To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the ...To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the effectiveness of flexibility management strategies under different climate conditions and extreme weather events.Using both typical and extreme weather data from cities in five major climate zones of China,this study investigates the energy flexibility potential of an office building under three short-term HVAC management strategies in the context of different climates.The results show that the peak load flexibility and overall energy performance of the three short-term strategies were affected by the surrounding climate conditions.The peak load reduction rate of the pre-cooling and zone temperature reset strategies declined linearly as outdoor temperature increased.Under extreme climate conditions,the daily peak-load time was found to be over two hours earlier than under typical conditions,and the intensive solar radiation found in the extreme conditions can weaken the correlation between peak load reduction and outdoor temperature,risking the ability of a building’s HVAC system to maintain a comfortable indoor environment.展开更多
Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planti...Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planting system(HDPS)offers a viable method to enhance productivity by increasing plant populations per unit area,optimizing resource utilization,and facilitating machine picking.Cotton is an indeterminate plant that produce excessive vegeta-tive growth in favorable soil fertility and moisture conditions,which posing challenges for efficient machine picking.To address this issue,the application of plant growth retardants(PGRs)is essential for controlling canopy architecture.PGRs reduce internode elongation,promote regulated branching,and increase plant compactness,making cotton plants better suited for machine picking.PGRs application also optimizes photosynthates distribution between veg-etative and reproductive growth,resulting in higher yields and improved fibre quality.The integration of HDPS and PGRs applications results in an optimal plant architecture for improving machine picking efficiency.However,the success of this integration is determined by some factors,including cotton variety,environmental conditions,and geographical variations.These approaches not only address yield stagnation and labour shortages but also help to establish more effective and sustainable cotton farming practices,resulting in higher cotton productivity.展开更多
Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical...Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical guarantees.In this pa-per,we introduce several topics on quantitative risk management and review some of the recent studies and advancements on the topics.We consider several risk metrics and study decision models that involve the metrics,with a main focus on the related com-puting techniques and theoretical properties.We show that stochastic optimization,as a powerful tool,can be leveraged to effectively address these problems.展开更多
Nowadays,new energy technologies are developing rapidly,energy storage systems are widely used,and lithium-ion batteries occupy a dominant position among them.Therefore,it is also very important to ensure their perfor...Nowadays,new energy technologies are developing rapidly,energy storage systems are widely used,and lithium-ion batteries occupy a dominant position among them.Therefore,it is also very important to ensure their performance,safety and service life through thermal management technology.In this paper,the causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are reviewed firstly,and three commonly used thermal management technologies,namely,air cooling,liquid cooling and phase change material cooling,are compared according to relevant literature in recent years.Air cooling technology has been widely studied because of its simple structure and low cost,but its temperature control effect is poor.Liquid cooling technology takes away heat through the circulation of liquid medium,which has a good cooling effect,but the system is relatively complex.Phase change material(PCM)cooling technology uses the high latent heat of PCM to absorb and re-lease heat,which can effectively reduce the peak temperature of a battery and improve the temperature uniformity,but the low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage are its main problems.To sum up,lithium-ion battery thermal management technology is moving towards a more efficient,safer and cost-effective direction.Coupled cooling systems,such as those combining liquid cooling and phase change material cooling,show great potential.Future research will continue to explore new materials and technologies to meet the growing demands of society and the market for lithium-ion battery perfor-mance and safety.展开更多
Fog computing has emerged as an important technology which can improve the performance of computation-intensive and latency-critical communication networks.Nevertheless,the fog computing Internet-of-Things(IoT)systems...Fog computing has emerged as an important technology which can improve the performance of computation-intensive and latency-critical communication networks.Nevertheless,the fog computing Internet-of-Things(IoT)systems are susceptible to malicious eavesdropping attacks during the information transmission,and this issue has not been adequately addressed.In this paper,we propose a physical-layer secure fog computing IoT system model,which is able to improve the physical layer security of fog computing IoT networks against the malicious eavesdropping of multiple eavesdroppers.The secrecy rate of the proposed model is analyzed,and the quantum galaxy–based search algorithm(QGSA)is proposed to solve the hybrid task scheduling and resource management problem of the network.The computational complexity and convergence of the proposed algorithm are analyzed.Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed model and reveal the influence of various environmental parameters on fog computing IoT networks.Moreover,the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid task scheduling and resource management scheme can effectively enhance secrecy performance across different communication scenarios.展开更多
The use of artificial intelligence(AI)has increased since the middle of the 20th century,as evidenced by its applications to a wide range of engineering and science problems.Air traffic management(ATM)is becoming incr...The use of artificial intelligence(AI)has increased since the middle of the 20th century,as evidenced by its applications to a wide range of engineering and science problems.Air traffic management(ATM)is becoming increasingly automated and autonomous,making it lucrative for AI applications.This paper presents a systematic review of studies that employ AI techniques for improving ATM capability.A brief account of the history,structure,and advantages of these methods is provided,followed by the description of their applications to several representative ATM tasks,such as air traffic services(ATS),airspace management(AM),air traffic flow management(ATFM),and flight operations(FO).The major contribution of the current review is the professional survey of the AI application to ATM alongside with the description of their specific advantages:(i)these methods provide alternative approaches to conventional physical modeling techniques,(ii)these methods do not require knowing relevant internal system parameters,(iii)these methods are computationally more efficient,and(iv)these methods offer compact solutions to multivariable problems.In addition,this review offers a fresh outlook on future research.One is providing a clear rationale for the model type and structure selection for a given ATM mission.Another is to understand what makes a specific architecture or algorithm effective for a given ATM mission.These are among the most important issues that will continue to attract the attention of the AI research community and ATM work teams in the future.展开更多
ERP(enterprise resource planning) is a huge and com pl ex system engineering which costs a great lot of fund and manpower. It is a refo rm in the enterprise management mode, management idea and management method whi c...ERP(enterprise resource planning) is a huge and com pl ex system engineering which costs a great lot of fund and manpower. It is a refo rm in the enterprise management mode, management idea and management method whi ch needs mass fund import, with long period, full of risk, hard to perform and can’t show its effects at once. The essence of the enterprise performing in ERP system is to run a "management engineering", which involves integration of opera tion process. The integration will touch business culture, enterprise system,m eans of operation and the department’s regulatioins amongst the operation conten ts, rights and responsibilities. Totally, the ERP system is the rebuilding of ma ngagement idea, method and means, which needs the common acquaintance from the t op management to the whole stuff.Meantime, it requires a perfect tactic to perfo rm an ERP system. We must confirm a cut-in spot as the right space to start bas ed on the enterprise requirement and the application environment. And to choose a right space decides that the application of ERP system is successful or not. S o, we must make it clear to build which subsystem first, to take the right seque nce for performing all kinds of function modules and the final integrated functi ons . All this prepared work for the implement of ERP system and the management, the recombination and optimization of enterprise management operation flow, ite m management and harmonization, ERP educational training and so on can not be pe rformed well without management consultancy. The effective management consultan cy can lead then implement of ERP system to shorten the executive cycle, to quik en the realization of effect and to harmonize the relationship to the client ent erprises so that to ensure the successful perform of ERP.展开更多
Industrial and academic interest in how to effectively manage technology resources is increasing as it becomes more and more important.Effective managing of technology resources depends on technology management system...Industrial and academic interest in how to effectively manage technology resources is increasing as it becomes more and more important.Effective managing of technology resources depends on technology management system,and thus understanding how such system evolves becomes an ongoing research topic.Based on the self-organization theory,this paper constructs an evolution model of technology management system.The simulation results show that the evolution of each of the technology management subsystem is affected by the knowledge growth rate of its own,and it is also affected by the coupling and synergy relationship with other subsystems.Moreover,the coupling and synergy relationship can make the speed of evolution higher than the knowledge growth rate of the subsystem itself.展开更多
Ocean is home town of wind and rain, treasury of resources. To exploit and use ocean will make great contribution to people’s existence and development. China is a great oceanic country with pre cinct sea area of 3,0...Ocean is home town of wind and rain, treasury of resources. To exploit and use ocean will make great contribution to people’s existence and development. China is a great oceanic country with pre cinct sea area of 3,000,000 km2. The eastern coastal region with only 60 km width, 15 % area and 40% of population of China, has created about 60% of GDP and has become the most developed region. But marine disaster in China is frequent and serious. From statistical data, economy loss made by surge, billow, sea ice, tsunami, red tide, oil spill, coast erosion, bay deposit, sea water intrusion, sea level rise, land salinization, sea water pollution, etc. increase quickly. Economy loss per year is one billion in the l980s, 10 billion in the l990s, exceeded 20 billion in 1996, and 30 billion in 1997. About 80% of it happened in the coastal area. So, marine disaster at present has become obstacle of society progress and economy development in coastal area. To mitigate marine disaster has become need for the economy development, also important task of the integrated coastal zone management. In this article, we briefly introduce countermeasures for marine disaster prevention, coastal zone management, and achievements made in the past 50 years, its problems now confronted, and the main countermeasures in the 21St century.展开更多
Considering some drawbacks of the mainstream approach to environmental management (EM),the conception and basic idea of Participatory EM(PEM) are put forward.PEM possesses some main features and benefits that are supe...Considering some drawbacks of the mainstream approach to environmental management (EM),the conception and basic idea of Participatory EM(PEM) are put forward.PEM possesses some main features and benefits that are superior to the mainstream approach,but also faces the crucial constraint in decision-making.The dilemma can be effectively settled by applying an advanced decision-making support tool-group decision support system(GDSS).On the basis of recognizing the complex decision-making environment of PEM,this paper describes the components of GDSS for PEM(PEM-GDSS) and further discusses the basic requirement of PEM-GDSS.展开更多
Health management permits the reliability of a system and plays a increasingly important role for achieving efficient system-level maintenance.It has been used for remaining useful life（RUL） prognostics of electroni...Health management permits the reliability of a system and plays a increasingly important role for achieving efficient system-level maintenance.It has been used for remaining useful life（RUL） prognostics of electronics-rich system including avionics.Prognostics and health management（PHM） have become highly desirable to provide avionics with system level health management.This paper presents a health management and fusion prognostic model for avionics system,combining three baseline prognostic approaches that are model-based,data-driven and knowledge-based approaches,and integrates merits as well as eliminates some limitations of each single approach to achieve fusion prognostics and improved prognostic performance of RUL estimation.A fusion model built upon an optimal linear combination forecast model is then utilized to fuse single prognostic algorithm representing the three baseline approaches correspondingly,and the presented case study shows that the fusion prognostics can provide RUL estimation more accurate and more robust than either algorithm alone.展开更多
Due to soaring fuel prices and environmental concerns, hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) technology attracts more attentions in last decade. Energy management system, configuration of HEV and traffic conditions are the mai...Due to soaring fuel prices and environmental concerns, hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) technology attracts more attentions in last decade. Energy management system, configuration of HEV and traffic conditions are the main factors which affect HEV's fuel consumption, emission and performance. Therefore, optimal management of the energy components is a key element for the success of a HEV. An optimal energy management system is developed for HEV based on genetic algorithm. Then, different powertrain system component combinations effects are investigated in various driving cycles. HEV simulation results are compared for default rule-based, fuzzy and GA-fuzzy controllers by using ADVISOR. The results indicate the effectiveness of proposed optimal controller over real world driving cycles. Also, an optimal powertrain configuration to improve fuel consumption and emission efficiency is proposed for each driving condition. Finally, the effects of batteries in initial state of charge and hybridization factor are investigated on HEV performance to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions. Fuel consumption average reduction of about 14% is obtained for optimal configuration data in contrast to default configuration. Also results indicate that proposed controller has reduced emission of about 10% in various traffic conditions.展开更多
This paper studies the multi-sensor management problem for low earth orbit(LEO) infrared warning constellation used to track a midcourse missile. A covariance control approach, which selects sensor combinations or sub...This paper studies the multi-sensor management problem for low earth orbit(LEO) infrared warning constellation used to track a midcourse missile. A covariance control approach, which selects sensor combinations or subset based on the difference between the desired covariance matrix and the actual covariance of each target, is used for sensor management, including some matrix metrics to measure the differentia between two covariance matrices. Besides, to meet the requirements of the space based warning system, the original covariance control approach is improved. Simulation results demonstrate that the covariance control approach is able to provide a better tracking performance by providing a well-designed desired covariance and balance tracking performance goals with system demands.展开更多
基金National Key R&D Program of China of the 13th Five-Year Plan(No.2018YFD1100704)。
文摘To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the effectiveness of flexibility management strategies under different climate conditions and extreme weather events.Using both typical and extreme weather data from cities in five major climate zones of China,this study investigates the energy flexibility potential of an office building under three short-term HVAC management strategies in the context of different climates.The results show that the peak load flexibility and overall energy performance of the three short-term strategies were affected by the surrounding climate conditions.The peak load reduction rate of the pre-cooling and zone temperature reset strategies declined linearly as outdoor temperature increased.Under extreme climate conditions,the daily peak-load time was found to be over two hours earlier than under typical conditions,and the intensive solar radiation found in the extreme conditions can weaken the correlation between peak load reduction and outdoor temperature,risking the ability of a building’s HVAC system to maintain a comfortable indoor environment.
文摘Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planting system(HDPS)offers a viable method to enhance productivity by increasing plant populations per unit area,optimizing resource utilization,and facilitating machine picking.Cotton is an indeterminate plant that produce excessive vegeta-tive growth in favorable soil fertility and moisture conditions,which posing challenges for efficient machine picking.To address this issue,the application of plant growth retardants(PGRs)is essential for controlling canopy architecture.PGRs reduce internode elongation,promote regulated branching,and increase plant compactness,making cotton plants better suited for machine picking.PGRs application also optimizes photosynthates distribution between veg-etative and reproductive growth,resulting in higher yields and improved fibre quality.The integration of HDPS and PGRs applications results in an optimal plant architecture for improving machine picking efficiency.However,the success of this integration is determined by some factors,including cotton variety,environmental conditions,and geographical variations.These approaches not only address yield stagnation and labour shortages but also help to establish more effective and sustainable cotton farming practices,resulting in higher cotton productivity.
文摘Risk management often plays an important role in decision making un-der uncertainty.In quantitative risk management,assessing and optimizing risk metrics requires eficient computing techniques and reliable theoretical guarantees.In this pa-per,we introduce several topics on quantitative risk management and review some of the recent studies and advancements on the topics.We consider several risk metrics and study decision models that involve the metrics,with a main focus on the related com-puting techniques and theoretical properties.We show that stochastic optimization,as a powerful tool,can be leveraged to effectively address these problems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52001045).
文摘Nowadays,new energy technologies are developing rapidly,energy storage systems are widely used,and lithium-ion batteries occupy a dominant position among them.Therefore,it is also very important to ensure their performance,safety and service life through thermal management technology.In this paper,the causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are reviewed firstly,and three commonly used thermal management technologies,namely,air cooling,liquid cooling and phase change material cooling,are compared according to relevant literature in recent years.Air cooling technology has been widely studied because of its simple structure and low cost,but its temperature control effect is poor.Liquid cooling technology takes away heat through the circulation of liquid medium,which has a good cooling effect,but the system is relatively complex.Phase change material(PCM)cooling technology uses the high latent heat of PCM to absorb and re-lease heat,which can effectively reduce the peak temperature of a battery and improve the temperature uniformity,but the low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage are its main problems.To sum up,lithium-ion battery thermal management technology is moving towards a more efficient,safer and cost-effective direction.Coupled cooling systems,such as those combining liquid cooling and phase change material cooling,show great potential.Future research will continue to explore new materials and technologies to meet the growing demands of society and the market for lithium-ion battery perfor-mance and safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61571149,62001139)the Initiation Fund for Postdoctoral Research in Heilongjiang Province(LBH-Q19098)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2020F0178).
文摘Fog computing has emerged as an important technology which can improve the performance of computation-intensive and latency-critical communication networks.Nevertheless,the fog computing Internet-of-Things(IoT)systems are susceptible to malicious eavesdropping attacks during the information transmission,and this issue has not been adequately addressed.In this paper,we propose a physical-layer secure fog computing IoT system model,which is able to improve the physical layer security of fog computing IoT networks against the malicious eavesdropping of multiple eavesdroppers.The secrecy rate of the proposed model is analyzed,and the quantum galaxy–based search algorithm(QGSA)is proposed to solve the hybrid task scheduling and resource management problem of the network.The computational complexity and convergence of the proposed algorithm are analyzed.Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed model and reveal the influence of various environmental parameters on fog computing IoT networks.Moreover,the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid task scheduling and resource management scheme can effectively enhance secrecy performance across different communication scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073330)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ4339)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Province Education Department(20B272).
文摘The use of artificial intelligence(AI)has increased since the middle of the 20th century,as evidenced by its applications to a wide range of engineering and science problems.Air traffic management(ATM)is becoming increasingly automated and autonomous,making it lucrative for AI applications.This paper presents a systematic review of studies that employ AI techniques for improving ATM capability.A brief account of the history,structure,and advantages of these methods is provided,followed by the description of their applications to several representative ATM tasks,such as air traffic services(ATS),airspace management(AM),air traffic flow management(ATFM),and flight operations(FO).The major contribution of the current review is the professional survey of the AI application to ATM alongside with the description of their specific advantages:(i)these methods provide alternative approaches to conventional physical modeling techniques,(ii)these methods do not require knowing relevant internal system parameters,(iii)these methods are computationally more efficient,and(iv)these methods offer compact solutions to multivariable problems.In addition,this review offers a fresh outlook on future research.One is providing a clear rationale for the model type and structure selection for a given ATM mission.Another is to understand what makes a specific architecture or algorithm effective for a given ATM mission.These are among the most important issues that will continue to attract the attention of the AI research community and ATM work teams in the future.
文摘ERP(enterprise resource planning) is a huge and com pl ex system engineering which costs a great lot of fund and manpower. It is a refo rm in the enterprise management mode, management idea and management method whi ch needs mass fund import, with long period, full of risk, hard to perform and can’t show its effects at once. The essence of the enterprise performing in ERP system is to run a "management engineering", which involves integration of opera tion process. The integration will touch business culture, enterprise system,m eans of operation and the department’s regulatioins amongst the operation conten ts, rights and responsibilities. Totally, the ERP system is the rebuilding of ma ngagement idea, method and means, which needs the common acquaintance from the t op management to the whole stuff.Meantime, it requires a perfect tactic to perfo rm an ERP system. We must confirm a cut-in spot as the right space to start bas ed on the enterprise requirement and the application environment. And to choose a right space decides that the application of ERP system is successful or not. S o, we must make it clear to build which subsystem first, to take the right seque nce for performing all kinds of function modules and the final integrated functi ons . All this prepared work for the implement of ERP system and the management, the recombination and optimization of enterprise management operation flow, ite m management and harmonization, ERP educational training and so on can not be pe rformed well without management consultancy. The effective management consultan cy can lead then implement of ERP system to shorten the executive cycle, to quik en the realization of effect and to harmonize the relationship to the client ent erprises so that to ensure the successful perform of ERP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72072047)the Humanities and Social Sciences Project of Ministry of Education(20YJC630090)+1 种基金Heilongjiang Philosophy and Social Science Research Project(19GLB087)the Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province(20557688D)。
文摘Industrial and academic interest in how to effectively manage technology resources is increasing as it becomes more and more important.Effective managing of technology resources depends on technology management system,and thus understanding how such system evolves becomes an ongoing research topic.Based on the self-organization theory,this paper constructs an evolution model of technology management system.The simulation results show that the evolution of each of the technology management subsystem is affected by the knowledge growth rate of its own,and it is also affected by the coupling and synergy relationship with other subsystems.Moreover,the coupling and synergy relationship can make the speed of evolution higher than the knowledge growth rate of the subsystem itself.
文摘Ocean is home town of wind and rain, treasury of resources. To exploit and use ocean will make great contribution to people’s existence and development. China is a great oceanic country with pre cinct sea area of 3,000,000 km2. The eastern coastal region with only 60 km width, 15 % area and 40% of population of China, has created about 60% of GDP and has become the most developed region. But marine disaster in China is frequent and serious. From statistical data, economy loss made by surge, billow, sea ice, tsunami, red tide, oil spill, coast erosion, bay deposit, sea water intrusion, sea level rise, land salinization, sea water pollution, etc. increase quickly. Economy loss per year is one billion in the l980s, 10 billion in the l990s, exceeded 20 billion in 1996, and 30 billion in 1997. About 80% of it happened in the coastal area. So, marine disaster at present has become obstacle of society progress and economy development in coastal area. To mitigate marine disaster has become need for the economy development, also important task of the integrated coastal zone management. In this article, we briefly introduce countermeasures for marine disaster prevention, coastal zone management, and achievements made in the past 50 years, its problems now confronted, and the main countermeasures in the 21St century.
文摘Considering some drawbacks of the mainstream approach to environmental management (EM),the conception and basic idea of Participatory EM(PEM) are put forward.PEM possesses some main features and benefits that are superior to the mainstream approach,but also faces the crucial constraint in decision-making.The dilemma can be effectively settled by applying an advanced decision-making support tool-group decision support system(GDSS).On the basis of recognizing the complex decision-making environment of PEM,this paper describes the components of GDSS for PEM(PEM-GDSS) and further discusses the basic requirement of PEM-GDSS.
文摘Health management permits the reliability of a system and plays a increasingly important role for achieving efficient system-level maintenance.It has been used for remaining useful life（RUL） prognostics of electronics-rich system including avionics.Prognostics and health management（PHM） have become highly desirable to provide avionics with system level health management.This paper presents a health management and fusion prognostic model for avionics system,combining three baseline prognostic approaches that are model-based,data-driven and knowledge-based approaches,and integrates merits as well as eliminates some limitations of each single approach to achieve fusion prognostics and improved prognostic performance of RUL estimation.A fusion model built upon an optimal linear combination forecast model is then utilized to fuse single prognostic algorithm representing the three baseline approaches correspondingly,and the presented case study shows that the fusion prognostics can provide RUL estimation more accurate and more robust than either algorithm alone.
文摘Due to soaring fuel prices and environmental concerns, hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) technology attracts more attentions in last decade. Energy management system, configuration of HEV and traffic conditions are the main factors which affect HEV's fuel consumption, emission and performance. Therefore, optimal management of the energy components is a key element for the success of a HEV. An optimal energy management system is developed for HEV based on genetic algorithm. Then, different powertrain system component combinations effects are investigated in various driving cycles. HEV simulation results are compared for default rule-based, fuzzy and GA-fuzzy controllers by using ADVISOR. The results indicate the effectiveness of proposed optimal controller over real world driving cycles. Also, an optimal powertrain configuration to improve fuel consumption and emission efficiency is proposed for each driving condition. Finally, the effects of batteries in initial state of charge and hybridization factor are investigated on HEV performance to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions. Fuel consumption average reduction of about 14% is obtained for optimal configuration data in contrast to default configuration. Also results indicate that proposed controller has reduced emission of about 10% in various traffic conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61690210 61690213)
文摘This paper studies the multi-sensor management problem for low earth orbit(LEO) infrared warning constellation used to track a midcourse missile. A covariance control approach, which selects sensor combinations or subset based on the difference between the desired covariance matrix and the actual covariance of each target, is used for sensor management, including some matrix metrics to measure the differentia between two covariance matrices. Besides, to meet the requirements of the space based warning system, the original covariance control approach is improved. Simulation results demonstrate that the covariance control approach is able to provide a better tracking performance by providing a well-designed desired covariance and balance tracking performance goals with system demands.
