwell's law converge to that of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations as the Mach number tends to zero. Moreover, the convergence rates are also obtained.展开更多
There are a lot of arguments on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in linguistics field,most of the scholars have given their own understandings toward this theory.It is easier to comment on a theory no matter what kind of theory...There are a lot of arguments on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in linguistics field,most of the scholars have given their own understandings toward this theory.It is easier to comment on a theory no matter what kind of theory it is,however,different views do not come from the same theory but different understandings of it,so writer think it is necessary to give a revised realization to the theory.展开更多
The hybrid carrier(HC)system rooted in the carrier fusion concept is gradually garnering attention.In this paper,we study the extended hybrid carrier(EHC)multiple access scheme to ensure reliable wireless communicatio...The hybrid carrier(HC)system rooted in the carrier fusion concept is gradually garnering attention.In this paper,we study the extended hybrid carrier(EHC)multiple access scheme to ensure reliable wireless communication.By employing the EHC modulation,a power layered multiplexing framework is realized,which exhibits enhanced interference suppression capability owing to the more uniform energy distribution design.The implementation method and advantage mechanism are explicated respectively for the uplink and downlink,and the performance analysis under varying channel conditions is provided.In addition,considering the connectivity demand,we explore the non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)method of the EHC system and develop the EHC sparse code multiple access scheme.The proposed scheme melds the energy spread superiority of EHC with the access capacity of NOMA,facilitating superior support for massive connectivity in high mobility environments.Simulation results have verified the feasibility and advantages of the proposed scheme.Compared with existing HC multiple access schemes,the proposed scheme exhibits robust bit error rate performance and can better guarantee multiple access performance in complex scenarios of nextgeneration communications.展开更多
Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest ...Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest managers are thus challenged by the need to define strategies that may protect the soil while addressing the demand for other ecosystem services. Our emphasis is on the development of an approach to assess the impact of silvicultural practices and forest management models on soil erosion risks under climate change. Specifically, we consider the annual variation of the cover-management factor(C) in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation over a range of alternative forest management models to estimate the corresponding annual soil losses, under both current and changing climate conditions. We report and discuss results of an application of this approach to a forest area in Northwestern Portugal where erosion control is the most relevant water-related ecosystem service.Results: Local climate change scenarios will contribute to water erosion processes, mostly by rainfall erosivity increase.Different forest management models provide varying levels of soil protection by trees, resulting in distinct soil loss potential.Conclusions: Results confirm the suitability of the proposed approach to address soil erosion concerns in forest management planning. This approach may help foresters assess management models and the corresponding silvicultural practices according to the water-related services they provide.展开更多
This paper investigates a power control problem in a jamming system,where a separate smart jammer is deployed to ensure the communication security of the legal user.However,due to power leakage,the smart jammer may in...This paper investigates a power control problem in a jamming system,where a separate smart jammer is deployed to ensure the communication security of the legal user.However,due to power leakage,the smart jammer may incur unintentional interference to legal users.The key is how to suppress illegal communication while limit the negative impact on legal user.A jamming counter measure Stackelberg game is formulated to model the jamming power control dynamic of the system.The smart jammer acts as a leader to sense and interfere illegal communications of the illegal user,while the illegal user acts as a follower.In the game,the impact of uncertain channel information is taken into account.According to whether illegal user considers the uncertain channel information,we investigate two scenarios,namely,illegal user can obtain statistical distribution and accurate information of interference channel gain and its own cost,respectively.This work not only proposes a jamming counter measure iterative algorithm to update parameters,but also gives two solutions to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium(SE).The power convergence behaviours under two scenarios are analyzed and compared.Additionally,brute force is used to verify the accuracy of the SE value further.展开更多
The problem of definite information leakage existing in the controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using GHZ states[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]was pointed out by Ye and Jiang[Chin.Phys.Lett.30...The problem of definite information leakage existing in the controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using GHZ states[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]was pointed out by Ye and Jiang[Chin.Phys.Lett.30(2013)040305].Then,they proposed two strategies to improve this security bug.However,if the revised versions are analyzed from the viewpoint of information theory,it can be found that they still have the problem of information leakage.That is,three quarters and one half of the information interchanged by the communication parties are leaked out unknowingly in the first and second revised protocols,respectively.展开更多
In 2021,the 74th World Health Assembly endorsed updates to the WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan extending to 2030,including revised indicators to measure progress towards reaching defined targets and ...In 2021,the 74th World Health Assembly endorsed updates to the WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan extending to 2030,including revised indicators to measure progress towards reaching defined targets and expanded implementation options for variousfacetsoftheplan.展开更多
The authors regret that the Fig.S3 in supporting information of this published article needs to be revised.And the BET values are correct and unaffected.All the conclusions in the manuscript are unaffected by this uni...The authors regret that the Fig.S3 in supporting information of this published article needs to be revised.And the BET values are correct and unaffected.All the conclusions in the manuscript are unaffected by this unintentional error.展开更多
In our relevant paper[Zhao S X(2021)Chin.Phys.B 30055201],a delta distribution of negative ions is given by fluid simulation and preliminarily explained by decomposed anions transport equation.In the present work,firs...In our relevant paper[Zhao S X(2021)Chin.Phys.B 30055201],a delta distribution of negative ions is given by fluid simulation and preliminarily explained by decomposed anions transport equation.In the present work,first,the intrinsic connection between the electropositive plasma transport equation and spring oscillator dynamic equation is established.Inspired by this similarity,reformed“spring oscillator”equation with dispersing instead of restoring force that gives quasi-delta solution is devised according to the math embodied in the anion equation,which is of potential significance to the disciplines of atomic physics and astronomy as well.For solving the“diffusion confusion”the physics that determines the delta profile within the continuity equation is explored on the basis that recombination loss source term plays the role of drift flux,which is applicable for fluid model of low temperature plasma,but not the ordinary fluid dynamics.Besides,the math and physics revealed in this work predict that the ratio of recombination or attachment(for electrons)frequency versus the species diffusion coefficient is a very important parameter in determining the delta distribution,as it acts as the acceleration of object,according to the reformed oscillator equation.With this theory,the analogous delta profile of electrons density in the famous drift and ambi-polar diffusion heating mechanism of electronegative capacitively coupled plasma is interpreted.展开更多
The quantum yield formula for uniform-doping GaAIAs/GaAs transmission-mode photocathodes is revised by taking into account the light absorption in the window layer.By using the revised quantum yield formula,the domest...The quantum yield formula for uniform-doping GaAIAs/GaAs transmission-mode photocathodes is revised by taking into account the light absorption in the window layer.By using the revised quantum yield formula,the domestic and ITT's experimental quantum yield curves are fitted and the fitted curves match well with the experimental curves.In addition,the fit results show that the integral sensitivity and quantum yield of domestic image intensifier tube has achieved 2130μA/lm and 45%,nearly reaching ITT's third generation level in 2002,whereas the discrepancy in cathode performance is mainly embodied in the electron diffusion length and back interface recombination velocity.展开更多
In this paper,the formula for calculating elemental relative sensitivity factor(S factor)has been deduced using the revised“full diffusion”model of electron scattering1.The calculated curves of S factors lie between...In this paper,the formula for calculating elemental relative sensitivity factor(S factor)has been deduced using the revised“full diffusion”model of electron scattering1.The calculated curves of S factors lie between the experimental curves obtained from the differential spectra2 and the integral spectra3.展开更多
The original additivity rule method cannot give good results for electron scattering from SO,SO2,SO2Cl2,SO2ClF,and SO2F2 molecules at low energy,because the electron-molecule scattering is simply reduced to electron-a...The original additivity rule method cannot give good results for electron scattering from SO,SO2,SO2Cl2,SO2ClF,and SO2F2 molecules at low energy,because the electron-molecule scattering is simply reduced to electron-atom scattering.Considering the difference between the bound atom in a molecule and the corresponding free atom,the original additivity rule is revised.With the revised additivity rule,the total cross sections for electron scattering from these molecules are calculated over a wide energy range below 3000 eV and compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.A better agreement between them is obtained.展开更多
The intensity ratios I(L)/I(K)from Ge to Sn have been measured in a Transmission electron microscope(TEM)using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)at 40,80,100,120,160,200kV.The large discrepancy between experime...The intensity ratios I(L)/I(K)from Ge to Sn have been measured in a Transmission electron microscope(TEM)using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)at 40,80,100,120,160,200kV.The large discrepancy between experimental and calculated values indicates that the formula of ionization cross-section should be revised.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0501603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41671025+2 种基金413904614123085241471029)
文摘Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.（larch） plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season（May–October） of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was 499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and 0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss（79%） mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model’s ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.
文摘Quasi-elastic neutron scattering(QENS) has many applications that are directly related to the development of highperformance functional materials and biological macromolecules, especially those containing some water. The analysis method of QENS spectra data is important to obtain parameters that can explain the structure of materials and the dynamics of water. In this paper, we present a revised jump-diffusion and rotation-diffusion model(rJRM) used for QENS spectra data analysis. By the rJRM, the QENS spectra from a pure magnesium-silicate-hydrate(MSH) sample are fitted well for the Q range from 0.3 ^(-1) to 1.9 ^(-1) and temperatures from 210 K up to 280 K. The fitted parameters can be divided into two kinds. The first kind describes the structure of the MSH sample, including the ratio of immobile water(or bound water) C and the confining radius of mobile water a_0. The second kind describes the dynamics of confined water in pores contained in the MSH sample, including the translational diffusion coefficient Dt, the average translational residence timeτ0, the rotational diffusion coefficient D_r, and the mean squared displacement(MSD) u^2. The r JRM is a new practical method suitable to fit QENS spectra from porous materials, where hydrogen atoms appear in both solid and liquid phases.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (Grant No. ZR2011AL021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11074104)+1 种基金the Research Foundation of Ludong University,China (Grant No. LY20072801)the Discipline Construction Fund of Ludong University,China
文摘The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluoromethanes （CF4, CF3H, CF2H2, and CFH3） are calculated in an energy range from 100 eV to 1500 eV by the revised additivity rule. The present calculations are compared with the original additivity rule results and the available experimental data. Better agreement with each other is obtained.
基金Yuxi HU was supported by the NNSFC (11701556)the Yue Qi Young Scholar ProjectChina University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)。
文摘We investigate the low Mach number limit for the isentropic compressible NavierStokes equations with a revised Maxwell's law(with Galilean invariance) in R^(3). By applying the uniform estimates of the error system, it is proven that the solutions of the isentropic Navier-Stokes equations with a revised Maxwell's law converge to that of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations as the Mach number tends to zero. Moreover, the convergence rates are also obtained.
文摘There are a lot of arguments on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in linguistics field,most of the scholars have given their own understandings toward this theory.It is easier to comment on a theory no matter what kind of theory it is,however,different views do not come from the same theory but different understandings of it,so writer think it is necessary to give a revised realization to the theory.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U23A20278in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62171151in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant HIT.OCEF.2021012。
文摘The hybrid carrier(HC)system rooted in the carrier fusion concept is gradually garnering attention.In this paper,we study the extended hybrid carrier(EHC)multiple access scheme to ensure reliable wireless communication.By employing the EHC modulation,a power layered multiplexing framework is realized,which exhibits enhanced interference suppression capability owing to the more uniform energy distribution design.The implementation method and advantage mechanism are explicated respectively for the uplink and downlink,and the performance analysis under varying channel conditions is provided.In addition,considering the connectivity demand,we explore the non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)method of the EHC system and develop the EHC sparse code multiple access scheme.The proposed scheme melds the energy spread superiority of EHC with the access capacity of NOMA,facilitating superior support for massive connectivity in high mobility environments.Simulation results have verified the feasibility and advantages of the proposed scheme.Compared with existing HC multiple access schemes,the proposed scheme exhibits robust bit error rate performance and can better guarantee multiple access performance in complex scenarios of nextgeneration communications.
基金ALTERFOR project,“Alternative models and robust decision-making for future forest management”,H2020-ISIB-2015-2/grant agreement No. 676754,funded by European Union Seventh Framework ProgrammeSUFORUN project,‘Models and decision SUpport tools for integrated FOrest policy development under global change and associated Risk and UNcertainty’ funded by the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement number 691149+2 种基金BIOECOSYS project,“Forest ecosystem management decision-making methods an integrated bioeconomic approach to sustainability”(LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-030391,PTDC/ASP-SIL/30391/2017)MedFOR,Master Programme on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (Erasmus+Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees,Project 20171917)Centro de Estudos Florestais,research unit funded by Fundacao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P.(FCT),Portugal within UIDB/00239/2020。
文摘Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest managers are thus challenged by the need to define strategies that may protect the soil while addressing the demand for other ecosystem services. Our emphasis is on the development of an approach to assess the impact of silvicultural practices and forest management models on soil erosion risks under climate change. Specifically, we consider the annual variation of the cover-management factor(C) in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation over a range of alternative forest management models to estimate the corresponding annual soil losses, under both current and changing climate conditions. We report and discuss results of an application of this approach to a forest area in Northwestern Portugal where erosion control is the most relevant water-related ecosystem service.Results: Local climate change scenarios will contribute to water erosion processes, mostly by rainfall erosivity increase.Different forest management models provide varying levels of soil protection by trees, resulting in distinct soil loss potential.Conclusions: Results confirm the suitability of the proposed approach to address soil erosion concerns in forest management planning. This approach may help foresters assess management models and the corresponding silvicultural practices according to the water-related services they provide.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2018YFB1800800by National NSF of China under Grant 61601490,61801218,61827801,61631020+3 种基金by the open research fund of Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space(Nanjing Univ.Aeronaut.Astronaut.)(No.KF20181913)in part by State Key Laboratory of Air Traffic Management System and Technology under SKLATM201808in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20180420,BK20180424by the Open Foundation for Graduate Innovation of NUAA(Grant NO.kfjj20190417)。
文摘This paper investigates a power control problem in a jamming system,where a separate smart jammer is deployed to ensure the communication security of the legal user.However,due to power leakage,the smart jammer may incur unintentional interference to legal users.The key is how to suppress illegal communication while limit the negative impact on legal user.A jamming counter measure Stackelberg game is formulated to model the jamming power control dynamic of the system.The smart jammer acts as a leader to sense and interfere illegal communications of the illegal user,while the illegal user acts as a follower.In the game,the impact of uncertain channel information is taken into account.According to whether illegal user considers the uncertain channel information,we investigate two scenarios,namely,illegal user can obtain statistical distribution and accurate information of interference channel gain and its own cost,respectively.This work not only proposes a jamming counter measure iterative algorithm to update parameters,but also gives two solutions to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium(SE).The power convergence behaviours under two scenarios are analyzed and compared.Additionally,brute force is used to verify the accuracy of the SE value further.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61170321 and 61103235the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No 20110092110024.
文摘The problem of definite information leakage existing in the controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using GHZ states[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]was pointed out by Ye and Jiang[Chin.Phys.Lett.30(2013)040305].Then,they proposed two strategies to improve this security bug.However,if the revised versions are analyzed from the viewpoint of information theory,it can be found that they still have the problem of information leakage.That is,three quarters and one half of the information interchanged by the communication parties are leaked out unknowingly in the first and second revised protocols,respectively.
文摘In 2021,the 74th World Health Assembly endorsed updates to the WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan extending to 2030,including revised indicators to measure progress towards reaching defined targets and expanded implementation options for variousfacetsoftheplan.
文摘The authors regret that the Fig.S3 in supporting information of this published article needs to be revised.And the BET values are correct and unaffected.All the conclusions in the manuscript are unaffected by this unintentional error.
文摘In our relevant paper[Zhao S X(2021)Chin.Phys.B 30055201],a delta distribution of negative ions is given by fluid simulation and preliminarily explained by decomposed anions transport equation.In the present work,first,the intrinsic connection between the electropositive plasma transport equation and spring oscillator dynamic equation is established.Inspired by this similarity,reformed“spring oscillator”equation with dispersing instead of restoring force that gives quasi-delta solution is devised according to the math embodied in the anion equation,which is of potential significance to the disciplines of atomic physics and astronomy as well.For solving the“diffusion confusion”the physics that determines the delta profile within the continuity equation is explored on the basis that recombination loss source term plays the role of drift flux,which is applicable for fluid model of low temperature plasma,but not the ordinary fluid dynamics.Besides,the math and physics revealed in this work predict that the ratio of recombination or attachment(for electrons)frequency versus the species diffusion coefficient is a very important parameter in determining the delta distribution,as it acts as the acceleration of object,according to the reformed oscillator equation.With this theory,the analogous delta profile of electrons density in the famous drift and ambi-polar diffusion heating mechanism of electronegative capacitively coupled plasma is interpreted.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10794125,60808006,60821004,61078051 and 60978017.
文摘The quantum yield formula for uniform-doping GaAIAs/GaAs transmission-mode photocathodes is revised by taking into account the light absorption in the window layer.By using the revised quantum yield formula,the domestic and ITT's experimental quantum yield curves are fitted and the fitted curves match well with the experimental curves.In addition,the fit results show that the integral sensitivity and quantum yield of domestic image intensifier tube has achieved 2130μA/lm and 45%,nearly reaching ITT's third generation level in 2002,whereas the discrepancy in cathode performance is mainly embodied in the electron diffusion length and back interface recombination velocity.
文摘In this paper,the formula for calculating elemental relative sensitivity factor(S factor)has been deduced using the revised“full diffusion”model of electron scattering1.The calculated curves of S factors lie between the experimental curves obtained from the differential spectra2 and the integral spectra3.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11204121)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No. ZR2011AL021)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11074104)the Discipline Construction Fund of Ludong University,China
文摘The original additivity rule method cannot give good results for electron scattering from SO,SO2,SO2Cl2,SO2ClF,and SO2F2 molecules at low energy,because the electron-molecule scattering is simply reduced to electron-atom scattering.Considering the difference between the bound atom in a molecule and the corresponding free atom,the original additivity rule is revised.With the revised additivity rule,the total cross sections for electron scattering from these molecules are calculated over a wide energy range below 3000 eV and compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.A better agreement between them is obtained.
文摘The intensity ratios I(L)/I(K)from Ge to Sn have been measured in a Transmission electron microscope(TEM)using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)at 40,80,100,120,160,200kV.The large discrepancy between experimental and calculated values indicates that the formula of ionization cross-section should be revised.
