This article demonstrates a novel approach for material nonlinear analysis.This analysis procedure eliminates tedious and lengthy step by step incremental and then iterative procedure adopted classically and gives dir...This article demonstrates a novel approach for material nonlinear analysis.This analysis procedure eliminates tedious and lengthy step by step incremental and then iterative procedure adopted classically and gives direct results in the linear as well as in nonlinear range of the material behavior.Use of elastic moduli is eliminated.Instead,stress and strain functions are used as the material input in the analysis procedure.These stress and strain functions are directly derived from the stress-strain behavior of the material by the method of curve fitting.This way,the whole stress-strain diagram is utilized in the analysis which naturally exposes the response of structure when loading is in nonlinear range of the material behavior.It is found that it is an excellent computational procedure adopted so far for material nonlinear analysis which gives very accurate results,easy to adopt and simple in calculations.The method eliminates all types of linearity assumptions in basic derivations of equations and hence,eliminates all types of possibility of errors in the analysis procedure as well.As it is required to know stress distribution in the structural body by proper modelling and structural idealization,the proposed analysis approach can be regarded as stress-based analysis procedure.Basic problems such as uniaxial problem,beam bending,and torsion problems are solved.It is found that approach is very suitable for solving the problems of fracture mechanics.Energy release rate for plate with center crack and double cantilever beam specimen is also evaluated.The approach solves the fracture problem with relative ease in strength of material style calculations.For all problems,results are compared with the classical displacement-based liner theory.展开更多
Wood,an essential natural resource in human civilization,remains widely used despite advances in technology and material substitution.The surge in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental concerns accentuates the ne...Wood,an essential natural resource in human civilization,remains widely used despite advances in technology and material substitution.The surge in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental concerns accentuates the need for optimizing wood utilization.Material flow analysis is a powerful tool for tracking material flows and stocks,aiding resource management and environmental decision-making.However,the full extent of its methodological dimensions,particularly within the context of the wood supply chain,remains relatively unexplored.In this study,we delve into the existing literature on wood flow analysis,discussing its primary objectives,materials involved,temporal and spatial scales,data sources,units,and conversion factors.Additionally,data uncertainty,data reconciliation and crucial assumptions in material flow analysis are highlighted in this paper.Key findings reveal the significance of wood cascading and substitution effects by replacing non-wood materials,where they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions more than the natural carbon sink of forests and wood products.The immediate impact of short-term wood cascading might not be as robust as the substitution effect,with energy substitution showcasing better results than material substitution.However,it's crucial to note that these conclusions could experience significant reversal from a long-term and global perspective.Strategies for improving wood efficiency involve maximizing material use,advancing construction technologies,extending product lifespans,promoting cascade use,and optimizing energy recovery processes.The study underscores the need for standardized approaches in wood flow analysis and emphasizes the potential of wood efficiency strategies in addressing environmental challenges.展开更多
Influence of the gassing materials, such as PA6, PMMA, and POM on the dielectric properties of air are investigated. In this work, the fundamental electron collision cross section data were carefully selected and vali...Influence of the gassing materials, such as PA6, PMMA, and POM on the dielectric properties of air are investigated. In this work, the fundamental electron collision cross section data were carefully selected and validated. Then the species compositions of the air–organic vapor mixtures were calculated based on the Gibbs free energy minimization. Finally, the Townsend ionization coefficient, the Townsend electron attachment coefficient and the critical reduced electric field strength were derived from the calculated electron energy distribution function by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. The calculation results indicated that H;O with large attachment cross sections has a great impact on the critical reduced electric field strength of the air–organic vapor mixtures. On the other hand, the vaporization of gassing materials can help to increase the dielectric properties of air circuit breakers to some degree.展开更多
Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode material in rechargeable alkaline batteries, which plays a significant role in the field of electric energy storage devices. β-nickel hydroxide（β-Ni（OH）2 ） was...Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode material in rechargeable alkaline batteries, which plays a significant role in the field of electric energy storage devices. β-nickel hydroxide（β-Ni（OH）2 ） was prepared from nickel sulphate solution using potassium hydroxide as a precipitating agent. Pure β-phase of nickel hydroxide was confirmed from XRD and FT-IR studies. The effects of TiO2 additive on the β-Ni（OH）2 electrode performance are examined. The structure and property of the TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA and SEM analysis. A pasted–type electrode is prepared using nickel hydroxide powder as the main active material on a nickel sheet as a current collector. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the β-Ni（OH）2 and TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrodes in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Anodic（Epa） and cathodic（Epc）peak potentials are found to decrease after the addition of TiO 2 into β-Ni（OH）2 electrode material. Further,addition of TiO2 is found to enhance the reversibility of the electrode reaction and also increase the separation of the oxidation current peak of the active material from the oxygen evolution current. Compared with pure β-Ni（OH）2 lectrode,TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrode is found to exhibit higher proton diffusion coefficient（D） and lower charge transfer resistance. These findings suggest that the TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrode possess improved electrochemical properties and thus can be recognized as a promising candidate for the battery electrode applications.展开更多
Plant roots play important roles in acquisition of water and nutrients, storage, anchoring, transport, and symbiosis with soil microorganisms, thus quantitative researches on root developmental processes are essential...Plant roots play important roles in acquisition of water and nutrients, storage, anchoring, transport, and symbiosis with soil microorganisms, thus quantitative researches on root developmental processes are essential to understand root functions and root turnover in ecosystems,and at the same time such researches are the most difficult because roots are hidden underground. Therefore, how to investigate efficiently root functions and root dynamics is the core aspect in underground ecology. In this article, we reviewed some experimental methods used in root researches on root development and root system architecture, and summarized the advantages and shortages of these methods. Based on the analyses, we proposed three new ways to more understand root processes：（1） new experimental materials for root development;（2） a new observatory system comprised of multiple components, including many observatory windows installed in field, analysis software,and automatic data transport devices;（3） new techniques used to analyze quantitatively functional roots.展开更多
Magnetics,ferroelectrics,and multiferroics have attracted great attentions because they are not only extremely im-portant for investigating fundamental physics,but also have important applications in information techn...Magnetics,ferroelectrics,and multiferroics have attracted great attentions because they are not only extremely im-portant for investigating fundamental physics,but also have important applications in information technology.Here,recent computational studies on magnetism and ferroelectricity are reviewed.We first give a brief introduction to magnets,fer-roelectrics,and multiferroics.Then,theoretical models and corresponding computational methods for investigating these materials are presented.In particular,a new method for computing the linear magnetoelectric coupling tensor without applying an external field in the first principle calculations is proposed for the first time.The functionalities of our home-made Property Analysis and Simulation Package for materials(PASP)and its applications in the field of magnetism and ferroelectricity are discussed.Finally,we summarize this review and give a perspective on possible directions of future computational studies on magnetism and ferroelectricity.展开更多
文摘This article demonstrates a novel approach for material nonlinear analysis.This analysis procedure eliminates tedious and lengthy step by step incremental and then iterative procedure adopted classically and gives direct results in the linear as well as in nonlinear range of the material behavior.Use of elastic moduli is eliminated.Instead,stress and strain functions are used as the material input in the analysis procedure.These stress and strain functions are directly derived from the stress-strain behavior of the material by the method of curve fitting.This way,the whole stress-strain diagram is utilized in the analysis which naturally exposes the response of structure when loading is in nonlinear range of the material behavior.It is found that it is an excellent computational procedure adopted so far for material nonlinear analysis which gives very accurate results,easy to adopt and simple in calculations.The method eliminates all types of linearity assumptions in basic derivations of equations and hence,eliminates all types of possibility of errors in the analysis procedure as well.As it is required to know stress distribution in the structural body by proper modelling and structural idealization,the proposed analysis approach can be regarded as stress-based analysis procedure.Basic problems such as uniaxial problem,beam bending,and torsion problems are solved.It is found that approach is very suitable for solving the problems of fracture mechanics.Energy release rate for plate with center crack and double cantilever beam specimen is also evaluated.The approach solves the fracture problem with relative ease in strength of material style calculations.For all problems,results are compared with the classical displacement-based liner theory.
基金The China Scholarship Council finances this research (Grant number CSC202010220001)。
文摘Wood,an essential natural resource in human civilization,remains widely used despite advances in technology and material substitution.The surge in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental concerns accentuates the need for optimizing wood utilization.Material flow analysis is a powerful tool for tracking material flows and stocks,aiding resource management and environmental decision-making.However,the full extent of its methodological dimensions,particularly within the context of the wood supply chain,remains relatively unexplored.In this study,we delve into the existing literature on wood flow analysis,discussing its primary objectives,materials involved,temporal and spatial scales,data sources,units,and conversion factors.Additionally,data uncertainty,data reconciliation and crucial assumptions in material flow analysis are highlighted in this paper.Key findings reveal the significance of wood cascading and substitution effects by replacing non-wood materials,where they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions more than the natural carbon sink of forests and wood products.The immediate impact of short-term wood cascading might not be as robust as the substitution effect,with energy substitution showcasing better results than material substitution.However,it's crucial to note that these conclusions could experience significant reversal from a long-term and global perspective.Strategies for improving wood efficiency involve maximizing material use,advancing construction technologies,extending product lifespans,promoting cascade use,and optimizing energy recovery processes.The study underscores the need for standardized approaches in wood flow analysis and emphasizes the potential of wood efficiency strategies in addressing environmental challenges.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)2015CB251002National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51521065,51577145+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesShaanxi Province Natural Science Foundation 2013JM-7010
文摘Influence of the gassing materials, such as PA6, PMMA, and POM on the dielectric properties of air are investigated. In this work, the fundamental electron collision cross section data were carefully selected and validated. Then the species compositions of the air–organic vapor mixtures were calculated based on the Gibbs free energy minimization. Finally, the Townsend ionization coefficient, the Townsend electron attachment coefficient and the critical reduced electric field strength were derived from the calculated electron energy distribution function by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. The calculation results indicated that H;O with large attachment cross sections has a great impact on the critical reduced electric field strength of the air–organic vapor mixtures. On the other hand, the vaporization of gassing materials can help to increase the dielectric properties of air circuit breakers to some degree.
文摘Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode material in rechargeable alkaline batteries, which plays a significant role in the field of electric energy storage devices. β-nickel hydroxide（β-Ni（OH）2 ） was prepared from nickel sulphate solution using potassium hydroxide as a precipitating agent. Pure β-phase of nickel hydroxide was confirmed from XRD and FT-IR studies. The effects of TiO2 additive on the β-Ni（OH）2 electrode performance are examined. The structure and property of the TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA and SEM analysis. A pasted–type electrode is prepared using nickel hydroxide powder as the main active material on a nickel sheet as a current collector. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the β-Ni（OH）2 and TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrodes in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Anodic（Epa） and cathodic（Epc）peak potentials are found to decrease after the addition of TiO 2 into β-Ni（OH）2 electrode material. Further,addition of TiO2 is found to enhance the reversibility of the electrode reaction and also increase the separation of the oxidation current peak of the active material from the oxygen evolution current. Compared with pure β-Ni（OH）2 lectrode,TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrode is found to exhibit higher proton diffusion coefficient（D） and lower charge transfer resistance. These findings suggest that the TiO2 added β-Ni（OH）2 electrode possess improved electrochemical properties and thus can be recognized as a promising candidate for the battery electrode applications.
基金supported by the project of public benefits in China(No.201503221)the open fund in the Institute of Root Biology,Yangtze University
文摘Plant roots play important roles in acquisition of water and nutrients, storage, anchoring, transport, and symbiosis with soil microorganisms, thus quantitative researches on root developmental processes are essential to understand root functions and root turnover in ecosystems,and at the same time such researches are the most difficult because roots are hidden underground. Therefore, how to investigate efficiently root functions and root dynamics is the core aspect in underground ecology. In this article, we reviewed some experimental methods used in root researches on root development and root system architecture, and summarized the advantages and shortages of these methods. Based on the analyses, we proposed three new ways to more understand root processes：（1） new experimental materials for root development;（2） a new observatory system comprised of multiple components, including many observatory windows installed in field, analysis software,and automatic data transport devices;（3） new techniques used to analyze quantitatively functional roots.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11825403,12188101,and 11804138)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.1908085MA10)the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics of Fudan University(Grant No.KF2019_07)。
文摘Magnetics,ferroelectrics,and multiferroics have attracted great attentions because they are not only extremely im-portant for investigating fundamental physics,but also have important applications in information technology.Here,recent computational studies on magnetism and ferroelectricity are reviewed.We first give a brief introduction to magnets,fer-roelectrics,and multiferroics.Then,theoretical models and corresponding computational methods for investigating these materials are presented.In particular,a new method for computing the linear magnetoelectric coupling tensor without applying an external field in the first principle calculations is proposed for the first time.The functionalities of our home-made Property Analysis and Simulation Package for materials(PASP)and its applications in the field of magnetism and ferroelectricity are discussed.Finally,we summarize this review and give a perspective on possible directions of future computational studies on magnetism and ferroelectricity.
