In this work,ultrasonic energy field assistance combined with tempering treatment is proposed to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of A517Q alloy steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition...In this work,ultrasonic energy field assistance combined with tempering treatment is proposed to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of A517Q alloy steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition(LDED).The effects of ultrasonic vibration(UV)and tempering treatment on microstructure evolution,microhardness distribution and mechanical properties of deposition layer were studied in detail.The microstructure of UV assisted LDED sample after tempering is mainly composed of tempered sorbite(TS).Due to the improvement of microstructure inhomogeneity and grains refinement,UV assisted LDED sample with tempering treatment obtains excellent mechanical properties.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS),yield strength(YS)and elongation after breaking(EL)reach 765 MPa,657 MPa and 19.5%,the increase ratios of UTS and YS are 14.5%and 33.8%while maintaining plasticity compared to original LDED sample,respectively.It is obvious that ultrasonic vibration combined with tempering is a potential and effective method to obtain uniform microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in metal laser directed energy deposition field.展开更多
NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)with nominal composition of Ni 50.8 at%and Ti 49.2 at%was additively manufactured(AM)by selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(DED)for a comparison study,with emph...NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)with nominal composition of Ni 50.8 at%and Ti 49.2 at%was additively manufactured(AM)by selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(DED)for a comparison study,with emphasis on its phase composition,microstructure,mechanical property and deformation mechanism.The results show that the yield strength and ductility obtained by SLM are 100 MPa and 8%,respectively,which are remarkably different from DED result with 700 MPa and 2%.The load path of SLM sample presents shape memory effect,corresponding to martensite phase detected by XRD;while the load path of DED presents pseudo-elasticity with austenite phase.In SLM sample,fine grain and hole provide a uniform deformation during tensile test,resulting in a better elongation.Furthermore,the nonequilibrium solidification was studied by a temperature field simulation to understand the difference of the two 3D printing methods.Both temperature gradient G and growth rate R determine the microstructure and phase in the SLM sample and DED sample,which leads to similar grain morphologies because of similar G/R.While higher G×R of SLM leads to a finer grain size in SLM sample,providing enough driving force for martensite transition and subsequently changing texture compared to DED sample.展开更多
The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breede...The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.展开更多
The initial stage of wire array Z-pinch,i.e.the energy deposition stage in single wire electrical explosion,plays a very important role in the performance of the whole Z-pinch process.In this paper,this stage was mode...The initial stage of wire array Z-pinch,i.e.the energy deposition stage in single wire electrical explosion,plays a very important role in the performance of the whole Z-pinch process.In this paper,this stage was modeled and simulated.Based on a mathematic model coupled with external circuit,the influence of wire dimension on the waveforms of current and voltage and the voltage-peak time in the energy deposition stage was studied.The calculated specific power indicates that time of the energy deposition extends with wire length quadratically.For normal wire dimension of wire array Z-pinch,the energy deposition time decreases slowly with the decreasing wire diameter,until approaches a minimum depended on the wire length.展开更多
随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍...随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍显不足,尤其是对其技术瓶颈和潜在问题的认知缺失,阻碍了该技术的进一步创新与广泛应用。鉴于此,深入探讨了WP-DED技术的核心运行机制,将其按送料方式分为双侧向送料、粉同轴与丝侧向送料、丝同轴与粉侧向送料和丝粉同轴送料4类,并系统性地梳理和归纳了这些多元化的材料输送机制。同时,回顾了WP-DED技术的演进历程与研究进展,详细阐述了4种送料方式WP-DED技术的演变、优劣对比、工艺探索以及沉积层组织与性能的研究等,旨在为读者提供清晰的技术发展脉络。此外,还指出了WP-DED技术在实践应用中面临的关键技术难题,如熔池流动控制、热历史管理、颗粒分布优化等,为后续科研与工程实践提供了明确方向。最后,展望了WP-DED技术的未来发展趋势,涉及材料开发、机制探索、过程优化和技术创新等方面,旨在激发更多关于该技术的创新思考与实际应用探索。展开更多
针对严苛高温服役工况下零件腐蚀磨损失效严重的问题,利用激光定向能量沉积(laser directed energy deposition,LDED)方法制备了含不同质量分数Cr的低熔点镍基合金,研究了Cr含量对合金组织性能与抗高温腐蚀性能的影响。采用扫描电子显...针对严苛高温服役工况下零件腐蚀磨损失效严重的问题,利用激光定向能量沉积(laser directed energy deposition,LDED)方法制备了含不同质量分数Cr的低熔点镍基合金,研究了Cr含量对合金组织性能与抗高温腐蚀性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针显微分析仪等对合金的显微组织进行分析,同时讨论了合金组织、硬度及抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能的内在联系。结果表明:激光定向能量沉积制备的高Cr低熔点镍基合金组织主要由γ-Ni、CrB和Cr5B3组成;随着Cr含量增加,合金中硼化物含量相应升高,且块状Cr5B3相逐渐向粗大条状转变,菊花状(γ-Ni+CrB)共晶相消失,出现层片状的(γ-Ni+Cr5B3)共晶相。合金的硬度随Cr含量不断升高,最高达到HV360.8,主要源自基体相硬度的升高和硼化物硬质相含量的升高。与TP347H不锈钢相比,新型高Cr低熔点镍基合金的抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能更加优异,且随Cr含量增加,合金的抗高温腐蚀性能明显提高;其中含40%Cr的合金试样表现出最优抗腐蚀性能,比TP347H提高约15倍。在高温腐蚀过程中,合金表面形成致密的富Cr氧化膜,可有效阻碍腐蚀反应侵入;另一方面,Cr元素可发挥固硫作用,使得高Cr低熔点镍基合金表现出优异的抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能。展开更多
基金Project(2021YFC2801904) supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(KY10100230067) supported by the Basic Product Innovation Research Project,China+3 种基金Projects(52271130,52305344) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(ZR2022QE073) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(AMGM2021F01) supported by the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai,ChinaProject(KY90200210015) supported by Leading Scientific Research Project of CNNC,China。
文摘In this work,ultrasonic energy field assistance combined with tempering treatment is proposed to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of A517Q alloy steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition(LDED).The effects of ultrasonic vibration(UV)and tempering treatment on microstructure evolution,microhardness distribution and mechanical properties of deposition layer were studied in detail.The microstructure of UV assisted LDED sample after tempering is mainly composed of tempered sorbite(TS).Due to the improvement of microstructure inhomogeneity and grains refinement,UV assisted LDED sample with tempering treatment obtains excellent mechanical properties.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS),yield strength(YS)and elongation after breaking(EL)reach 765 MPa,657 MPa and 19.5%,the increase ratios of UTS and YS are 14.5%and 33.8%while maintaining plasticity compared to original LDED sample,respectively.It is obvious that ultrasonic vibration combined with tempering is a potential and effective method to obtain uniform microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in metal laser directed energy deposition field.
基金Project(2020JJ2046)supported by the Science Fund for Hunan Distinguished Young Scholars,ChinaProject(S2020GXKJGG0416)supported by the Special Project for Hunan Innovative Province Construction,China+1 种基金Project(2018RS3007)supported by the Huxiang Young Talents,ChinaProject(GuikeAB19050002)supported by the Science Project of Guangxi,China。
文摘NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)with nominal composition of Ni 50.8 at%and Ti 49.2 at%was additively manufactured(AM)by selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(DED)for a comparison study,with emphasis on its phase composition,microstructure,mechanical property and deformation mechanism.The results show that the yield strength and ductility obtained by SLM are 100 MPa and 8%,respectively,which are remarkably different from DED result with 700 MPa and 2%.The load path of SLM sample presents shape memory effect,corresponding to martensite phase detected by XRD;while the load path of DED presents pseudo-elasticity with austenite phase.In SLM sample,fine grain and hole provide a uniform deformation during tensile test,resulting in a better elongation.Furthermore,the nonequilibrium solidification was studied by a temperature field simulation to understand the difference of the two 3D printing methods.Both temperature gradient G and growth rate R determine the microstructure and phase in the SLM sample and DED sample,which leads to similar grain morphologies because of similar G/R.While higher G×R of SLM leads to a finer grain size in SLM sample,providing enough driving force for martensite transition and subsequently changing texture compared to DED sample.
基金Supported by the Education Department Research Program of Heilongjiang Province(12531036)Doctor Science Foundation of Northeast Agricultural University(2009RC28)
文摘The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （51237006 51322706）.
文摘The initial stage of wire array Z-pinch,i.e.the energy deposition stage in single wire electrical explosion,plays a very important role in the performance of the whole Z-pinch process.In this paper,this stage was modeled and simulated.Based on a mathematic model coupled with external circuit,the influence of wire dimension on the waveforms of current and voltage and the voltage-peak time in the energy deposition stage was studied.The calculated specific power indicates that time of the energy deposition extends with wire length quadratically.For normal wire dimension of wire array Z-pinch,the energy deposition time decreases slowly with the decreasing wire diameter,until approaches a minimum depended on the wire length.
文摘随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍显不足,尤其是对其技术瓶颈和潜在问题的认知缺失,阻碍了该技术的进一步创新与广泛应用。鉴于此,深入探讨了WP-DED技术的核心运行机制,将其按送料方式分为双侧向送料、粉同轴与丝侧向送料、丝同轴与粉侧向送料和丝粉同轴送料4类,并系统性地梳理和归纳了这些多元化的材料输送机制。同时,回顾了WP-DED技术的演进历程与研究进展,详细阐述了4种送料方式WP-DED技术的演变、优劣对比、工艺探索以及沉积层组织与性能的研究等,旨在为读者提供清晰的技术发展脉络。此外,还指出了WP-DED技术在实践应用中面临的关键技术难题,如熔池流动控制、热历史管理、颗粒分布优化等,为后续科研与工程实践提供了明确方向。最后,展望了WP-DED技术的未来发展趋势,涉及材料开发、机制探索、过程优化和技术创新等方面,旨在激发更多关于该技术的创新思考与实际应用探索。
文摘针对严苛高温服役工况下零件腐蚀磨损失效严重的问题,利用激光定向能量沉积(laser directed energy deposition,LDED)方法制备了含不同质量分数Cr的低熔点镍基合金,研究了Cr含量对合金组织性能与抗高温腐蚀性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针显微分析仪等对合金的显微组织进行分析,同时讨论了合金组织、硬度及抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能的内在联系。结果表明:激光定向能量沉积制备的高Cr低熔点镍基合金组织主要由γ-Ni、CrB和Cr5B3组成;随着Cr含量增加,合金中硼化物含量相应升高,且块状Cr5B3相逐渐向粗大条状转变,菊花状(γ-Ni+CrB)共晶相消失,出现层片状的(γ-Ni+Cr5B3)共晶相。合金的硬度随Cr含量不断升高,最高达到HV360.8,主要源自基体相硬度的升高和硼化物硬质相含量的升高。与TP347H不锈钢相比,新型高Cr低熔点镍基合金的抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能更加优异,且随Cr含量增加,合金的抗高温腐蚀性能明显提高;其中含40%Cr的合金试样表现出最优抗腐蚀性能,比TP347H提高约15倍。在高温腐蚀过程中,合金表面形成致密的富Cr氧化膜,可有效阻碍腐蚀反应侵入;另一方面,Cr元素可发挥固硫作用,使得高Cr低熔点镍基合金表现出优异的抗高温熔盐腐蚀性能。
