A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of organic acids and inorganic anions in Bayer liquors was developed by gradient ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Formate, acetate, ...A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of organic acids and inorganic anions in Bayer liquors was developed by gradient ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Formate, acetate, propionate, oxalate, succinate, glutarate, fluoride, chloride and sulfate were separated and determined in 33 min. The samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction, which has high selectivity for removing a large number of metallic ions in the Bayer liquors, and filtered with a 0.45 μm filter membrane before being injected into the ion chromatographic system. The separation of six organic acids and three inorganic anions was achieved on an IonPac AS11-HC column with KOH as the eluent, and the detection was performed by a conductivity detection mode. No interference is found in the presence of fluorate, chlorate and sulphate when organic acids are determined. The calibration graphs of peak area for all the analytes are linear over a wide range. The relative standard derivation of the peak area of analytes is less than 2.14%. Under optimum conditions the detection ranges from 0.2 to 100.0 mg/L. The average recoveries of the added standards are between 94.3% and 102.8%.展开更多
The electrochemical degradation of reed pulp black liquor containing lignin pretreated by acidification method was investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor. Using activated carbon as particle electrode...The electrochemical degradation of reed pulp black liquor containing lignin pretreated by acidification method was investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor. Using activated carbon as particle electrode, the effects of p H value, reaction temperature, electrolysis time and current on residual concentration of total organic carbon(TOC) were discussed in detail. The optimal conditions were obtained: pH 2.5, influent flow rate of 200 mL/min, 25 °C, 300 mA and 2h of electrolysis time, and the removal efficiency of TOC maintains at 35.57 %. The results of the electrochemical method indicate that ·OH radicals are produced in activated carbon anode in the electrolysis process and then adsorbed on the activated carbon surface. Microcell consists of ·OH radicals and the absorbed lignin. With the microcell reaction, the lignin is degraded, while the anodic polarized curve illustrates that the lignin is obviously oxidized in the anode. The contributions of direct and indirect electrolyses to the TOC removal ratio are about 50%, respectively.展开更多
Adhesive for bamboo plywood prepared directly using lignin existing in the black liquor as a kind of material replacing phenol was proposed on the basis of the same structural properties of lignin and phenol. The resu...Adhesive for bamboo plywood prepared directly using lignin existing in the black liquor as a kind of material replacing phenol was proposed on the basis of the same structural properties of lignin and phenol. The results indicate that the reaction time of black liquor methylating is 30min, when the ratio of alkali to formaldehyde is controlled at approximately 0.20, decomposition rate of formaldehyde is the lowest and the effect of black liquor methylating is the best, the optimal molar ratio of phenol： formaldehyde to NaOH to H2O of preparing phenolic resin is 1.00 ： 1.50 ： 0.50 ： 9.00, and the suitable viscosity is 27 - 30 Pa· s. At different mass ratios of methylated black liquor to phenolic resin, all terms of performance of black liquor phenolic resin are excellent and satisfy the requirement. All terms of performance of bamboo plywood prepared using this technique are hetter than that of excellent bamboo plywood of national criteria. Using this technique, the cost is depressed by 28.69% without altering the traditional adhesive producing technique flow, and without using additional equipment.展开更多
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley var...Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley variety were harvested at three maturity stages: stage 1, Two weeks before stage 2; stage 2, Mid-dough for oat and early-dough for barley; stage 3, One week after stage 2. All samples were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract, ash, ADF(acid detergent fiber), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADL(acid detergent lignin), NDICP(neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility). There was no difference in chemical components and IVDMD among oat variety. But maturity stage had a profound influence on some nutrient contents and IVDMD. With maturity advancing, CP decreased from15.5% to 11.03% and from 14.7% to 10.9% at stage 1 and stage 2 for oat and for barley, respectively, and IVDMD decreased slowly from 72.0% to 64.9% and from 73.5% to 68.8% for oat and for barley, respectively. For fiber fractions, NDF declined before stage 2 and then level off after stage 2, while ADF changed little throughout maturation. The ADL trended to increase with increased maturity. The results from the present experiment revealed that Bailor has relatively greater IVDMD value and kept lower ADL content than any other cultivars. The observed variation in chemical composition and ruminal digestibility among various oat cultivars would allow breeders choose suitable oat forages for cattle diet. In experiment. 2, the DaisyⅡ incubator was used to compare IVDMD values of forages of seven oat cultivars using rumen fluid or faecal liquor as the inoculum source. There was a strong linear relationship between the two estimates (R 2 = 0.809; P < 0.001), which indicated that fecal liquor method has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of forage. It is suggested the method for determination of IVDMD using faecal liquor was appropriate for batch operation with precision and efficiency.展开更多
基于相同的核算边界,分别构建采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产与常规碱法制浆联合燃煤热电联产的能量与碳排放模型。通过物流平衡及排放因子法联合实测数据测算出2种制浆联合厂的能耗及碳排放。结果表明,采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合...基于相同的核算边界,分别构建采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产与常规碱法制浆联合燃煤热电联产的能量与碳排放模型。通过物流平衡及排放因子法联合实测数据测算出2种制浆联合厂的能耗及碳排放。结果表明,采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产工厂的单位产品能耗比常规碱法制浆联合工厂降低了26.8%。其中,碱回收单元降低了51.2%的能耗。采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产的单位产品碳排放量为1.72 t CO_(2)/Adt,且93.6%为生物质碳,总碳排放下降了31.6%,表明采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产具有显著的节能减排效应,为促进制浆联合企业的绿色可持续发展提供新的策略。展开更多
基金Project(2005CB623702) supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China
文摘A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of organic acids and inorganic anions in Bayer liquors was developed by gradient ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Formate, acetate, propionate, oxalate, succinate, glutarate, fluoride, chloride and sulfate were separated and determined in 33 min. The samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction, which has high selectivity for removing a large number of metallic ions in the Bayer liquors, and filtered with a 0.45 μm filter membrane before being injected into the ion chromatographic system. The separation of six organic acids and three inorganic anions was achieved on an IonPac AS11-HC column with KOH as the eluent, and the detection was performed by a conductivity detection mode. No interference is found in the presence of fluorate, chlorate and sulphate when organic acids are determined. The calibration graphs of peak area for all the analytes are linear over a wide range. The relative standard derivation of the peak area of analytes is less than 2.14%. Under optimum conditions the detection ranges from 0.2 to 100.0 mg/L. The average recoveries of the added standards are between 94.3% and 102.8%.
基金Project(50925417)supported by the National Natureal Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar of ChinaProject(51074191)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The electrochemical degradation of reed pulp black liquor containing lignin pretreated by acidification method was investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor. Using activated carbon as particle electrode, the effects of p H value, reaction temperature, electrolysis time and current on residual concentration of total organic carbon(TOC) were discussed in detail. The optimal conditions were obtained: pH 2.5, influent flow rate of 200 mL/min, 25 °C, 300 mA and 2h of electrolysis time, and the removal efficiency of TOC maintains at 35.57 %. The results of the electrochemical method indicate that ·OH radicals are produced in activated carbon anode in the electrolysis process and then adsorbed on the activated carbon surface. Microcell consists of ·OH radicals and the absorbed lignin. With the microcell reaction, the lignin is degraded, while the anodic polarized curve illustrates that the lignin is obviously oxidized in the anode. The contributions of direct and indirect electrolyses to the TOC removal ratio are about 50%, respectively.
文摘Adhesive for bamboo plywood prepared directly using lignin existing in the black liquor as a kind of material replacing phenol was proposed on the basis of the same structural properties of lignin and phenol. The results indicate that the reaction time of black liquor methylating is 30min, when the ratio of alkali to formaldehyde is controlled at approximately 0.20, decomposition rate of formaldehyde is the lowest and the effect of black liquor methylating is the best, the optimal molar ratio of phenol： formaldehyde to NaOH to H2O of preparing phenolic resin is 1.00 ： 1.50 ： 0.50 ： 9.00, and the suitable viscosity is 27 - 30 Pa· s. At different mass ratios of methylated black liquor to phenolic resin, all terms of performance of black liquor phenolic resin are excellent and satisfy the requirement. All terms of performance of bamboo plywood prepared using this technique are hetter than that of excellent bamboo plywood of national criteria. Using this technique, the cost is depressed by 28.69% without altering the traditional adhesive producing technique flow, and without using additional equipment.
文摘Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley variety were harvested at three maturity stages: stage 1, Two weeks before stage 2; stage 2, Mid-dough for oat and early-dough for barley; stage 3, One week after stage 2. All samples were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract, ash, ADF(acid detergent fiber), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADL(acid detergent lignin), NDICP(neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility). There was no difference in chemical components and IVDMD among oat variety. But maturity stage had a profound influence on some nutrient contents and IVDMD. With maturity advancing, CP decreased from15.5% to 11.03% and from 14.7% to 10.9% at stage 1 and stage 2 for oat and for barley, respectively, and IVDMD decreased slowly from 72.0% to 64.9% and from 73.5% to 68.8% for oat and for barley, respectively. For fiber fractions, NDF declined before stage 2 and then level off after stage 2, while ADF changed little throughout maturation. The ADL trended to increase with increased maturity. The results from the present experiment revealed that Bailor has relatively greater IVDMD value and kept lower ADL content than any other cultivars. The observed variation in chemical composition and ruminal digestibility among various oat cultivars would allow breeders choose suitable oat forages for cattle diet. In experiment. 2, the DaisyⅡ incubator was used to compare IVDMD values of forages of seven oat cultivars using rumen fluid or faecal liquor as the inoculum source. There was a strong linear relationship between the two estimates (R 2 = 0.809; P < 0.001), which indicated that fecal liquor method has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of forage. It is suggested the method for determination of IVDMD using faecal liquor was appropriate for batch operation with precision and efficiency.
文摘基于相同的核算边界,分别构建采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产与常规碱法制浆联合燃煤热电联产的能量与碳排放模型。通过物流平衡及排放因子法联合实测数据测算出2种制浆联合厂的能耗及碳排放。结果表明,采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产工厂的单位产品能耗比常规碱法制浆联合工厂降低了26.8%。其中,碱回收单元降低了51.2%的能耗。采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产的单位产品碳排放量为1.72 t CO_(2)/Adt,且93.6%为生物质碳,总碳排放下降了31.6%,表明采用A-D-E-RC法制浆联合生物质热电联产具有显著的节能减排效应,为促进制浆联合企业的绿色可持续发展提供新的策略。
