The basal ganglia(BG) act as a cohesive functional unit that regulates motor function,habit formation,and reward/addictive behaviors. However,it is still not well understood how the BG maintains wakefulness and suppre...The basal ganglia(BG) act as a cohesive functional unit that regulates motor function,habit formation,and reward/addictive behaviors. However,it is still not well understood how the BG maintains wakefulness and suppresses sleep to achieve al these fundamental functions until genetical y engineered systems developed these years. Significant research efforts have recently been directed at developing genetic-molecular tools to achieve reversible and cell-type specific in vivo silencing or activation of neurons in behaving animals. Optogenetic tools can be used both to specifically activate or inhibit neurons of interest and identify functional synaptic connectivity between specific neuronal populations,both in vivo and in brain slices. Another recently developed system by Roth and colleagues permits the selective and ″remote″ manipulation(activation and silencing) of neuronal activity via all 3 major GPCR signaling pathways(G_i,G_s and G_q). These so-called ″ designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs″(DREADD) involve mutant GPCRs that do not respond to their endogenous ligands but are responsive to otherwise inert biological compounds. Recently,we demonstrated the essential roles and the neural pathways of the neurons expressing adenosine A_(2A) receptors or dopamine D_1 receptors in the BG for sleep-wake regulation using the genetically engineered systems including optogenetics and DREADD. We proposed a plausible model in which the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens integrates behavioral processes with sleep/wakefulness through adenosine and dopamine receptors.展开更多
Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is...Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is limited by conventional material systems in terms of energy density,response time,and functional integration.Carbon materials have emerged as a key solution for overcoming these problems due to their structural adjustability and multifunctional compatibility.Strategies for improving their electrochemical performance by changing the pore structure and interlayer spacing,as well as chemical functionalization,and composite design are analyzed,and their impact on improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of batteries is demonstrated.The unique advantages of carbon materials in realizing smart functions such as power supply,real-time monitoring and energy management in smart batteries are also discussed.Based on current progress in related fields,the prospects for the use of carbon materials in smart batteries are evaluated.展开更多
Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type...Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type secondary batter-ies,DIBs perform a unique working mechanism,which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode,respectively,during electrochemical reactions.Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages(>4.8 V)with fast reaction kinetics.However,the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li+diffusion at a high rate.Herein,we prepared phyllostachys edulis derived carbon(PEC)through microstructure regulation strategy and investigated the carbonized temperature effect,which effectively tailored the rich short-range ordered graphite microdomains and disor-dered amorphous regions,as well as a unique nano-pore hierarchical structure.The pore size distribution of nano-pores was concentrated in 0.5-5 nm,providing suitable channels for rapid Li+transportation.It was found that PEC-500(carbon-ized at 500℃)achieved a high capacity of 436 mAh·g^(-1)at 300 mA·g^(-1)and excellent rate performance(maintaining a high capacity of 231 mAh·g^(-1)at 3 A·g^(-1)).The assembled dual-carbon PEC-500||graphite full battery delivered 114 mAh·g^(-1)at 10 C with 96%capacity retention after 3000 cycles and outstanding rate capability,providing 74 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 C.展开更多
Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiv...Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.The pyrolysis method affects the microstructure of the material,and ultimately its so-dium storage performance.Our previous work has shown that pyrolysis in a sealed graphite vessel im-proved the sodium storage performance of the car-bon,however the changes in its microstructure and the way this influences the sodium storage are still unclear.A series of hard carbon materials derived from corncobs(CCG-T,where T is the pyrolysis temperature)were pyrolyzed in a sealed graphite vessel at different temperatures.As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 1000 to 1400℃ small carbon domains gradually transformed into long and curved domains.At the same time,a greater number of large open pores with uniform apertures,as well as more closed pores,were formed.With the further increase of pyrolysis temperature to 1600℃,the long and curved domains became longer and straighter,and some closed pores gradually became open.CCG-1400,with abundant closed pores,had a superior SIB performance,with an initial reversible ca-pacity of 320.73 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 30 mA g^(-1),an initial Coulomb efficiency(ICE)of 84.34%,and a capacity re-tention of 96.70%after 100 cycles.This study provides a method for the precise regulation of the microcrystalline and pore structures of hard carbon materials.展开更多
Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high st...Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high stress generated by superposition to cut shell into regular fragments.Additionally,it can be combined with different initiation methods to alter the fragmentation outcomes.In this study,aiming at the fracture strain of metal cylindrical shell driven by explosive charge with waveform regulator,theoretical analysis was first adopted to obtain the prediction model of the fracture strain of cylindrical shell with waveform regulator and the model of the axial distribution of the stress concentration factor.On this basis,both theoretical analysis and numerical models were utilized to investigate the effect of waveform regulator on the initial velocity of fragments.Finally,experiments were conducted to validate the fracture strain prediction model for cylindrical shell with waveform regulator.The research results show that the collision angles of the detonation waves at different axial positions are different,which leads to the stress concentration factor on the shell presenting a trend of gradually decreasing,then sharply increasing,and then rapidly decreasing along the axial direction.Additionally,the changes in the slot spacing and the thickness of outer charge will also affect the stress concentration factor,and the influence of outer charge thickness is relatively large.The smaller the ratio of charge volume to waveform regulator volume,the larger the axial sparse wave intensity and the more the fragment initial velocity decrease.From the initiation end to the non-initiation end,the failure modes of the shell sequentially change from pure shear,to mixed tensile-shear,and finally to pure tensile failure.The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated results of the fracture strain model,and the maximum relative error is less than 10%,which indicates that the fracture strain prediction model of the cylindrical shell with waveform regulator established in this paper by considering the increase of elastic energy per unit volume caused by stress concentration on the shell is reliable.展开更多
Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applicati...Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applications under variable-rate(VR)strategies are commonly based exclusively on vegetation indices(VIs)variability.However,VIs often saturate in dense crop vegetation areas,limiting their effectiveness in distinguishing variability in crop growth.This study aimed to compare unsupervised framework(UF)and supervised framework(SUF)approaches for generat-ing zonal application maps for CGR under VR conditions.During 2022-2023 agricultural seasons,an UF was employed to generate zonal maps based on locally collected field data on plant height of cotton,satellite imagery,soil texture,and phenology data.Subsequently,a SUF(based on historical data between 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 agricultural seasons)was developed to predict plant height using remote sensing and phenology data,aiming to replicate same zonal maps but without relying on direct field measurements of plant height.Both approaches were tested in three fields and on two different dates per field.Results The predictive model for plant height of SUF performed well,as indicated by the model metrics.However,when comparing zonal application maps for specific field-date combinations,the predicted plant height exhibited lower variability compared with field measurements.This led to variable compatibility between SUF maps,which utilized the model predictions,and the UF maps,which were based on the real field data.Fields characterized by much pronounced soil texture variability yielded the highest compatibility between the zonal application maps produced by both SUF and UF approaches.This was predominantly due to the greater consistency in estimating plant development patterns within these heterogeneous field environments.While VR application approach can facilitate product savings during the application operation,other key factors must be considered.These include the availability of specialized machinery required for this type of applications,as well as the inherent operational costs associated with applying a single CGR product which differs from the typical uniform rate applications that often integrate multi-ple inputs.Conclusion Predictive modeling shows promise for assisting in the creation of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree of agreement with the actual variability in crop growth found in the field should be evaluated on a field-by-field basis.The SUF approach,which is based on plant heigh prediction,demonstrated potential for supporting the development of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree to which this approach aligns itself with the actual variability in crop growth observed in the field may vary,necessi-tating field-by-field evaluation.展开更多
With the strong battlefield application environment of the next generation fighter,based on the design of distributed vehicle management system,a fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control(FTC)method for wing surface ...With the strong battlefield application environment of the next generation fighter,based on the design of distributed vehicle management system,a fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control(FTC)method for wing surface damage is proposed in this paper.Aiming at three kinds of wing damage modes,this paper proposes a diagnosis method based on the fault decision tree and forms a fault decision tree for wing damage from the aspects of sample database construction,feature parameter extraction,and fault decision tree construction.Based on the fault diagnosis results,the longitudinal control law based on dynamic inverse and the lateral-directional robust control laws based on linear quadratic regulator(LQR)are proposed.From the simulation examples,the fault diagnosis algorithm based on the decision tree can complete the judgment of three wing surface damage modes within 2 ms,and the FTC law can make the fighter quickly return to a stable flight state after a short transient of 1 s,which achieves the fault-tolerant goal.展开更多
Transient performance for output regulation problems of linear discrete-time systems with input saturation is addressed by using the composite nonlinear feedback（CNF） control technique. The regulator is designed to ...Transient performance for output regulation problems of linear discrete-time systems with input saturation is addressed by using the composite nonlinear feedback（CNF） control technique. The regulator is designed to be an additive combination of a linear regulator part and a nonlinear feedback part. The linear regulator part solves the regulation problem independently which produces a quick output response but large oscillations. The nonlinear feedback part with well-tuned parameters is introduced to improve the transient performance by smoothing the oscillatory convergence. It is shown that the introduction of the nonlinear feedback part does not change the solvability conditions of the linear discrete-time output regulation problem. The effectiveness of transient improvement is illustrated by a numeric example.展开更多
A fuzzy robust path tracking strategy of an active pelagic trawl system with ship and winch regulation is proposed.First,nonlinear mathematic model of the pelagic trawl system was derived using Lagrange equation and f...A fuzzy robust path tracking strategy of an active pelagic trawl system with ship and winch regulation is proposed.First,nonlinear mathematic model of the pelagic trawl system was derived using Lagrange equation and further simplified as a low order model for the convenience of controller design.Then,an active path tracking strategy of pelagic trawl system was investigated to improve the catching efficiency of the target fish near the sea bottom.By means of the active tracking control,the pelagic trawl net can be positioned dynamically to follow a specified trajectory via the coordinated winch and ship regulation.In addition,considering the system nonlinearities,modeling uncertainties and the unknown exogenous disturbance of the trawl system model,a nonlinear robust H2 /H∞ controller based on Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy model was presented,and the simulation comparison with linear robust H2 /H∞ controller and PID method was conducted for the validation of the nonlinear fuzzy robust controller.The nonlinear simulation results show that the average tracking error is 0.4 m for the fuzzy robust H2 /H∞ control and 125.8 m for the vertical and horizontal displacement,respectively,which is much smaller than linear H2 /H∞ controller and the PID controller.The investigation results illustrate that the fuzzy robust controller is effective for the active path tracking control of the pelagic trawl system.展开更多
This paper mainly studied how to determine the best location of the self-operated flow control valve at the heating system entrance.Since the location of regulating valve directly affects the pipe network performance,...This paper mainly studied how to determine the best location of the self-operated flow control valve at the heating system entrance.Since the location of regulating valve directly affects the pipe network performance,the simulation and analysis of pressure change in heating system was carried out with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)software.The study shows the best location of regulating valve varies with the change of the supply and return pipe length when the heating area of each user is small,and when the heating area of each user is large(2 000 000～3 000 000 m2),the best location is on the supply pipe.展开更多
Both the traverse subsystem and the elevation subsystem of the all-electrical tank gun control system are composed of electrical drive control system respectively. The parameters of PI regulator in these electrical dr...Both the traverse subsystem and the elevation subsystem of the all-electrical tank gun control system are composed of electrical drive control system respectively. The parameters of PI regulator in these electrical drive control systems affect the performance of the control system seriously. Up to now, there is not a simple and practical method for choosing regulator parameters, which are usually determined by repeated and continual readjustment. This method is low efficient, and the parameters got are not always optimal. A method for on-line adjusting the parameters of PI regulator in the electrical drive control system by computer program is introduced in this paper. The function of adjusting PI parameters of the electrical drive control system is realized by PC program written by VC++ and controlling program written by assemble language and by the communication between PC and DSP completed by the control MSCOMM in VC++6.0. The method as mentioned above which is applied for an all-electrical tank gun control system under development is proved very available, a better performance might be obtained for the all-electrical tank gun control system easily.展开更多
Presents a control strategy for underactuated mechanical system: the acrobot example, which combines fuzzy control and linear quadratic control. The fuzzy controller designed for the upswing ensures that the energy of...Presents a control strategy for underactuated mechanical system: the acrobot example, which combines fuzzy control and linear quadratic control. The fuzzy controller designed for the upswing ensures that the energy of the acrobot increases with each swing. After the acrobot enters a neighborhood of the unstable straight up equilibrium position, a linear quadratic regulator is designed to balance it.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of e IF3a in the regulation of DNA repair pathways in cancer chemotherapeutic response.METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of e IF3a in lung and breast c...OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of e IF3a in the regulation of DNA repair pathways in cancer chemotherapeutic response.METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of e IF3a in lung and breast cancer tissues followed by association analysis of e IF3a expression with patient′s response to chemotherapy.Ectopic overexpression and RNA interference knockdown of e IF3a were carried out in NIH3T3and H1299 cell lines,respectively,to determine the effect of altered e IF3a expression on cellular response to chemotherapeutic drugs by using MTT assay.The DNA repair capacity of these cells was evaluated by using host-cell reactivation,NHEJ and HR assay.Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and Western Blot analyses were carried out to determine the effect of e IF3a on the DNA repair genes by using cells with altered e IF3a expression.RESULTS e IF3a expression associates with response of lung and breast cancer patients to platinum and anthracycline.e IF3a knockdown or overexpression,respectively,increased and decreased the cellular resistance to cisplatin and anthracycline anticancer drugs,DNA repair activity,and expression of NER and NHEJ DNA repair proteins.CONCLUSION e IF3a plays an important role in regulating the expression of NER and NHEJ DNA repair proteins which,in turn,contributes to cellular response to DNA-damaging anticancer drugs and patients′response to platinum and anthracycline chemotherapy.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450(CYP)3A accounts for nearly 30%of total CYP enzymes in human liver and participates in the metabolism of over 50%of clinical drugs.CYP3A also plays an important role in the chemical metabolism...OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450(CYP)3A accounts for nearly 30%of total CYP enzymes in human liver and participates in the metabolism of over 50%of clinical drugs.CYP3A also plays an important role in the chemical metabolism,toxicity,and carcinogenicity.New animal models are needed to investigate CYP3A functions.METHODS The CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to generate Cyp3a1/2 double knockout rat model.The absence of Cyp3a1/2 expression was evaluated through PCR and immunostaining.Metabolic studies of the CYP3A substrates midazolam and nifedipine both in vitro and in vivo were conducted to verify that CYP3A1/2 was functional y inactive in KO rats.In addition,compensatory up-regulation of other P450 genes in Cyp3a1/2 KO rats was detected.RESULTS The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rats were viable and fertile,and had no obvious physiological abnormities.Compared with the wild-type(WT)rat,Cyp3a1/2 expression was completely absent in the liver of the KO rat.In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies of the CYP3A1/2 substrates indicated that CYP3A1/2 was functionally inactive in double KO rats.CONCLUSION The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rat model was successfully generated and characterized.The Cyp3a1/2 KO rats as a novel rodent animal model will be a valuable tool for the study of the physiological and pharmacological roles of CYP3A,and determining whether the absence of CYP3A results in non-CYP mediated metabolism or metabolism by other CYP isoforms.展开更多
Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section L...Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as Trichoderma is concerned, molecular genetic methods and tools are most advanced in H. jecorina, and its genome has recently been fully sequenced, thus making this taxon a model organism for the genus. Here we will demonstrate that H. jecorina is able to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi in plate confrontation tests, and can protect tomato and cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum blight. Using this as a model case, we made use of available H. jecorina mutants to investigate (a) whether carbon catabolite repression via the Cre1-regulator protein has an impact on biocontrol, and (b) whether cellulase gene expression is necessary for biocontrol of P. ultimum. In the first case, plate confrontation tests and in planta experiments yielded opposite results, i.e. while a Cre1 mutant was more active in antagonization of fungi on plates, the survival rates of P. ultimum-inoculated cucumber plants was lower than with the H. jecorina wild-type strain. Mutants of H. jecorina, unable to form cellulases, were still able to antagonize fungi on plates and provided similar protection of tomatos against P. ultimum as the wild type, indicating that the pronounced biocontrol ability of H. jecorina against fungi with cellulose-containing cell-walls is not due to its high cellulolytic activity. A strain disrupted in the light-modulator gene envoy (Schmoll et al., ms submitted) exhibited in planta biocontrol activity strongly exceeding that of the wild-type strain, thereby providing a first link between Trichoderma biocontrol and light. In view of the numerous other metabolic and regulatory mutants of H. jecorina available, we suggest that this fungus should increasingly be used in basic studies on the biochemistry and genetics of biocontrol.展开更多
The global robust output regulation problem of the singular nonlinear system is investigated. Motivated by the input-output linearization of the normal affine nonlinear system, a global diffeomorphism map is designed ...The global robust output regulation problem of the singular nonlinear system is investigated. Motivated by the input-output linearization of the normal affine nonlinear system, a global diffeomorphism map is designed under the assumption that the singular nonlinear system has a strong relative degree. The global diffeomorphism map transfers the singular nonlinear system into a new singular nonlinear system with a special structure. Attaching an internal model to the new singular nonlinear system yields an augmented singular nonlinear system and the global robust stabilization solution of the augmented system implies the global robust output regulation solution of the original singular nonlinear system. Then the global stabilization problem is solved by some appropriate assumptions and the solvability conditions of the global robust output regulation problem are established. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the design approach.展开更多
The regulating axillary branch gene was cloned and named as CsCCD7.Using a series bioinformatic computer softwares,database and online programes,CsCCD7 nucleotide sequence and CsCCD7 amino acid sequence were analyzed ...The regulating axillary branch gene was cloned and named as CsCCD7.Using a series bioinformatic computer softwares,database and online programes,CsCCD7 nucleotide sequence and CsCCD7 amino acid sequence were analyzed and CsCCD7 function was predicted.The results showed that CsCCD7 cDNA full length sequence was 2 136 bp,and included a 1 665 bp ORF which encoded a 554 AA protein;there were 32 kinds of cis-acting regulating element in 2 136 bp cDNA sequence;CsCCD7 was an unstable protein（the unstable coefficient：40.77）,including many phosphorylation sites related with CsCCD7 function;CsCCD7 had no transmembrane domain,and its subcellular localization was in chloroplast.CsCCD7 secondary structure contained four conformations including α-helix,β-sheet,β-turn and random coil.CsCCD7 protein had no signal peptide,so was non-secretory protein and hydrophilicity protein（grand average of hydropathicity：-0.401）.Both CsCCD7 secondary and tertiary structure prediction results showed that it was classified as carotenoid oxygenase family.Phylogenetic tree drew by Geneious showed that CsCCD7 was more closely related to AtCCD7 than any other Arabidopsis CCD protein.展开更多
This paper investigates the problem of robust output regulation control with prospected transient property for strict feedback systems.By employing the internal model principle,the robust output regulation problem wit...This paper investigates the problem of robust output regulation control with prospected transient property for strict feedback systems.By employing the internal model principle,the robust output regulation problem with a prospected property can be transformed to a robust stabilization problem with a new output constraint.Then,by constructing the speed function and adopting barrier Lyapunov function technique,the dynamic feedback controller can be designed not only to drive error output of the closed-loop system entering into a prescribed performance bound within a given finite time,but also to achieve that the error output converges to zero asymptotically.The effectiveness of the results is illustrated by a simulation example.展开更多
The paper introduced CAN （Controller Area Network） bus and CAN2.0 standard, the design of hardware frame-work multi-point communication based on CAN bus, and the software design method. At the same time, the system ...The paper introduced CAN （Controller Area Network） bus and CAN2.0 standard, the design of hardware frame-work multi-point communication based on CAN bus, and the software design method. At the same time, the system normal communication function and stability were shown in the experiment.展开更多
Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) into tissues and secondary lymphoid organs plays a crucial role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity. In this article, we show that cyclosporin A (CsA) impairs the migra...Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) into tissues and secondary lymphoid organs plays a crucial role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity. In this article, we show that cyclosporin A (CsA) impairs the migration of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of DCs to clinical concentrations of CsA neither induces apoptosis nor alters development but does impair cytokine secretion, chemokine receptor expression, and migration. In vitro, CsA impairs the migration of mouse bone marrow-derived DCs toward macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta (MIP-3beta) and induces them to retain responsiveness to MIP-1alpha after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DC maturation, while in vivo administration of CsA inhibits the migration of DCs out of skin and into the secondary lymphoid organs. CsA impairs chemokine receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression normally triggered in LPS-stimulated DCs; administration of exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) reverses the effects of CsA on chemokine receptor expression and DC migration. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling by CsA may be responsible for the CsA-mediated effects on the regulation of chemokine receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Impairment of DC migration due to inhibition of PGE2 production and regulation of chemokine receptor expression may contribute, in part, to CsA-mediated immunosuppression.展开更多
文摘The basal ganglia(BG) act as a cohesive functional unit that regulates motor function,habit formation,and reward/addictive behaviors. However,it is still not well understood how the BG maintains wakefulness and suppresses sleep to achieve al these fundamental functions until genetical y engineered systems developed these years. Significant research efforts have recently been directed at developing genetic-molecular tools to achieve reversible and cell-type specific in vivo silencing or activation of neurons in behaving animals. Optogenetic tools can be used both to specifically activate or inhibit neurons of interest and identify functional synaptic connectivity between specific neuronal populations,both in vivo and in brain slices. Another recently developed system by Roth and colleagues permits the selective and ″remote″ manipulation(activation and silencing) of neuronal activity via all 3 major GPCR signaling pathways(G_i,G_s and G_q). These so-called ″ designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs″(DREADD) involve mutant GPCRs that do not respond to their endogenous ligands but are responsive to otherwise inert biological compounds. Recently,we demonstrated the essential roles and the neural pathways of the neurons expressing adenosine A_(2A) receptors or dopamine D_1 receptors in the BG for sleep-wake regulation using the genetically engineered systems including optogenetics and DREADD. We proposed a plausible model in which the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens integrates behavioral processes with sleep/wakefulness through adenosine and dopamine receptors.
文摘Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems.However,they require a well-balanced integration of material structure,functional properties,and electrochemical performance,and their development is limited by conventional material systems in terms of energy density,response time,and functional integration.Carbon materials have emerged as a key solution for overcoming these problems due to their structural adjustability and multifunctional compatibility.Strategies for improving their electrochemical performance by changing the pore structure and interlayer spacing,as well as chemical functionalization,and composite design are analyzed,and their impact on improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of batteries is demonstrated.The unique advantages of carbon materials in realizing smart functions such as power supply,real-time monitoring and energy management in smart batteries are also discussed.Based on current progress in related fields,the prospects for the use of carbon materials in smart batteries are evaluated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272208,22309057)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023AFB355)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.2662022LXQD001).
文摘Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type secondary batter-ies,DIBs perform a unique working mechanism,which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode,respectively,during electrochemical reactions.Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages(>4.8 V)with fast reaction kinetics.However,the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li+diffusion at a high rate.Herein,we prepared phyllostachys edulis derived carbon(PEC)through microstructure regulation strategy and investigated the carbonized temperature effect,which effectively tailored the rich short-range ordered graphite microdomains and disor-dered amorphous regions,as well as a unique nano-pore hierarchical structure.The pore size distribution of nano-pores was concentrated in 0.5-5 nm,providing suitable channels for rapid Li+transportation.It was found that PEC-500(carbon-ized at 500℃)achieved a high capacity of 436 mAh·g^(-1)at 300 mA·g^(-1)and excellent rate performance(maintaining a high capacity of 231 mAh·g^(-1)at 3 A·g^(-1)).The assembled dual-carbon PEC-500||graphite full battery delivered 114 mAh·g^(-1)at 10 C with 96%capacity retention after 3000 cycles and outstanding rate capability,providing 74 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 C.
文摘Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.The pyrolysis method affects the microstructure of the material,and ultimately its so-dium storage performance.Our previous work has shown that pyrolysis in a sealed graphite vessel im-proved the sodium storage performance of the car-bon,however the changes in its microstructure and the way this influences the sodium storage are still unclear.A series of hard carbon materials derived from corncobs(CCG-T,where T is the pyrolysis temperature)were pyrolyzed in a sealed graphite vessel at different temperatures.As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 1000 to 1400℃ small carbon domains gradually transformed into long and curved domains.At the same time,a greater number of large open pores with uniform apertures,as well as more closed pores,were formed.With the further increase of pyrolysis temperature to 1600℃,the long and curved domains became longer and straighter,and some closed pores gradually became open.CCG-1400,with abundant closed pores,had a superior SIB performance,with an initial reversible ca-pacity of 320.73 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 30 mA g^(-1),an initial Coulomb efficiency(ICE)of 84.34%,and a capacity re-tention of 96.70%after 100 cycles.This study provides a method for the precise regulation of the microcrystalline and pore structures of hard carbon materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302437)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.SBK2023045424)。
文摘Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high stress generated by superposition to cut shell into regular fragments.Additionally,it can be combined with different initiation methods to alter the fragmentation outcomes.In this study,aiming at the fracture strain of metal cylindrical shell driven by explosive charge with waveform regulator,theoretical analysis was first adopted to obtain the prediction model of the fracture strain of cylindrical shell with waveform regulator and the model of the axial distribution of the stress concentration factor.On this basis,both theoretical analysis and numerical models were utilized to investigate the effect of waveform regulator on the initial velocity of fragments.Finally,experiments were conducted to validate the fracture strain prediction model for cylindrical shell with waveform regulator.The research results show that the collision angles of the detonation waves at different axial positions are different,which leads to the stress concentration factor on the shell presenting a trend of gradually decreasing,then sharply increasing,and then rapidly decreasing along the axial direction.Additionally,the changes in the slot spacing and the thickness of outer charge will also affect the stress concentration factor,and the influence of outer charge thickness is relatively large.The smaller the ratio of charge volume to waveform regulator volume,the larger the axial sparse wave intensity and the more the fragment initial velocity decrease.From the initiation end to the non-initiation end,the failure modes of the shell sequentially change from pure shear,to mixed tensile-shear,and finally to pure tensile failure.The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated results of the fracture strain model,and the maximum relative error is less than 10%,which indicates that the fracture strain prediction model of the cylindrical shell with waveform regulator established in this paper by considering the increase of elastic energy per unit volume caused by stress concentration on the shell is reliable.
文摘Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applications under variable-rate(VR)strategies are commonly based exclusively on vegetation indices(VIs)variability.However,VIs often saturate in dense crop vegetation areas,limiting their effectiveness in distinguishing variability in crop growth.This study aimed to compare unsupervised framework(UF)and supervised framework(SUF)approaches for generat-ing zonal application maps for CGR under VR conditions.During 2022-2023 agricultural seasons,an UF was employed to generate zonal maps based on locally collected field data on plant height of cotton,satellite imagery,soil texture,and phenology data.Subsequently,a SUF(based on historical data between 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 agricultural seasons)was developed to predict plant height using remote sensing and phenology data,aiming to replicate same zonal maps but without relying on direct field measurements of plant height.Both approaches were tested in three fields and on two different dates per field.Results The predictive model for plant height of SUF performed well,as indicated by the model metrics.However,when comparing zonal application maps for specific field-date combinations,the predicted plant height exhibited lower variability compared with field measurements.This led to variable compatibility between SUF maps,which utilized the model predictions,and the UF maps,which were based on the real field data.Fields characterized by much pronounced soil texture variability yielded the highest compatibility between the zonal application maps produced by both SUF and UF approaches.This was predominantly due to the greater consistency in estimating plant development patterns within these heterogeneous field environments.While VR application approach can facilitate product savings during the application operation,other key factors must be considered.These include the availability of specialized machinery required for this type of applications,as well as the inherent operational costs associated with applying a single CGR product which differs from the typical uniform rate applications that often integrate multi-ple inputs.Conclusion Predictive modeling shows promise for assisting in the creation of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree of agreement with the actual variability in crop growth found in the field should be evaluated on a field-by-field basis.The SUF approach,which is based on plant heigh prediction,demonstrated potential for supporting the development of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree to which this approach aligns itself with the actual variability in crop growth observed in the field may vary,necessi-tating field-by-field evaluation.
基金This work was supported by the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2016205C013).
文摘With the strong battlefield application environment of the next generation fighter,based on the design of distributed vehicle management system,a fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control(FTC)method for wing surface damage is proposed in this paper.Aiming at three kinds of wing damage modes,this paper proposes a diagnosis method based on the fault decision tree and forms a fault decision tree for wing damage from the aspects of sample database construction,feature parameter extraction,and fault decision tree construction.Based on the fault diagnosis results,the longitudinal control law based on dynamic inverse and the lateral-directional robust control laws based on linear quadratic regulator(LQR)are proposed.From the simulation examples,the fault diagnosis algorithm based on the decision tree can complete the judgment of three wing surface damage modes within 2 ms,and the FTC law can make the fighter quickly return to a stable flight state after a short transient of 1 s,which achieves the fault-tolerant goal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61074004)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20110121110017)
文摘Transient performance for output regulation problems of linear discrete-time systems with input saturation is addressed by using the composite nonlinear feedback（CNF） control technique. The regulator is designed to be an additive combination of a linear regulator part and a nonlinear feedback part. The linear regulator part solves the regulation problem independently which produces a quick output response but large oscillations. The nonlinear feedback part with well-tuned parameters is introduced to improve the transient performance by smoothing the oscillatory convergence. It is shown that the introduction of the nonlinear feedback part does not change the solvability conditions of the linear discrete-time output regulation problem. The effectiveness of transient improvement is illustrated by a numeric example.
基金Project(2009AA045004)supported by the Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘A fuzzy robust path tracking strategy of an active pelagic trawl system with ship and winch regulation is proposed.First,nonlinear mathematic model of the pelagic trawl system was derived using Lagrange equation and further simplified as a low order model for the convenience of controller design.Then,an active path tracking strategy of pelagic trawl system was investigated to improve the catching efficiency of the target fish near the sea bottom.By means of the active tracking control,the pelagic trawl net can be positioned dynamically to follow a specified trajectory via the coordinated winch and ship regulation.In addition,considering the system nonlinearities,modeling uncertainties and the unknown exogenous disturbance of the trawl system model,a nonlinear robust H2 /H∞ controller based on Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy model was presented,and the simulation comparison with linear robust H2 /H∞ controller and PID method was conducted for the validation of the nonlinear fuzzy robust controller.The nonlinear simulation results show that the average tracking error is 0.4 m for the fuzzy robust H2 /H∞ control and 125.8 m for the vertical and horizontal displacement,respectively,which is much smaller than linear H2 /H∞ controller and the PID controller.The investigation results illustrate that the fuzzy robust controller is effective for the active path tracking control of the pelagic trawl system.
基金Supported by the projects of Beijing Municipal Educational Committee(KM200710016012)Beijing Municipal Office of Philosophy and Social Science(06BaJG0095)Beijing Municipal Organization Committee(20071D0501700235)
文摘This paper mainly studied how to determine the best location of the self-operated flow control valve at the heating system entrance.Since the location of regulating valve directly affects the pipe network performance,the simulation and analysis of pressure change in heating system was carried out with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)software.The study shows the best location of regulating valve varies with the change of the supply and return pipe length when the heating area of each user is small,and when the heating area of each user is large(2 000 000～3 000 000 m2),the best location is on the supply pipe.
文摘Both the traverse subsystem and the elevation subsystem of the all-electrical tank gun control system are composed of electrical drive control system respectively. The parameters of PI regulator in these electrical drive control systems affect the performance of the control system seriously. Up to now, there is not a simple and practical method for choosing regulator parameters, which are usually determined by repeated and continual readjustment. This method is low efficient, and the parameters got are not always optimal. A method for on-line adjusting the parameters of PI regulator in the electrical drive control system by computer program is introduced in this paper. The function of adjusting PI parameters of the electrical drive control system is realized by PC program written by VC++ and controlling program written by assemble language and by the communication between PC and DSP completed by the control MSCOMM in VC++6.0. The method as mentioned above which is applied for an all-electrical tank gun control system under development is proved very available, a better performance might be obtained for the all-electrical tank gun control system easily.
文摘Presents a control strategy for underactuated mechanical system: the acrobot example, which combines fuzzy control and linear quadratic control. The fuzzy controller designed for the upswing ensures that the energy of the acrobot increases with each swing. After the acrobot enters a neighborhood of the unstable straight up equilibrium position, a linear quadratic regulator is designed to balance it.
基金The project supported by National High-tech R&D Program of China 863 Program Grant(2009AA022704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81573463,81173129,81202595 and NIH Grant CA 94961)
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of e IF3a in the regulation of DNA repair pathways in cancer chemotherapeutic response.METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of e IF3a in lung and breast cancer tissues followed by association analysis of e IF3a expression with patient′s response to chemotherapy.Ectopic overexpression and RNA interference knockdown of e IF3a were carried out in NIH3T3and H1299 cell lines,respectively,to determine the effect of altered e IF3a expression on cellular response to chemotherapeutic drugs by using MTT assay.The DNA repair capacity of these cells was evaluated by using host-cell reactivation,NHEJ and HR assay.Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and Western Blot analyses were carried out to determine the effect of e IF3a on the DNA repair genes by using cells with altered e IF3a expression.RESULTS e IF3a expression associates with response of lung and breast cancer patients to platinum and anthracycline.e IF3a knockdown or overexpression,respectively,increased and decreased the cellular resistance to cisplatin and anthracycline anticancer drugs,DNA repair activity,and expression of NER and NHEJ DNA repair proteins.CONCLUSION e IF3a plays an important role in regulating the expression of NER and NHEJ DNA repair proteins which,in turn,contributes to cellular response to DNA-damaging anticancer drugs and patients′response to platinum and anthracycline chemotherapy.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81301908)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(15140904700,13ZR1412600,14DZ2270100)
文摘OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450(CYP)3A accounts for nearly 30%of total CYP enzymes in human liver and participates in the metabolism of over 50%of clinical drugs.CYP3A also plays an important role in the chemical metabolism,toxicity,and carcinogenicity.New animal models are needed to investigate CYP3A functions.METHODS The CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to generate Cyp3a1/2 double knockout rat model.The absence of Cyp3a1/2 expression was evaluated through PCR and immunostaining.Metabolic studies of the CYP3A substrates midazolam and nifedipine both in vitro and in vivo were conducted to verify that CYP3A1/2 was functional y inactive in KO rats.In addition,compensatory up-regulation of other P450 genes in Cyp3a1/2 KO rats was detected.RESULTS The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rats were viable and fertile,and had no obvious physiological abnormities.Compared with the wild-type(WT)rat,Cyp3a1/2 expression was completely absent in the liver of the KO rat.In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies of the CYP3A1/2 substrates indicated that CYP3A1/2 was functionally inactive in double KO rats.CONCLUSION The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rat model was successfully generated and characterized.The Cyp3a1/2 KO rats as a novel rodent animal model will be a valuable tool for the study of the physiological and pharmacological roles of CYP3A,and determining whether the absence of CYP3A results in non-CYP mediated metabolism or metabolism by other CYP isoforms.
文摘Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as Trichoderma is concerned, molecular genetic methods and tools are most advanced in H. jecorina, and its genome has recently been fully sequenced, thus making this taxon a model organism for the genus. Here we will demonstrate that H. jecorina is able to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi in plate confrontation tests, and can protect tomato and cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum blight. Using this as a model case, we made use of available H. jecorina mutants to investigate (a) whether carbon catabolite repression via the Cre1-regulator protein has an impact on biocontrol, and (b) whether cellulase gene expression is necessary for biocontrol of P. ultimum. In the first case, plate confrontation tests and in planta experiments yielded opposite results, i.e. while a Cre1 mutant was more active in antagonization of fungi on plates, the survival rates of P. ultimum-inoculated cucumber plants was lower than with the H. jecorina wild-type strain. Mutants of H. jecorina, unable to form cellulases, were still able to antagonize fungi on plates and provided similar protection of tomatos against P. ultimum as the wild type, indicating that the pronounced biocontrol ability of H. jecorina against fungi with cellulose-containing cell-walls is not due to its high cellulolytic activity. A strain disrupted in the light-modulator gene envoy (Schmoll et al., ms submitted) exhibited in planta biocontrol activity strongly exceeding that of the wild-type strain, thereby providing a first link between Trichoderma biocontrol and light. In view of the numerous other metabolic and regulatory mutants of H. jecorina available, we suggest that this fungus should increasingly be used in basic studies on the biochemistry and genetics of biocontrol.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61374035)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720150177)
文摘The global robust output regulation problem of the singular nonlinear system is investigated. Motivated by the input-output linearization of the normal affine nonlinear system, a global diffeomorphism map is designed under the assumption that the singular nonlinear system has a strong relative degree. The global diffeomorphism map transfers the singular nonlinear system into a new singular nonlinear system with a special structure. Attaching an internal model to the new singular nonlinear system yields an augmented singular nonlinear system and the global robust stabilization solution of the augmented system implies the global robust output regulation solution of the original singular nonlinear system. Then the global stabilization problem is solved by some appropriate assumptions and the solvability conditions of the global robust output regulation problem are established. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the design approach.
基金Supported by Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (200802240008)National 863 Project (2007AA10Z177)
文摘The regulating axillary branch gene was cloned and named as CsCCD7.Using a series bioinformatic computer softwares,database and online programes,CsCCD7 nucleotide sequence and CsCCD7 amino acid sequence were analyzed and CsCCD7 function was predicted.The results showed that CsCCD7 cDNA full length sequence was 2 136 bp,and included a 1 665 bp ORF which encoded a 554 AA protein;there were 32 kinds of cis-acting regulating element in 2 136 bp cDNA sequence;CsCCD7 was an unstable protein（the unstable coefficient：40.77）,including many phosphorylation sites related with CsCCD7 function;CsCCD7 had no transmembrane domain,and its subcellular localization was in chloroplast.CsCCD7 secondary structure contained four conformations including α-helix,β-sheet,β-turn and random coil.CsCCD7 protein had no signal peptide,so was non-secretory protein and hydrophilicity protein（grand average of hydropathicity：-0.401）.Both CsCCD7 secondary and tertiary structure prediction results showed that it was classified as carotenoid oxygenase family.Phylogenetic tree drew by Geneious showed that CsCCD7 was more closely related to AtCCD7 than any other Arabidopsis CCD protein.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61873219)。
文摘This paper investigates the problem of robust output regulation control with prospected transient property for strict feedback systems.By employing the internal model principle,the robust output regulation problem with a prospected property can be transformed to a robust stabilization problem with a new output constraint.Then,by constructing the speed function and adopting barrier Lyapunov function technique,the dynamic feedback controller can be designed not only to drive error output of the closed-loop system entering into a prescribed performance bound within a given finite time,but also to achieve that the error output converges to zero asymptotically.The effectiveness of the results is illustrated by a simulation example.
文摘The paper introduced CAN （Controller Area Network） bus and CAN2.0 standard, the design of hardware frame-work multi-point communication based on CAN bus, and the software design method. At the same time, the system normal communication function and stability were shown in the experiment.
文摘Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) into tissues and secondary lymphoid organs plays a crucial role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity. In this article, we show that cyclosporin A (CsA) impairs the migration of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of DCs to clinical concentrations of CsA neither induces apoptosis nor alters development but does impair cytokine secretion, chemokine receptor expression, and migration. In vitro, CsA impairs the migration of mouse bone marrow-derived DCs toward macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta (MIP-3beta) and induces them to retain responsiveness to MIP-1alpha after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DC maturation, while in vivo administration of CsA inhibits the migration of DCs out of skin and into the secondary lymphoid organs. CsA impairs chemokine receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression normally triggered in LPS-stimulated DCs; administration of exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) reverses the effects of CsA on chemokine receptor expression and DC migration. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling by CsA may be responsible for the CsA-mediated effects on the regulation of chemokine receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Impairment of DC migration due to inhibition of PGE2 production and regulation of chemokine receptor expression may contribute, in part, to CsA-mediated immunosuppression.
