Background Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNAs(miRNAs)in major depressive disorder(MDD),but the pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive.Aims To explore the mechanism of microRNA-451a(miR-451a)in th...Background Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNAs(miRNAs)in major depressive disorder(MDD),but the pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive.Aims To explore the mechanism of microRNA-451a(miR-451a)in the pathology and behaviours of depression.Methods Abnormal miRNAs such as miR-451a reported previously in the serum of patients with MDD were screened and then confirmed in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic restraint stress(CRS).Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice had miR-451a overexpression in the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)via adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vectors encoding a pri-mmu-miR-451a-GFP fusion protein followed by behavioural and pathological analyses.Finally,molecular biological experiments were conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of miR-451a against depression.Results The serum levels of miRNA-451awere significantly lower in patients with MDD,with a negative correlation with the Hamilton Depression Scale scores.Additionally,a negative association between serum miR-451a and behavioural despair or anhedonia was observed in CRS mice.Notably,miR-451a expression was significantly downregulated in the mPFC of CRS-susceptible mice.Overexpressing miR-451a in the mPFC reversed the loss of dendritic spines and the depression-like phenotype of CRS mice.Mechanistically,miR-451a could inhibit CRS-induced corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 expression via targeting transcription factor 2,subsequently protecting dendritic spine plasticity.Conclusions Together,these results highlighted miR-451a as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for MDD.展开更多
Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose...Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose of this study was to probe the abnormal NH in the DMN in MDD with sleep disturbances and to reveal the differences between MDD with or without sleep disturbances.Methods Twenty-four patients with MDD and sleep disturbances(Pa_s),33 patients with MDD without sleep disturbances(Pa_ns)and 32 healthy controls(HCs)were recruited in this study.Resting-state functional imaging data were analysed using NH.Results Compared with Pa_ns and HCs,Pa_s showed decreased NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and increased NH in the right precuneus.There was a negative correlation between NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and sleep disturbances(r=−0.42,p=0.001)as well as a positive correlation between NH in the right precuneus and sleep disturbances(r=0.41,p=0.002)in patients with MDD.Conclusions MDD with sleep disturbances is associated with abnormal NH in the DMN,which could differentiate pa_s from pa_ns.The DMN may play a crucial role in the neurobiological mechanisms of MDD with sleep disturbances.展开更多
The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive.Our brain multiregion,multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and major depressive disorder(MDD)included the central nucleus of the amy...The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive.Our brain multiregion,multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and major depressive disorder(MDD)included the central nucleus of the amygdala,hippocampal dentate gyrus,and medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC).Genes and exons within the mPFC carried most disease signals replicated across two independent cohorts.Pathways pointed to immune function,neuronal and synaptic regulation,and stress hormones.Multiomic factor and gene network analyses provided the underlying genomic structure.展开更多
Background Palpitation is a common complaint in generalised anxiety disorder(GAD).Brain imaging studies have Investigated the neural mechanism of heartbeat perception in healthy volunteers.This study explored the neur...Background Palpitation is a common complaint in generalised anxiety disorder(GAD).Brain imaging studies have Investigated the neural mechanism of heartbeat perception in healthy volunteers.This study explored the neuroanatomical differences of altered heartbeat perception in patients with GAD using structural MRI.Aims Based on the strong somatic-interoceptive symptoms in GAD,we explored the regional structural brain abnormalities involved in heartbeat perception in patients with GAD.Methods This study was applied to the a priori regions using neuroanatomical theories of heartbeat perception,including the insula,anterior cingulate cortex,supplementary motor area and prefrontal cortex.A total of 19 patients with GAD and 19 healthy control subjects were enrolled.We used the FMRIB Software Library voxel-based morphometry software for estimating the grey matter volume of these regions of interest and analysed the correlation between heartbeat perception sensitivity and the volume of abnormal grey matter.Results Patients with GAD showed a significantly decreased volume of grey matter in their left medial prefrontal cortex,right orbital frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.The grey matter volume of the left medial prefrontal cortex negatively correlated with heartbeat perception sensitivity in patients with GAD.Conclusions It should be the first study that shows heartbeat perception is associated with brain structure in GAD.Our findings suggest that the frontal region may play an important role in aberrant heartbeat perception processing in patients with GAD,and this may be an underlying mechanism resulting in the abnormal cardiovascular complaints in GAD.This is hypothesised as a'top-down'deficiency,especially in the medial prefrontal cortex.This will provide the foundation for a more targeted region for neuromodulation intervention in the future.展开更多
Objective To measure the tensile strength of the normal medial patellofemoral ligament(MPFL),and evaluate the biomechanics of different fixation methods of the hamstring tendon graft on the patella.Methods Eight fresh...Objective To measure the tensile strength of the normal medial patellofemoral ligament(MPFL),and evaluate the biomechanics of different fixation methods of the hamstring tendon graft on the patella.Methods Eight fresh cadaver knees were prepared by isolating the patella,leaving only the MPFL as its attachment to the medial condyle of femur.The MPFL was reconstructed by three different methods:four-suture fixation,anchors-single suture fixation,and anchors-double suture fixation.The tensile strength and the elongation of the normal MPFL and the tendon grafts were measured.Results The tensile strength of the four-suture fixation group(234.86±49.02 N)was stronger than that of the normal MPFL(146.91±25.30 N,P=0.0014)and the anchors-single suture group(159.17±49.07N,P=0.0077),while weaker than that of the anchors-double suture group(314.74±78.46 N,P=0.0052)Conclusions With regard to the tensile strength,the four-suture fixation method is reliable for clinical use.Compared with the anchor-suture method,the four-suture fixation method which has no specific implants is more economical,convenient and efficient.展开更多
Craving is a key component of substance use disorders(SUDs).1 In recent decades,repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)has emerged as a promising treatment for individuals with SUDs by reducing their drug c...Craving is a key component of substance use disorders(SUDs).1 In recent decades,repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)has emerged as a promising treatment for individuals with SUDs by reducing their drug cravings and drug-associated cues,including methamphetamine,heroin,cocaine,nicotine and alcohol.2–7 Recently,the transdiagnostic consistency of the medial prefrontal cortex(MPFC)8 and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)9 as neural substrates underlying cue reactivity was proposed.展开更多
Experiments were performed on SD rats. The animals were anesthetized with urethane (1. 0 g/kg, i. p. ). The diaphragmatic electric activity and intratracheal pressure were monitored. Morphine (4 mg/kg, i. v. ) caused ...Experiments were performed on SD rats. The animals were anesthetized with urethane (1. 0 g/kg, i. p. ). The diaphragmatic electric activity and intratracheal pressure were monitored. Morphine (4 mg/kg, i. v. ) caused marked respiratory inhibition. The respiratory frequency (RF), integrated diaphragmatic electric activity (IDEA) and diaphragmatic minute activity (DMA) were decreased. The respiratory depression effect of morphine was almost completely eliminated by pretreatment with naloxone injected into the medial areas of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF). Bilateral microinjection of morphine (5 μg) into mNRF might result in apnea in all animals. This effect could be fully prevented by injection of naloxone into mNRF in advance. The results suggest that there might be morphine receptors in the mNRF and they might play an important role in the respiratory inhibition induced by systemic administration of morphine.展开更多
Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among...Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among patients with MMF and patients with major depressive disorder without mixed features(MDD_(noMF)).Methods This study recruited 47 patients with MDD_(noMF)and 27 patients with MMF from Beijing Anding Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2021 and June 2022.Forty-five healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and clinical assessments.Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectity were computed in the DMN core subsystem,dorsal medial prefrontal cortex(dMPFC)subsystem and medial temporal lobe(MTL)subsystem.Analysis of covariance method was performed to compare the intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems among the MDD_(noMP)MMF and HC groups.Results The functional connectivity within the DMN core(F=6.32,P_(FDR)=0.008)and MTL subsystems(F=4.45,P_(FDR)=0.021)showed significant differences among the MDD_(noMP) MMF and HC groups.Compared with the HC group,the patients with MDD_(noMF) and MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN MTL subsystem,and the patients with MMF also showed increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem.Meanwhile,compared with the MDD_(noMP) the patients with MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem(mean difference(MDD_(noMF)-MMF)=-0.08,SE=0.04,p=0.048).However,no significant differences were found within the DMN dMPFC subsystem and all the internetwork functional connectivity.Conclusions Our results indicated abnormal functional connectivity patterns of DMN subsystems in patients with MMF,findings potentially beneficial to deepen our understanding of MMF's neural basis.展开更多
The aim of this study was to identify the long noncoding RNAs(IncRNAs)specifically expressed in partially injured anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)and medial collateral ligament(MCL)of rabbits.Partial damage models of A...The aim of this study was to identify the long noncoding RNAs(IncRNAs)specifically expressed in partially injured anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)and medial collateral ligament(MCL)of rabbits.Partial damage models of ACL and MCL were established in 3-month-old healthy male New Zealand white rabbits.Expression of IncRNA and mRNA in the injured tissue was detected by high-throughput sequencing technology,and biological functions of the resulted differentially expressed RNAs were evaluated by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses.展开更多
The drastic difference in healing capacity between the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries is still largely unexplained.So,studying the molecular expression after anterior cruciate ligam...The drastic difference in healing capacity between the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries is still largely unexplained.So,studying the molecular expression after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury could be a new direction to explain such differences.In this study,eighteen male 3-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into six groups by injury modeling to study the molecular expression after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury.The expression of molecular genes and proteins was examined using reverse transcriptase chain reaction and Western blotting.Marked differences were found in the postinjury changes in gene levels and proteins in the anterior cruciate ligament compared to the medial collateral ligament.The results show that there were drastic differences in angiogenesis,collagen and matrix metalloproteinases after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury.It can be found that the repair ability of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament after injury may be related to the differences in molecular expression.展开更多
The prelimbic cortex(PL),a key brain.region of the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),plays an important role in cognitive ability,emotional regulation and pain modulation.However,there was stil a lack of systematic conne...The prelimbic cortex(PL),a key brain.region of the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),plays an important role in cognitive ability,emotional regulation and pain modulation.However,there was stil a lack of systematic connective mapping in the PL.Therefore,to analyze the afferent projections to the mouse PL,the fluorescence gold(FG)and rabies virus(helper viruses(AAV2/9-DIO-EGFP-TVA and AAV2/9-DIO-G)and RV-EnvA-OG-dsRed)were injected respectively into the PL of C57 mice,PV-Cre and CaMKII-Cre mice.The FG labeled projections neurons were observed in some cortex regions,including mPFC,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC),insular cortex(IC),claustrum(CLA).They were also found in some nuclei of the thalamus,such as paraventricular nucleus of thalamus(PVT),mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus(MD),paratenial nucleus of thalamus(PT),centrolateral nucleus of thalamus(CL),.ventromedial nucleus of thalamus(VM),rhomboid nucleus of thalamus(Rh),and reuniens nucleus of thalamus(Re).展开更多
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81801378 and 81871117).
文摘Background Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNAs(miRNAs)in major depressive disorder(MDD),but the pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive.Aims To explore the mechanism of microRNA-451a(miR-451a)in the pathology and behaviours of depression.Methods Abnormal miRNAs such as miR-451a reported previously in the serum of patients with MDD were screened and then confirmed in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic restraint stress(CRS).Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice had miR-451a overexpression in the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)via adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vectors encoding a pri-mmu-miR-451a-GFP fusion protein followed by behavioural and pathological analyses.Finally,molecular biological experiments were conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of miR-451a against depression.Results The serum levels of miRNA-451awere significantly lower in patients with MDD,with a negative correlation with the Hamilton Depression Scale scores.Additionally,a negative association between serum miR-451a and behavioural despair or anhedonia was observed in CRS mice.Notably,miR-451a expression was significantly downregulated in the mPFC of CRS-susceptible mice.Overexpressing miR-451a in the mPFC reversed the loss of dendritic spines and the depression-like phenotype of CRS mice.Mechanistically,miR-451a could inhibit CRS-induced corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 expression via targeting transcription factor 2,subsequently protecting dendritic spine plasticity.Conclusions Together,these results highlighted miR-451a as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for MDD.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers:82171508 and 82071507).
文摘Background Sleep disturbance is a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder(MDD).However,network homogeneity(NH)changes of the default mode network(DMN)in MDD with sleep disturbances are unclear.Aims The purpose of this study was to probe the abnormal NH in the DMN in MDD with sleep disturbances and to reveal the differences between MDD with or without sleep disturbances.Methods Twenty-four patients with MDD and sleep disturbances(Pa_s),33 patients with MDD without sleep disturbances(Pa_ns)and 32 healthy controls(HCs)were recruited in this study.Resting-state functional imaging data were analysed using NH.Results Compared with Pa_ns and HCs,Pa_s showed decreased NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and increased NH in the right precuneus.There was a negative correlation between NH in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex and sleep disturbances(r=−0.42,p=0.001)as well as a positive correlation between NH in the right precuneus and sleep disturbances(r=0.41,p=0.002)in patients with MDD.Conclusions MDD with sleep disturbances is associated with abnormal NH in the DMN,which could differentiate pa_s from pa_ns.The DMN may play a crucial role in the neurobiological mechanisms of MDD with sleep disturbances.
文摘The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive.Our brain multiregion,multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and major depressive disorder(MDD)included the central nucleus of the amygdala,hippocampal dentate gyrus,and medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC).Genes and exons within the mPFC carried most disease signals replicated across two independent cohorts.Pathways pointed to immune function,neuronal and synaptic regulation,and stress hormones.Multiomic factor and gene network analyses provided the underlying genomic structure.
基金supported by Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(16411965000,18411952400)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Foundation(YG2016MS37)+2 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC2001605,2019YFA0706200)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(18ZR1432600,81071098)Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Foundation(20164Y0215).
文摘Background Palpitation is a common complaint in generalised anxiety disorder(GAD).Brain imaging studies have Investigated the neural mechanism of heartbeat perception in healthy volunteers.This study explored the neuroanatomical differences of altered heartbeat perception in patients with GAD using structural MRI.Aims Based on the strong somatic-interoceptive symptoms in GAD,we explored the regional structural brain abnormalities involved in heartbeat perception in patients with GAD.Methods This study was applied to the a priori regions using neuroanatomical theories of heartbeat perception,including the insula,anterior cingulate cortex,supplementary motor area and prefrontal cortex.A total of 19 patients with GAD and 19 healthy control subjects were enrolled.We used the FMRIB Software Library voxel-based morphometry software for estimating the grey matter volume of these regions of interest and analysed the correlation between heartbeat perception sensitivity and the volume of abnormal grey matter.Results Patients with GAD showed a significantly decreased volume of grey matter in their left medial prefrontal cortex,right orbital frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.The grey matter volume of the left medial prefrontal cortex negatively correlated with heartbeat perception sensitivity in patients with GAD.Conclusions It should be the first study that shows heartbeat perception is associated with brain structure in GAD.Our findings suggest that the frontal region may play an important role in aberrant heartbeat perception processing in patients with GAD,and this may be an underlying mechanism resulting in the abnormal cardiovascular complaints in GAD.This is hypothesised as a'top-down'deficiency,especially in the medial prefrontal cortex.This will provide the foundation for a more targeted region for neuromodulation intervention in the future.
文摘Objective To measure the tensile strength of the normal medial patellofemoral ligament(MPFL),and evaluate the biomechanics of different fixation methods of the hamstring tendon graft on the patella.Methods Eight fresh cadaver knees were prepared by isolating the patella,leaving only the MPFL as its attachment to the medial condyle of femur.The MPFL was reconstructed by three different methods:four-suture fixation,anchors-single suture fixation,and anchors-double suture fixation.The tensile strength and the elongation of the normal MPFL and the tendon grafts were measured.Results The tensile strength of the four-suture fixation group(234.86±49.02 N)was stronger than that of the normal MPFL(146.91±25.30 N,P=0.0014)and the anchors-single suture group(159.17±49.07N,P=0.0077),while weaker than that of the anchors-double suture group(314.74±78.46 N,P=0.0052)Conclusions With regard to the tensile strength,the four-suture fixation method is reliable for clinical use.Compared with the anchor-suture method,the four-suture fixation method which has no specific implants is more economical,convenient and efficient.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Project of China(2021ZD0203900)NSFC grants(81822017,82271530,32241015 and 31900765)+4 种基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23ZR1480800,22QA1407900,23XD1423000 and 21YF1439700)Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health(2022JC016)Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support(20181715)Lingang Laboratory(grant no:LG-QS-202203-10)the Innovation teams of high-level universities in Shanghai,China.
文摘Craving is a key component of substance use disorders(SUDs).1 In recent decades,repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)has emerged as a promising treatment for individuals with SUDs by reducing their drug cravings and drug-associated cues,including methamphetamine,heroin,cocaine,nicotine and alcohol.2–7 Recently,the transdiagnostic consistency of the medial prefrontal cortex(MPFC)8 and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)9 as neural substrates underlying cue reactivity was proposed.
文摘Experiments were performed on SD rats. The animals were anesthetized with urethane (1. 0 g/kg, i. p. ). The diaphragmatic electric activity and intratracheal pressure were monitored. Morphine (4 mg/kg, i. v. ) caused marked respiratory inhibition. The respiratory frequency (RF), integrated diaphragmatic electric activity (IDEA) and diaphragmatic minute activity (DMA) were decreased. The respiratory depression effect of morphine was almost completely eliminated by pretreatment with naloxone injected into the medial areas of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF). Bilateral microinjection of morphine (5 μg) into mNRF might result in apnea in all animals. This effect could be fully prevented by injection of naloxone into mNRF in advance. The results suggest that there might be morphine receptors in the mNRF and they might play an important role in the respiratory inhibition induced by systemic administration of morphine.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81901368,82171526 and 82071531)the Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(CFH2020-4-2125)+1 种基金the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Programme(PX2018064 and PX2020072)Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme(QMS20211901).
文摘Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among patients with MMF and patients with major depressive disorder without mixed features(MDD_(noMF)).Methods This study recruited 47 patients with MDD_(noMF)and 27 patients with MMF from Beijing Anding Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2021 and June 2022.Forty-five healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and clinical assessments.Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectity were computed in the DMN core subsystem,dorsal medial prefrontal cortex(dMPFC)subsystem and medial temporal lobe(MTL)subsystem.Analysis of covariance method was performed to compare the intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems among the MDD_(noMP)MMF and HC groups.Results The functional connectivity within the DMN core(F=6.32,P_(FDR)=0.008)and MTL subsystems(F=4.45,P_(FDR)=0.021)showed significant differences among the MDD_(noMP) MMF and HC groups.Compared with the HC group,the patients with MDD_(noMF) and MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN MTL subsystem,and the patients with MMF also showed increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem.Meanwhile,compared with the MDD_(noMP) the patients with MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem(mean difference(MDD_(noMF)-MMF)=-0.08,SE=0.04,p=0.048).However,no significant differences were found within the DMN dMPFC subsystem and all the internetwork functional connectivity.Conclusions Our results indicated abnormal functional connectivity patterns of DMN subsystems in patients with MMF,findings potentially beneficial to deepen our understanding of MMF's neural basis.
文摘The aim of this study was to identify the long noncoding RNAs(IncRNAs)specifically expressed in partially injured anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)and medial collateral ligament(MCL)of rabbits.Partial damage models of ACL and MCL were established in 3-month-old healthy male New Zealand white rabbits.Expression of IncRNA and mRNA in the injured tissue was detected by high-throughput sequencing technology,and biological functions of the resulted differentially expressed RNAs were evaluated by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses.
文摘The drastic difference in healing capacity between the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries is still largely unexplained.So,studying the molecular expression after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury could be a new direction to explain such differences.In this study,eighteen male 3-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into six groups by injury modeling to study the molecular expression after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury.The expression of molecular genes and proteins was examined using reverse transcriptase chain reaction and Western blotting.Marked differences were found in the postinjury changes in gene levels and proteins in the anterior cruciate ligament compared to the medial collateral ligament.The results show that there were drastic differences in angiogenesis,collagen and matrix metalloproteinases after anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injury.It can be found that the repair ability of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament after injury may be related to the differences in molecular expression.
文摘The prelimbic cortex(PL),a key brain.region of the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),plays an important role in cognitive ability,emotional regulation and pain modulation.However,there was stil a lack of systematic connective mapping in the PL.Therefore,to analyze the afferent projections to the mouse PL,the fluorescence gold(FG)and rabies virus(helper viruses(AAV2/9-DIO-EGFP-TVA and AAV2/9-DIO-G)and RV-EnvA-OG-dsRed)were injected respectively into the PL of C57 mice,PV-Cre and CaMKII-Cre mice.The FG labeled projections neurons were observed in some cortex regions,including mPFC,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC),insular cortex(IC),claustrum(CLA).They were also found in some nuclei of the thalamus,such as paraventricular nucleus of thalamus(PVT),mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus(MD),paratenial nucleus of thalamus(PT),centrolateral nucleus of thalamus(CL),.ventromedial nucleus of thalamus(VM),rhomboid nucleus of thalamus(Rh),and reuniens nucleus of thalamus(Re).
