Whipple shields as sacrificial bumpers,safeguard the satellites against extremely fast,different-sized projectiles traveling through space in the low earth orbit.Typical Whipple shields comprise a front and rear plate...Whipple shields as sacrificial bumpers,safeguard the satellites against extremely fast,different-sized projectiles traveling through space in the low earth orbit.Typical Whipple shields comprise a front and rear plate,separated by a gap or space.Recent advancements have explored the use of foam,cellular cores,and alternative materials such as ceramics instead of aluminium for the plates.In the current work,the effect of including fluid cores(air/water)sandwiched between the front and rear plates,on the response to hypervelocity impact was explored through a numerical approach.The numerical simulation consisted of hypervelocity impact by a 2 mm diameter,stainless steel projectile,launched at speeds of 3 e9 km/s with a normal impact trajectory towards the Whipple shield.The front and rear bumpers,made of AA6061-T6,were each 1 mm thick.A space of 10 mm was taken between the plates(occupied by fluid).The key metrics analyzed were the perforation characteristics,stages of the debris cloud generation and propagation,energy variations(internal,kinetic and plastic work),temperature variations,and the fragmentation summary.From the computational analysis,employing water-core in Whipple shields could prevent the rear bumper perforation till 6 km/s,lower the peak temperatures at the front bumper perforation zones and debris tip,and generate fewer,larger fragments.展开更多
With the development of two-stage munitions(a precursor shaped charge(SC)and a following kinetic energy projectile)to attack the hard concrete targets,as well as the increasing applications of ultra-high performance c...With the development of two-stage munitions(a precursor shaped charge(SC)and a following kinetic energy projectile)to attack the hard concrete targets,as well as the increasing applications of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)in both civil and military protective structures,a comparative study on the impact performance of SC formed jet on UHPC target is performed experimentally and numerically at present.Firstly,a series of jet penetration/perforation test on the UHPC,45# steel and UHPC/45# steel composite targets are conducted.By assessing the penetration depth and borehole(crater and tunnel)diameter,the influences of target material and configuration as well as the standoff distance of SC on the impact performance of jet are experimentally discussed.Then,by adopting the 2 D multi-material Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE)algorithm,Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI)method and erosion algorithm implemented in the finite element code LS-DYNA,the formation and impact performance of jet in the present test are well reproduced.Finally,based on the validated numerical algorithms,constitutive models and the corresponding parameters,the influences of target material(UHPC,NSC and 45# steel),standoff distance,target configuration(stacked and spaced)and weight efficiency on the impact performance of jet are further discussed.The derived conclusions could provide helpful references for evaluating the ballistic performance of jet and designing the protective structures.展开更多
The multi-dimensional time-domain computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach is extended to calculate the acoustic attenuation performance of water-filled piping silencers. Transmission loss predictions from the time-...The multi-dimensional time-domain computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach is extended to calculate the acoustic attenuation performance of water-filled piping silencers. Transmission loss predictions from the time-domain CFD approach and the frequency-domain finite element method(FEM) agree well with each other for the dual expansion chamber silencer, straight-through and cross-flow perforated tube silencers without flow. Then, the time-domain CFD approach is used to investigate the effect of flow on the acoustic attenuation characteristics of perforated tube silencers. The numerical predictions demonstrate that the mean flow increases the transmission loss, especially at higher frequencies, and shifts the transmission loss curve to lower frequencies.展开更多
Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin st...Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin steel plates were analyzed. A new method was proposed according to the experimental results and the perforation phenomenon of the thin steel plates to determine the radius of the bulging region. In establishing this new method, a dynamic method combined with the plastic wave propagation concept based on the rigid plastic assumption was adopted. The whole perforation process was divided into four consecutive stages, namely, bulging deformation, dishing deformation, ductile hole enlargement, and projectile exit. On the basis of the energy conservation principle, a new model was developed to predict the residual velocities of hemispherical-nosed projectiles that perforate thin steel plates at low velocities.The results obtained from the theoretical calculations by the present model were compared with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of both the radius of the bulging region and the residual velocity of the projectile when the strain rate effects of the target material during each stage were considered.展开更多
A new type of explosive ink formulation that can be quickly cured was prepared with unsaturated polyester as binder,styrene as active monomer,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide as photoinitiator,and hexani...A new type of explosive ink formulation that can be quickly cured was prepared with unsaturated polyester as binder,styrene as active monomer,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide as photoinitiator,and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)as the main explosive.Then the explosive inkdirect writing technology was used to charge the micro-sized energetic devices,the curing mechanism of the explosive ink was discussed,and the microstructure,safety performance and explosive transfer performance of the explosive ink molded samples were tested and analyzed.Results indicate that the composite material has a fast curing molding speed,its hardness can reach 2H within 8 min.The crystal form of CL-20 in the molded sample is still type.The CL-20 based UV-curing explosive ink formulation has good compatibility,its apparent activation energy is increased by about 3.5 kj/mol.The composite presents a significant reduction in impact sensitivity and its characteristic drop height can reach 39.8 cm,whichis about 3 times higher than the raw material.When the line width of charge is 1.0 mm,the critical thickness of the explosion can reach 0.015 mm,and the explosion velocity is 7129 m/s when the charge density is 1.612 g/cm^(3).展开更多
A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with takin...A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with taking the attitude deflection during the shear plugging sub-stage into account,and the shape of the plug formed on the rear surface of target is also re-investigated.Moreover,a new classification of concrete targets is proposed based on the target thickness,with which the attitude deflections in different kinds of concrete targets are analyzed.It is found that the numerical results by using the new perforation model are in good agreement with the previous experimental data and simulated results.Furthermore,the variations of the attitude deflection with the initial conditions(the initial attitude angle and the initial impact velocity) are investigated.展开更多
The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded pen...The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded penetration depth,probability of perforation(i.e.,complete penetration),muzzle and impact velocities,bullet mass,and plate yield strength and hardness.The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately±12%.The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation.Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities,and for mild steels,and High Hardness Armour(HHA) plates.This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design,where,for example,the plate thickness with 95% reliability(i.e.only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation.Hence,it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11-15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates.Plates would need to be 20-30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.展开更多
To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylind...To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylindrical liner can form jet and most materials on top of liner form the tip of jet, while the others form the tail of jet. The jet has a better continuity, and the ratio of cumulative jet length to the liner diameter can reach to 7.56. Furthermore, the ratio of bore diameter to the liner diameter is from 0.36 and 1, and the ratio of penetration depth to the liner diameter can be up to 5.5.展开更多
To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for...To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for UTC with circular holes was proposed to verify whether it being fit for this kind of absorber with slit-like perforations. The results show that in certain parameters,the predicted values of ε are very close to measured values,and the root mean square difference in betweens about 0.10,so the modle is suitable. Based on experimental results,this kind of absorber is proved to be feasible,with highest value of ε,up to 0.81. In addition,with the increase of γ,overall heat exchange effectiveness ε will decrease,i.e.,the value of ε will decrease with the increase of suction velocity vs or the decrease of wind velocity uw. However,the actual value of solar radiation intensity G and ambient temperature T∞ have little influence on ε.展开更多
Exact simulation of the acoustic performance is essential to the engineering application for a vehicle intake system. The rectangular-pulse method based on the computational fluid dynamics approach was employed for ca...Exact simulation of the acoustic performance is essential to the engineering application for a vehicle intake system. The rectangular-pulse method based on the computational fluid dynamics approach was employed for calculating the transmission loss. Firstly, the transmission loss of the single-cavity element was simulated without any airflow, and the effects of different structural parameters on the acoustic performance were investigated comprehensively. Secondly, the static transmission loss of the perforated intake pipe was obtained by the rectangular-pulse method, which is proved to be accurate enough compared with the result by finite element method. Thirdly, under the different conditions of the mean airflow and the operating temperature, the specific transmission loss was acquired respectively. In general, the peaks of the transmission loss are shifted to the lower frequency range because of the reverse airflow, but the amplitudes are irregularly changed. Besides, when the operating temperature increases, the peaks are shifted to the higher frequencies. Finally, with the designed perforated pipe installed to the intake system, the road tests were proceeded to evaluate the actual acoustic performance, and the result indicates that the intake sound pressure level is greatly attenuated. Typically in the range of 600–1500 Hz, the insertion loss of the intake noise at the decelerating moment is almost 20 d B(A), and the overall noise is reduced more than 14.2 d B(A). In conclusion, the perforated intake pipe has been proved excellent in improving the acoustic performance of intake system and could provide the guidance for the automotive engineering application.展开更多
A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the...A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the perforation of a thick metallic plate by a long rod can be divided into three stages:(1) initial penetration;(2) plug formation and (3) plug slipping and separation. Various analytical equations are derived which can be employed to predict the ballistic limit, residual velocity and residual length of the long rod. It is demonstrated that the present model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental results for the perforation of finite steel targets struck normally by steel as well as tungsten alloy long rods at high velocities. It is also demonstrated that the dynamic maximum shear stress of a plate material has strong effect on plug formation and plug thickness which, in turn, exerts considerable influence on the residual velocities and lengths of a long rod at impact velocities just above the ballistic limit.展开更多
In this work, blast disruption and mitigation using 3D grids/perforated plates were tested for underbelly and side protection of vehicles. Two vehicle simulants were used: a small-scale one for side vehicle protection...In this work, blast disruption and mitigation using 3D grids/perforated plates were tested for underbelly and side protection of vehicles. Two vehicle simulants were used: a small-scale one for side vehicle protection assessment and a true-to-scale simulant for underbelly protection testing. The deformation of target plates was assessed. These were either unprotected or protected by three different types of disruptors. The first disruptor was made of a sandwich structure of two perforated plates filled with a thin aluminum structure allowing the air to pass through. The two other disruptors were made of pieces of cast metallic foam. Two different kinds of foams were used: one with large cells and the second one with small cells. Beforehand, the mitigation efficiency of the disruptors was evaluated using an explosivedriven shock tube(EDST). The experiments showed that blast disruption/mitigation by 3D grid/perforated plate structures was not suitable for vehicle side protection. However, 3D grids/perforated structures proved to be relatively effective for underbelly protection compared to an equivalent mass of steel.展开更多
The structural performance of perforated steel columns(PSCs)is significantly more complex than the one of solid web I-shaped elements under the diversity of blast loading scenarios.The damage criterion of PSCs is not ...The structural performance of perforated steel columns(PSCs)is significantly more complex than the one of solid web I-shaped elements under the diversity of blast loading scenarios.The damage criterion of PSCs is not only related to initial deformation response during the blast but also the residual axial load capacity and it can be considered as a reliable index after the blast effects.Therefore,the PSCs damages will be studied in two stages;direct and post blast effects.In the present study,the dynamic response of PSCs was numerically evaluated under different levels of blast threats using LS-DYNA software.Extensive explicit finite element(FE)analyses are carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters,such as web opening shapes,boundary conditions and strengthening details on the damage index and toughness of the PSCs compared to the parent steel sections.The results of the comparative study show that the damage and toughness decrease when the support condition changes from pinned to fixed ends through the two stages of loadings.PSCs give high toughness compared to its parent sections during blast shock stage while,a remarkable decrease in toughness is observed during the application of axial gravity after blast shock.Furthermore,the web opening shapes have slight effects on the global dynamic behavior of PSCs,particularly in terms of residual capacity.On the contrary,the retrofitting strategy using both closed holes at end and vertical stiffeners have an effective enhancement to get higher toughness in case of the extreme blasts.展开更多
In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyze...In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyzed. It is found that the ultimate strength of the perforated plates decreases rapidly and stabilizes in the first four cycles. Plates with oblong openings have a greater ultimate strength compared to plates with rectangular openings, while the relative strengthening ratio decreases over the duration of the cycle. The location of the openings is also an important parameter that affects the strength of the structure, as the plates with openings close to the edges in the longitudinal direction have higher strengths, while in the transverse direction the strengths are higher when the openings are close to the center. Among the three opening-strengthening methods compared, the Carling stiffener method maintains a better strengthening effect under cyclic loads for many periods.展开更多
文摘Whipple shields as sacrificial bumpers,safeguard the satellites against extremely fast,different-sized projectiles traveling through space in the low earth orbit.Typical Whipple shields comprise a front and rear plate,separated by a gap or space.Recent advancements have explored the use of foam,cellular cores,and alternative materials such as ceramics instead of aluminium for the plates.In the current work,the effect of including fluid cores(air/water)sandwiched between the front and rear plates,on the response to hypervelocity impact was explored through a numerical approach.The numerical simulation consisted of hypervelocity impact by a 2 mm diameter,stainless steel projectile,launched at speeds of 3 e9 km/s with a normal impact trajectory towards the Whipple shield.The front and rear bumpers,made of AA6061-T6,were each 1 mm thick.A space of 10 mm was taken between the plates(occupied by fluid).The key metrics analyzed were the perforation characteristics,stages of the debris cloud generation and propagation,energy variations(internal,kinetic and plastic work),temperature variations,and the fragmentation summary.From the computational analysis,employing water-core in Whipple shields could prevent the rear bumper perforation till 6 km/s,lower the peak temperatures at the front bumper perforation zones and debris tip,and generate fewer,larger fragments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51438003,51878507)
文摘With the development of two-stage munitions(a precursor shaped charge(SC)and a following kinetic energy projectile)to attack the hard concrete targets,as well as the increasing applications of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)in both civil and military protective structures,a comparative study on the impact performance of SC formed jet on UHPC target is performed experimentally and numerically at present.Firstly,a series of jet penetration/perforation test on the UHPC,45# steel and UHPC/45# steel composite targets are conducted.By assessing the penetration depth and borehole(crater and tunnel)diameter,the influences of target material and configuration as well as the standoff distance of SC on the impact performance of jet are experimentally discussed.Then,by adopting the 2 D multi-material Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE)algorithm,Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI)method and erosion algorithm implemented in the finite element code LS-DYNA,the formation and impact performance of jet in the present test are well reproduced.Finally,based on the validated numerical algorithms,constitutive models and the corresponding parameters,the influences of target material(UHPC,NSC and 45# steel),standoff distance,target configuration(stacked and spaced)and weight efficiency on the impact performance of jet are further discussed.The derived conclusions could provide helpful references for evaluating the ballistic performance of jet and designing the protective structures.
基金Project(11174065)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The multi-dimensional time-domain computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach is extended to calculate the acoustic attenuation performance of water-filled piping silencers. Transmission loss predictions from the time-domain CFD approach and the frequency-domain finite element method(FEM) agree well with each other for the dual expansion chamber silencer, straight-through and cross-flow perforated tube silencers without flow. Then, the time-domain CFD approach is used to investigate the effect of flow on the acoustic attenuation characteristics of perforated tube silencers. The numerical predictions demonstrate that the mean flow increases the transmission loss, especially at higher frequencies, and shifts the transmission loss curve to lower frequencies.
基金financially supported by the National Security Major Foundation Research Project(973)of China(6133050102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51409253)
文摘Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin steel plates were analyzed. A new method was proposed according to the experimental results and the perforation phenomenon of the thin steel plates to determine the radius of the bulging region. In establishing this new method, a dynamic method combined with the plastic wave propagation concept based on the rigid plastic assumption was adopted. The whole perforation process was divided into four consecutive stages, namely, bulging deformation, dishing deformation, ductile hole enlargement, and projectile exit. On the basis of the energy conservation principle, a new model was developed to predict the residual velocities of hemispherical-nosed projectiles that perforate thin steel plates at low velocities.The results obtained from the theoretical calculations by the present model were compared with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of both the radius of the bulging region and the residual velocity of the projectile when the strain rate effects of the target material during each stage were considered.
基金Equipment Development Department of China(61406190401).
文摘A new type of explosive ink formulation that can be quickly cured was prepared with unsaturated polyester as binder,styrene as active monomer,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide as photoinitiator,and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)as the main explosive.Then the explosive inkdirect writing technology was used to charge the micro-sized energetic devices,the curing mechanism of the explosive ink was discussed,and the microstructure,safety performance and explosive transfer performance of the explosive ink molded samples were tested and analyzed.Results indicate that the composite material has a fast curing molding speed,its hardness can reach 2H within 8 min.The crystal form of CL-20 in the molded sample is still type.The CL-20 based UV-curing explosive ink formulation has good compatibility,its apparent activation energy is increased by about 3.5 kj/mol.The composite presents a significant reduction in impact sensitivity and its characteristic drop height can reach 39.8 cm,whichis about 3 times higher than the raw material.When the line width of charge is 1.0 mm,the critical thickness of the explosion can reach 0.015 mm,and the explosion velocity is 7129 m/s when the charge density is 1.612 g/cm^(3).
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 11521062].
文摘A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with taking the attitude deflection during the shear plugging sub-stage into account,and the shape of the plug formed on the rear surface of target is also re-investigated.Moreover,a new classification of concrete targets is proposed based on the target thickness,with which the attitude deflections in different kinds of concrete targets are analyzed.It is found that the numerical results by using the new perforation model are in good agreement with the previous experimental data and simulated results.Furthermore,the variations of the attitude deflection with the initial conditions(the initial attitude angle and the initial impact velocity) are investigated.
基金The authors appreciate the laboratory assistance of Goran Simundic and Michael Goodwin for assistance with measurement of the field test results The assistance of final year honours student Richard Szlicht is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded penetration depth,probability of perforation(i.e.,complete penetration),muzzle and impact velocities,bullet mass,and plate yield strength and hardness.The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately±12%.The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation.Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities,and for mild steels,and High Hardness Armour(HHA) plates.This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design,where,for example,the plate thickness with 95% reliability(i.e.only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation.Hence,it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11-15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates.Plates would need to be 20-30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.
文摘To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylindrical liner can form jet and most materials on top of liner form the tip of jet, while the others form the tail of jet. The jet has a better continuity, and the ratio of cumulative jet length to the liner diameter can reach to 7.56. Furthermore, the ratio of bore diameter to the liner diameter is from 0.36 and 1, and the ratio of penetration depth to the liner diameter can be up to 5.5.
基金Project (2006BAJ04B01-3) supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the 11th Five-year Plan Period of Chinaproject(09JCZDJC24600) supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City of China
文摘To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for UTC with circular holes was proposed to verify whether it being fit for this kind of absorber with slit-like perforations. The results show that in certain parameters,the predicted values of ε are very close to measured values,and the root mean square difference in betweens about 0.10,so the modle is suitable. Based on experimental results,this kind of absorber is proved to be feasible,with highest value of ε,up to 0.81. In addition,with the increase of γ,overall heat exchange effectiveness ε will decrease,i.e.,the value of ε will decrease with the increase of suction velocity vs or the decrease of wind velocity uw. However,the actual value of solar radiation intensity G and ambient temperature T∞ have little influence on ε.
基金Project(51705454)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Exact simulation of the acoustic performance is essential to the engineering application for a vehicle intake system. The rectangular-pulse method based on the computational fluid dynamics approach was employed for calculating the transmission loss. Firstly, the transmission loss of the single-cavity element was simulated without any airflow, and the effects of different structural parameters on the acoustic performance were investigated comprehensively. Secondly, the static transmission loss of the perforated intake pipe was obtained by the rectangular-pulse method, which is proved to be accurate enough compared with the result by finite element method. Thirdly, under the different conditions of the mean airflow and the operating temperature, the specific transmission loss was acquired respectively. In general, the peaks of the transmission loss are shifted to the lower frequency range because of the reverse airflow, but the amplitudes are irregularly changed. Besides, when the operating temperature increases, the peaks are shifted to the higher frequencies. Finally, with the designed perforated pipe installed to the intake system, the road tests were proceeded to evaluate the actual acoustic performance, and the result indicates that the intake sound pressure level is greatly attenuated. Typically in the range of 600–1500 Hz, the insertion loss of the intake noise at the decelerating moment is almost 20 d B(A), and the overall noise is reduced more than 14.2 d B(A). In conclusion, the perforated intake pipe has been proved excellent in improving the acoustic performance of intake system and could provide the guidance for the automotive engineering application.
文摘A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the perforation of a thick metallic plate by a long rod can be divided into three stages:(1) initial penetration;(2) plug formation and (3) plug slipping and separation. Various analytical equations are derived which can be employed to predict the ballistic limit, residual velocity and residual length of the long rod. It is demonstrated that the present model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental results for the perforation of finite steel targets struck normally by steel as well as tungsten alloy long rods at high velocities. It is also demonstrated that the dynamic maximum shear stress of a plate material has strong effect on plug formation and plug thickness which, in turn, exerts considerable influence on the residual velocities and lengths of a long rod at impact velocities just above the ballistic limit.
基金the French Ministry of Defense for its financial support, in the frame of an official subsidy agreement (convention de subvention)。
文摘In this work, blast disruption and mitigation using 3D grids/perforated plates were tested for underbelly and side protection of vehicles. Two vehicle simulants were used: a small-scale one for side vehicle protection assessment and a true-to-scale simulant for underbelly protection testing. The deformation of target plates was assessed. These were either unprotected or protected by three different types of disruptors. The first disruptor was made of a sandwich structure of two perforated plates filled with a thin aluminum structure allowing the air to pass through. The two other disruptors were made of pieces of cast metallic foam. Two different kinds of foams were used: one with large cells and the second one with small cells. Beforehand, the mitigation efficiency of the disruptors was evaluated using an explosivedriven shock tube(EDST). The experiments showed that blast disruption/mitigation by 3D grid/perforated plate structures was not suitable for vehicle side protection. However, 3D grids/perforated structures proved to be relatively effective for underbelly protection compared to an equivalent mass of steel.
文摘The structural performance of perforated steel columns(PSCs)is significantly more complex than the one of solid web I-shaped elements under the diversity of blast loading scenarios.The damage criterion of PSCs is not only related to initial deformation response during the blast but also the residual axial load capacity and it can be considered as a reliable index after the blast effects.Therefore,the PSCs damages will be studied in two stages;direct and post blast effects.In the present study,the dynamic response of PSCs was numerically evaluated under different levels of blast threats using LS-DYNA software.Extensive explicit finite element(FE)analyses are carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters,such as web opening shapes,boundary conditions and strengthening details on the damage index and toughness of the PSCs compared to the parent steel sections.The results of the comparative study show that the damage and toughness decrease when the support condition changes from pinned to fixed ends through the two stages of loadings.PSCs give high toughness compared to its parent sections during blast shock stage while,a remarkable decrease in toughness is observed during the application of axial gravity after blast shock.Furthermore,the web opening shapes have slight effects on the global dynamic behavior of PSCs,particularly in terms of residual capacity.On the contrary,the retrofitting strategy using both closed holes at end and vertical stiffeners have an effective enhancement to get higher toughness in case of the extreme blasts.
文摘In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyzed. It is found that the ultimate strength of the perforated plates decreases rapidly and stabilizes in the first four cycles. Plates with oblong openings have a greater ultimate strength compared to plates with rectangular openings, while the relative strengthening ratio decreases over the duration of the cycle. The location of the openings is also an important parameter that affects the strength of the structure, as the plates with openings close to the edges in the longitudinal direction have higher strengths, while in the transverse direction the strengths are higher when the openings are close to the center. Among the three opening-strengthening methods compared, the Carling stiffener method maintains a better strengthening effect under cyclic loads for many periods.
