After ground-mulching in plastic house.it is shown that it may display obvious effect on soil temperature.increase,but almost no effect on the internal air temperature,and light conditions can be improved,but the side...After ground-mulching in plastic house.it is shown that it may display obvious effect on soil temperature.increase,but almost no effect on the internal air temperature,and light conditions can be improved,but the side effects were presented on the relative humidity and the concentration of carbon dioxide.展开更多
To obtain high quality raw materials,the optimization of process parameters of corn stalk-based raw material for straw fibre mulching film was studied.A central composite design(CCD)methodology of four factors and fiv...To obtain high quality raw materials,the optimization of process parameters of corn stalk-based raw material for straw fibre mulching film was studied.A central composite design(CCD)methodology of four factors and five levels was applied to determine the effects of four process variables,i.e.,stalk size,soaking time,working temperature and processing speed;the fibre yield,initial beating degree and fibre aspect ratio were selected as the objective functions.Fibre yield higher than 95%,initial beating degree greater than 9°SR and fibre aspect ratio greater than 45 were established as the expected values meeting the technical requirements of manufacturing stalk fibre mulching film.Response surface analysis methodology was employed.As a result,the optimal ranges of process variables were obtained as the following:the stalk size was from 3 cm to 10 cm,the soaking time was 18 h,the working temperature was 80℃,and the processing speed was 107-117 r·min^-1.The results could be applied to the design and optimization of the D200 type stalk fibre preparation machine and to the process of making raw materials of corn stalk-based straw fibre mulching film.展开更多
Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long durati...Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long duration of cotton crop and regular monsoon rains during cotton production in India.Chemical weed control has been successfully utilized in cotton in the recent past.However,continuous use of similar herbicides leads to resistance in weeds against herbicides.And when sprayed to the field,herbicides not only suppress weeds but leave undesirable residues in the soil that are hazardous to the environment.Therefore,a study was performed at cotton research area at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar,Haryana during two consecutive kharif seasons(2020 and 2021)to determine the most suitable and sustainable weed management strategy through the integration of chemical and cultural methods.Results Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t ha^(-1)resulted in significantly higher cotton seed yield(3189 and 3084 kg ha^(-1))and better weed control in comparison to no mulch treatments(2990 and 2904 kg ha^(-1))in 2020 and 2021,respectively.Among various weed management levels,the significantly lowest cotton seed yield was recorded in untreated control(1841 and 1757 kg·ha^(-1)during 2020 and 2021,respectively)in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation.Conclusion Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t·ha^(-1)along with a pre-emergence application of pendimethalin(active ingredient)at 1.5 kg·ha^(-1)fb(followed by)one hoeings at 45 days after sowing(DAS)and fb glyphosate 2 kg·ha^(-1)(Shielded spray)at 90 DAS is a viable option for effective control of grassy and broadleaved weeds in Bt cotton in north-west India.展开更多
Plastic film mulching affects changes in nutrient contents in soil and absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants were by changing hydrothermal condition of soil.The temporal and spatial variation of the total ...Plastic film mulching affects changes in nutrient contents in soil and absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants were by changing hydrothermal condition of soil.The temporal and spatial variation of the total soil salt and nutrient contents with mulch film removed at three different times during the early cotton growth stage and its effects on nutrient absorption and accumulation in cotton plants were studied over 2015-2017.The film removal treatments reduced salt accumulation in normal rainfall year(2017).Film removal increased contents of soil organic matter,the total phosphorus and available potassium at the end of growth stage,increased contents of soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and the total nitrogen in the surface soil layer(0-10 cm),and increased the total nitrogen contents in the deep soil layer(40-50 cm).Film removal increased accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in cotton plants in 2017 and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in cotton plants in heavy rainfall year(2016).These experimental results indicated that removal of mulch film at an appropriate and targeted time in the bud stage of cotton promoted nutrient absorption.展开更多
Background:The photosynthetic parameters of cotton plants may be modified by the timing of film removal during their growing period.This study was undertaken during 2015-2017 in Xinjiang,China,to determine to what ext...Background:The photosynthetic parameters of cotton plants may be modified by the timing of film removal during their growing period.This study was undertaken during 2015-2017 in Xinjiang,China,to determine to what extent the film mulching removal time,1 and 10 days before the first irrigation and 1 day before the second irrigation after seedling emergence,influenced cotton's photosynthetic characteristics.The control group(CK)was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.Results:The results suggested the following:(1)Removing mulching-film within 50 days since seedling emergence had adverse effects on soil temperature and moisture.(2)Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence improved the net photosynthetic rate in cotton's later flowering stage and its transpiration rate in mid and later flowed ng stages while enhancing the actual electron transport rate(ETR)and maximum electron transfer rate(ETRmax)between cotton photosystems I and II.(3)Film-removal treatment also increased cotton plants'toleranee to high irradiation after emergence,the trend was more pronounced in the early flowering stage in wetter years.(4)Leaf area index(LAI)of cotton was reduced in the film-removal treatment for which the least accumulation of dry matter occurred in a drought year(i.e.,2015).(5)Film removal caused a yield decrease in the dry year(2015),and the earlier the film was removed,the more seriously the yield decreased.Removing mulching film before the second irrigation could increase the yield of XLZ42 in the rainy year(2016)and the normal rainfall year(2017).Early film removal can in crease the yield of XLZ45 in the rainy year(2016).Conclusions:Collectively,our stud/s experimental results indicate that applying mulch film removal at an appropriate,targeted time after seedling emerge nee had no adverse effects on soil moisture and temperature,and improved the photosy nthetic performance of cotton,thus in creased cotton yield and fiber quality,but no significant difference was reached.展开更多
为了明确黄土旱塬区不同降雨年型下秸秆覆盖量对土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量影响的机理,本研究连续7年研究了秸秆覆盖量在不同降雨年型对土壤水分、温度及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提升越冬期地温,覆盖量越大,增温...为了明确黄土旱塬区不同降雨年型下秸秆覆盖量对土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量影响的机理,本研究连续7年研究了秸秆覆盖量在不同降雨年型对土壤水分、温度及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提升越冬期地温,覆盖量越大,增温效果逐渐减弱。在干旱年和平水年,返青期1500 kg hm^(-2)处理呈增温趋势,而丰水年则表现为降温;不同年型下,覆盖量越大降温效果越显著。秸秆覆盖在冬小麦生育期内均增加了0~2 m土层的土壤贮水量,且覆盖量越大贮水量越高;干旱年和平水年,耗水量随覆盖量增加而减少,而丰水年则相反。干旱年返青—灌浆期,1500 kg hm^(-2)处理较露地贮水量增加11.8 mm,且全生育期耗水量在各年型下均高于露地6.9~14.8 mm,其中返青—拔节期和灌浆—成熟期的耗水量增加尤为显著。在产量和水分利用效率方面,1500 kg hm^(-2)处理分别较露地增加17.6%和14.8%,增产主要源于穗数增加;3000 kg hm^(-2)处理的产量和水分利用效率与露地接近,而覆盖量进一步增加则导致产量和水分利用效率下降。当1500 kg hm^(-2)覆盖条件下,可有效提高干旱年和平水年返青期土壤温度,达到高产和高水分利用效率,3000 kg hm^(-2)为临界值,过高覆盖量虽显著增强保水效果,但因降温过度,产量和水分利用效率下降。展开更多
文摘After ground-mulching in plastic house.it is shown that it may display obvious effect on soil temperature.increase,but almost no effect on the internal air temperature,and light conditions can be improved,but the side effects were presented on the relative humidity and the concentration of carbon dioxide.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund of China(31701311)the National Key Research and Development Plan(2018YFD0201004)Science and Technology Project of Shandong Tobacco Monopoly Bureau(Company)in 2018。
文摘To obtain high quality raw materials,the optimization of process parameters of corn stalk-based raw material for straw fibre mulching film was studied.A central composite design(CCD)methodology of four factors and five levels was applied to determine the effects of four process variables,i.e.,stalk size,soaking time,working temperature and processing speed;the fibre yield,initial beating degree and fibre aspect ratio were selected as the objective functions.Fibre yield higher than 95%,initial beating degree greater than 9°SR and fibre aspect ratio greater than 45 were established as the expected values meeting the technical requirements of manufacturing stalk fibre mulching film.Response surface analysis methodology was employed.As a result,the optimal ranges of process variables were obtained as the following:the stalk size was from 3 cm to 10 cm,the soaking time was 18 h,the working temperature was 80℃,and the processing speed was 107-117 r·min^-1.The results could be applied to the design and optimization of the D200 type stalk fibre preparation machine and to the process of making raw materials of corn stalk-based straw fibre mulching film.
文摘Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long duration of cotton crop and regular monsoon rains during cotton production in India.Chemical weed control has been successfully utilized in cotton in the recent past.However,continuous use of similar herbicides leads to resistance in weeds against herbicides.And when sprayed to the field,herbicides not only suppress weeds but leave undesirable residues in the soil that are hazardous to the environment.Therefore,a study was performed at cotton research area at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar,Haryana during two consecutive kharif seasons(2020 and 2021)to determine the most suitable and sustainable weed management strategy through the integration of chemical and cultural methods.Results Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t ha^(-1)resulted in significantly higher cotton seed yield(3189 and 3084 kg ha^(-1))and better weed control in comparison to no mulch treatments(2990 and 2904 kg ha^(-1))in 2020 and 2021,respectively.Among various weed management levels,the significantly lowest cotton seed yield was recorded in untreated control(1841 and 1757 kg·ha^(-1)during 2020 and 2021,respectively)in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation.Conclusion Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t·ha^(-1)along with a pre-emergence application of pendimethalin(active ingredient)at 1.5 kg·ha^(-1)fb(followed by)one hoeings at 45 days after sowing(DAS)and fb glyphosate 2 kg·ha^(-1)(Shielded spray)at 90 DAS is a viable option for effective control of grassy and broadleaved weeds in Bt cotton in north-west India.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Scientific Research in Non-profit Industries(Agriculture)(201503120)。
文摘Plastic film mulching affects changes in nutrient contents in soil and absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants were by changing hydrothermal condition of soil.The temporal and spatial variation of the total soil salt and nutrient contents with mulch film removed at three different times during the early cotton growth stage and its effects on nutrient absorption and accumulation in cotton plants were studied over 2015-2017.The film removal treatments reduced salt accumulation in normal rainfall year(2017).Film removal increased contents of soil organic matter,the total phosphorus and available potassium at the end of growth stage,increased contents of soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and the total nitrogen in the surface soil layer(0-10 cm),and increased the total nitrogen contents in the deep soil layer(40-50 cm).Film removal increased accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in cotton plants in 2017 and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in cotton plants in heavy rainfall year(2016).These experimental results indicated that removal of mulch film at an appropriate and targeted time in the bud stage of cotton promoted nutrient absorption.
基金the special fund for scientific research into non-profit industries(agriculture,grant no.201503120).
文摘Background:The photosynthetic parameters of cotton plants may be modified by the timing of film removal during their growing period.This study was undertaken during 2015-2017 in Xinjiang,China,to determine to what extent the film mulching removal time,1 and 10 days before the first irrigation and 1 day before the second irrigation after seedling emergence,influenced cotton's photosynthetic characteristics.The control group(CK)was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.Results:The results suggested the following:(1)Removing mulching-film within 50 days since seedling emergence had adverse effects on soil temperature and moisture.(2)Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence improved the net photosynthetic rate in cotton's later flowering stage and its transpiration rate in mid and later flowed ng stages while enhancing the actual electron transport rate(ETR)and maximum electron transfer rate(ETRmax)between cotton photosystems I and II.(3)Film-removal treatment also increased cotton plants'toleranee to high irradiation after emergence,the trend was more pronounced in the early flowering stage in wetter years.(4)Leaf area index(LAI)of cotton was reduced in the film-removal treatment for which the least accumulation of dry matter occurred in a drought year(i.e.,2015).(5)Film removal caused a yield decrease in the dry year(2015),and the earlier the film was removed,the more seriously the yield decreased.Removing mulching film before the second irrigation could increase the yield of XLZ42 in the rainy year(2016)and the normal rainfall year(2017).Early film removal can in crease the yield of XLZ45 in the rainy year(2016).Conclusions:Collectively,our stud/s experimental results indicate that applying mulch film removal at an appropriate,targeted time after seedling emerge nee had no adverse effects on soil moisture and temperature,and improved the photosy nthetic performance of cotton,thus in creased cotton yield and fiber quality,but no significant difference was reached.
文摘为了明确黄土旱塬区不同降雨年型下秸秆覆盖量对土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量影响的机理,本研究连续7年研究了秸秆覆盖量在不同降雨年型对土壤水分、温度及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提升越冬期地温,覆盖量越大,增温效果逐渐减弱。在干旱年和平水年,返青期1500 kg hm^(-2)处理呈增温趋势,而丰水年则表现为降温;不同年型下,覆盖量越大降温效果越显著。秸秆覆盖在冬小麦生育期内均增加了0~2 m土层的土壤贮水量,且覆盖量越大贮水量越高;干旱年和平水年,耗水量随覆盖量增加而减少,而丰水年则相反。干旱年返青—灌浆期,1500 kg hm^(-2)处理较露地贮水量增加11.8 mm,且全生育期耗水量在各年型下均高于露地6.9~14.8 mm,其中返青—拔节期和灌浆—成熟期的耗水量增加尤为显著。在产量和水分利用效率方面,1500 kg hm^(-2)处理分别较露地增加17.6%和14.8%,增产主要源于穗数增加;3000 kg hm^(-2)处理的产量和水分利用效率与露地接近,而覆盖量进一步增加则导致产量和水分利用效率下降。当1500 kg hm^(-2)覆盖条件下,可有效提高干旱年和平水年返青期土壤温度,达到高产和高水分利用效率,3000 kg hm^(-2)为临界值,过高覆盖量虽显著增强保水效果,但因降温过度,产量和水分利用效率下降。
