Partial cooperation models are studied for many years to solve the bilevel programming problems where the follower’s optimal reaction is not unique. However, in these existed models, the follower’s cooperation level...Partial cooperation models are studied for many years to solve the bilevel programming problems where the follower’s optimal reaction is not unique. However, in these existed models, the follower’s cooperation level does not depend on the leader’s decision. A new model is proposed to solve this deficiency. It is proved the feasibility of the new model when the reaction set of the lower level is lower semicontinuous. And the numerical results show that the new model has optimal solutions when the reaction set of the lower level is discrete, lower semi-continuous and non-lower semi-continuous.展开更多
在气候变化背景下,模拟土壤侵蚀的时空演变特征并探讨其与气候因子之间的响应,对于应对气候变化和防灾减灾具有重要意义。现有研究主要聚焦于气候变化、坡度及植被恢复等因素对黄土高原土壤侵蚀的影响,但较少同时考虑各驱动因子之间的...在气候变化背景下,模拟土壤侵蚀的时空演变特征并探讨其与气候因子之间的响应,对于应对气候变化和防灾减灾具有重要意义。现有研究主要聚焦于气候变化、坡度及植被恢复等因素对黄土高原土壤侵蚀的影响,但较少同时考虑各驱动因子之间的相互作用及其对土壤侵蚀的直接与间接影响。基于气象站点、土地利用/土地覆被和土壤质地等数据,采用Theil⁃Sen Median趋势和Mann⁃Kendal检验对气候因子的时空变化特征进行了分析,利用InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型模拟了1990年、2000年、2010年和2020年黄土高原土壤侵蚀的时空分布,并通过最优参数地理探测器和偏最小二乘结构方程模型在考虑自然因子和植被因子的基础上,重点对气候因子对土壤侵蚀的影响强度和路径进行分析。结果表明:气候因子时空变化具有阶段性和区域性,降水量在1990—2000年以-55.96 mm/10a的速率下降,而2000—2020年以53.99 mm/10a的速率上升;研究期内年降水量、降水强度指数、大雨日数、强降水量、平均气温和最低气温的增长率分别为26.15 mm/10a、0.26 mm d^(-1)10a^(-1)、0.56 d/10a、15.21 mm/10a、0.32℃/10a和0.40℃/10a。从空间上看,1990—2000年降水量减少区域为86.36%,而2000年以后增加区域达97.42%;2000—2020年,极端降水指标在整个研究区基本为增加;气温上升区域主要分布在东、西部,气候变化呈现明显的暖湿化趋势且降水的极端性增强。1990—2020年,黄土高原土壤侵蚀模数呈现先减少再增加趋势,2020年土壤侵蚀量为2.19亿t。最优参数地理探测器分析显示,坡度、降水和植被覆盖是土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素,其中降水量对土壤侵蚀的解释力从1990年的0.11在2020年增至0.18。结合偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析结果,温度主要通过影响降水间接影响土壤侵蚀,降水和自然因子对土壤侵蚀有直接正贡献,而植被因子对土壤侵蚀有直接负贡献,但2020年比2010年降低0.02。因此,在气候暖湿化和降水极端化趋势下,其对土壤侵蚀的影响不可忽视,在未来的土壤侵蚀防控和可持续发展中,需将气候适应和区域发展相结合,以应对未来气候变化的挑战。展开更多
To mitigate the deleterious effects of clutter and jammer, modern radars have adopted adaptive processing techniques such as constant false alarm rate(CFAR) detectors which are widely used to prevent clutter and noise...To mitigate the deleterious effects of clutter and jammer, modern radars have adopted adaptive processing techniques such as constant false alarm rate(CFAR) detectors which are widely used to prevent clutter and noise interference from saturating the radar’s display and preventing targets from being obscured.This paper concerns with the detection analysis of the novel version of CFAR schemes(cell-averaging generalized trimmed-mean,CATM) in the presence of additional outlying targets other than the target under research. The spurious targets as well as the tested one are assumed to be fluctuating in accordance with the χ~2-model with two-degrees of freedom. In this situation, the processor performance is enclosed by the swerling models(SWI and SWII). Between these bounds, there is an important class of target fluctuation which is known as moderately fluctuating targets. The detection of this class has many practical applications. Structure of the CATM detector is described briefly. Detection performances for optimal, CAM, CA, trimmed-mean(TM) and ordered-statistic(OS) CFAR strategies have been analyzed and compared for desired probability of false alarm and determined size of the reference window. False alarm rate performance of these processors has been evaluated for different strengths of interfering signal and the effect of correlation among the target returns on the detection and false alarm performances has also been studied. Our numerical results show that, with a proper choice of trimming parameters,the novel model CAM presents an ideal detection performance outweighing that of the Neyman-Pearson detector on condition that the tested target obeys the SWII model in its fluctuation. Although the new models CAS and CAM can be treated as special cases of the CATM algorithm, their multi-target performance is modest even it has an enhancement relative to that of the classical CAcheme. Additionally, they fail to maintain the false alarm rate constant when the operating environment is of type target multiplicity. Moreover, the non-coherent integration of M pulses ameliorates the processor performance either it operates in homogeneous or multi-target environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundationof China (70771080)the National Science Foundation of Hubei Province(20091107)Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process (B201003)
文摘Partial cooperation models are studied for many years to solve the bilevel programming problems where the follower’s optimal reaction is not unique. However, in these existed models, the follower’s cooperation level does not depend on the leader’s decision. A new model is proposed to solve this deficiency. It is proved the feasibility of the new model when the reaction set of the lower level is lower semicontinuous. And the numerical results show that the new model has optimal solutions when the reaction set of the lower level is discrete, lower semi-continuous and non-lower semi-continuous.
文摘在气候变化背景下,模拟土壤侵蚀的时空演变特征并探讨其与气候因子之间的响应,对于应对气候变化和防灾减灾具有重要意义。现有研究主要聚焦于气候变化、坡度及植被恢复等因素对黄土高原土壤侵蚀的影响,但较少同时考虑各驱动因子之间的相互作用及其对土壤侵蚀的直接与间接影响。基于气象站点、土地利用/土地覆被和土壤质地等数据,采用Theil⁃Sen Median趋势和Mann⁃Kendal检验对气候因子的时空变化特征进行了分析,利用InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型模拟了1990年、2000年、2010年和2020年黄土高原土壤侵蚀的时空分布,并通过最优参数地理探测器和偏最小二乘结构方程模型在考虑自然因子和植被因子的基础上,重点对气候因子对土壤侵蚀的影响强度和路径进行分析。结果表明:气候因子时空变化具有阶段性和区域性,降水量在1990—2000年以-55.96 mm/10a的速率下降,而2000—2020年以53.99 mm/10a的速率上升;研究期内年降水量、降水强度指数、大雨日数、强降水量、平均气温和最低气温的增长率分别为26.15 mm/10a、0.26 mm d^(-1)10a^(-1)、0.56 d/10a、15.21 mm/10a、0.32℃/10a和0.40℃/10a。从空间上看,1990—2000年降水量减少区域为86.36%,而2000年以后增加区域达97.42%;2000—2020年,极端降水指标在整个研究区基本为增加;气温上升区域主要分布在东、西部,气候变化呈现明显的暖湿化趋势且降水的极端性增强。1990—2020年,黄土高原土壤侵蚀模数呈现先减少再增加趋势,2020年土壤侵蚀量为2.19亿t。最优参数地理探测器分析显示,坡度、降水和植被覆盖是土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素,其中降水量对土壤侵蚀的解释力从1990年的0.11在2020年增至0.18。结合偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析结果,温度主要通过影响降水间接影响土壤侵蚀,降水和自然因子对土壤侵蚀有直接正贡献,而植被因子对土壤侵蚀有直接负贡献,但2020年比2010年降低0.02。因此,在气候暖湿化和降水极端化趋势下,其对土壤侵蚀的影响不可忽视,在未来的土壤侵蚀防控和可持续发展中,需将气候适应和区域发展相结合,以应对未来气候变化的挑战。
文摘To mitigate the deleterious effects of clutter and jammer, modern radars have adopted adaptive processing techniques such as constant false alarm rate(CFAR) detectors which are widely used to prevent clutter and noise interference from saturating the radar’s display and preventing targets from being obscured.This paper concerns with the detection analysis of the novel version of CFAR schemes(cell-averaging generalized trimmed-mean,CATM) in the presence of additional outlying targets other than the target under research. The spurious targets as well as the tested one are assumed to be fluctuating in accordance with the χ~2-model with two-degrees of freedom. In this situation, the processor performance is enclosed by the swerling models(SWI and SWII). Between these bounds, there is an important class of target fluctuation which is known as moderately fluctuating targets. The detection of this class has many practical applications. Structure of the CATM detector is described briefly. Detection performances for optimal, CAM, CA, trimmed-mean(TM) and ordered-statistic(OS) CFAR strategies have been analyzed and compared for desired probability of false alarm and determined size of the reference window. False alarm rate performance of these processors has been evaluated for different strengths of interfering signal and the effect of correlation among the target returns on the detection and false alarm performances has also been studied. Our numerical results show that, with a proper choice of trimming parameters,the novel model CAM presents an ideal detection performance outweighing that of the Neyman-Pearson detector on condition that the tested target obeys the SWII model in its fluctuation. Although the new models CAS and CAM can be treated as special cases of the CATM algorithm, their multi-target performance is modest even it has an enhancement relative to that of the classical CAcheme. Additionally, they fail to maintain the false alarm rate constant when the operating environment is of type target multiplicity. Moreover, the non-coherent integration of M pulses ameliorates the processor performance either it operates in homogeneous or multi-target environment.
