Disposal of chromium-containing collagenous waste,generated during the processing of leather,is a problem that is being addressed not only in the United States,but also world-wide.Alternative disposal methods are bein...Disposal of chromium-containing collagenous waste,generated during the processing of leather,is a problem that is being addressed not only in the United States,but also world-wide.Alternative disposal methods are being sought because of environmental concerns and rising landfill costs.We have developed a process in which this waste can be treated with a variety of enzymes to extract gelatin and a hydrolysate.These recovered protein fractions,practically devoid of chromium,could be used in a wide range of products,including adhesives,cosmetics,films,encapsulating agents,animal feed and fertilizer.A chromium product is also isolated that can be chemically treated and recycled back into the tanning process.Finally,we have shown,by using a computer-assisted process simulation and cost estimation,that a profit could be realized by the tanneries,not only by reducing the need to landfill but also from the return from the sale of the protein products.展开更多
Gelatin extracted from deer bone was hydrolyzed for 3.5-120 min. The degree of hydrolysis was higher from Alcalasehydrolyzed gelatin than that from neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin. Alcalase-hydrolyzed gelatin ex...Gelatin extracted from deer bone was hydrolyzed for 3.5-120 min. The degree of hydrolysis was higher from Alcalasehydrolyzed gelatin than that from neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin. Alcalase-hydrolyzed gelatin exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than that of neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin, Hydrolysates showed strong radical-scavenging ability and Fe^2＋-chelating activity, both of which were influenced by hydrolysis time. Although nonhydrolyzed gelatin displayed a certain antioxidative effect, it was far less than that of hydrolysates. The hydrolysates of deer bone gelatin can work as a radical stabilizer and metal ion chelator to inhibit lipid oxidation.展开更多
The magnetic gelatin-starch microspheres were prepared by modified emulsion cross-linking method with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The structure, size distribution as well as morphology of magnetic micro...The magnetic gelatin-starch microspheres were prepared by modified emulsion cross-linking method with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The structure, size distribution as well as morphology of magnetic microspheres were investigated by FT-IR spectrometer, dynamic laser scattering analyzer and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Bovine serum album(BSA)was chosen as model protein, and the adsorption processes were carried out under diversified conditions including BSA initial concentration, p H value, adsorption time and temperature to evaluate the performance of the magnetic microspheres. The average diameter of optimized spherical magnetic microspheres is 1.6 μm with excellent dispersivity, and the saturation magnetization is found to be equal to 1.056×10-2 A·m2. The adsorption isotherm of the BSA on the magnetic microspheres basically obeys the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 120 mg/g and an adsorption equilibrium constant of 1.60 mL/mg.展开更多
Blotting was used to observe cell structures of leaf epidermis cells, and the key method of leaf transaction observation was paraffin section. The concentration, suitable solidification time, melting temperature of ge...Blotting was used to observe cell structures of leaf epidermis cells, and the key method of leaf transaction observation was paraffin section. The concentration, suitable solidification time, melting temperature of gelatin solution and the stain for the gelatin blotting were studied in this research. The results showed that the gelatin blotting could be used to study leaf transaction, it was benefit to make operation easily, and save time, money and so on展开更多
Gelatincarbonyl iron composite particle was prepared by micro emulsion method. The analysis of scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows that the ultrafine particles are spheroids coated by gelatin, and the average size...Gelatincarbonyl iron composite particle was prepared by micro emulsion method. The analysis of scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows that the ultrafine particles are spheroids coated by gelatin, and the average sizes of particles are 310μm. The specific saturation magnetization σ_s is 130.9A·m2/kg, coercivity H_c is 0.823A/m, and residual magnetism r is 4.98Am2/kg for the composite particles. It is shown that the particles possess properties of soft magnetic. The yield stress of magnetorheological fluid(MRF) with composite particle reaches 70kPa at 0.5T magnetic induction. Magnetorheological effects are superior in lower magnetic field intensity and the subsidence stability of the MRF is excellent compared with pure carbonyl iron powder.展开更多
We examine the ricochet and penetration behavior in sand, water and gelatin by steel spheres, 7.62 mm APM2 and 25 mm projectiles. A threshold impact angle(critical angle) exists beyond which ricochet cannot occur. The...We examine the ricochet and penetration behavior in sand, water and gelatin by steel spheres, 7.62 mm APM2 and 25 mm projectiles. A threshold impact angle(critical angle) exists beyond which ricochet cannot occur. The Autodyn simulation code with the smooth particle hydrodynamic(SPH) method and Impetus Afea Solver with the corpuscular model are used and the results are compared with experimental and analytical results. The resistance force in sand for spheres was proportional to a term quadratic in velocity plus a term linear in velocity. The drag coefficient for the quadratic term was 0.65. The Autodyn and Impetus Afea codes simulate too large penetration due to the lack of a linear velocity resistance force. Critical ricochet angles were consistent with analytical results in the literature. In ballistic gelatin at velocities of 50–850 m/s a drag coefficient of 0.30 fits the high speed camera recordings if a linear velocity resistance term is included. However, only a quadratic velocity resistance force with drag coefficient that varies with the Reynolds number also fits the measurements. The simulation of a sphere in water with Autodyn showed too large drag coefficient. The 7.62 mm APM2 core simulations in sand fit reasonable well for both codes. The 25 mm projectile ricochet simulations in sand show consistency with the high speed camera recordings. Computer time was reduced by one to two orders of magnitudes when applying the Impetus Afea Solver compared to Autodyn code due to the use of the graphics processing units(GPU).展开更多
为研究不同比例明胶/马铃薯淀粉对大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)凝胶性能及3D打印性能的影响,该文以SPI、明胶和马铃薯淀粉为原料,通过热诱导的方式制备SPI复合凝胶,并对复合凝胶的水分分布、质构、流变特性、结构、微观...为研究不同比例明胶/马铃薯淀粉对大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)凝胶性能及3D打印性能的影响,该文以SPI、明胶和马铃薯淀粉为原料,通过热诱导的方式制备SPI复合凝胶,并对复合凝胶的水分分布、质构、流变特性、结构、微观结构以及3D打印特性等进行了表征。结果表明,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例在1∶8~6∶8(质量比,下同)范围内,随着比例增加,自由水比例降低,不易流动水比例升高,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,不易流动水比例最高,占比为2.48%。复配凝胶的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加逐渐降低,6∶8时达到最低,质地最为柔软。随着剪切速率升高,凝胶的黏度均下降,样品的G′和G″随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加也均呈升高趋势。傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,添加了明胶和马铃薯淀粉的样品在波长3295.44 cm-1处的—OH振动发生红移,氢键作用增强。随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加,复配凝胶孔径逐渐减小,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,凝胶孔隙分布呈现出最高的均匀性,打印精度最好,高度打印精确度99.60%,直径打印精确度99.92%,且在1 h内未出现明显塌陷。综上所述,明胶/马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,对大豆分离蛋白凝胶3D打印性能的改善最为显著,这为开发蛋白基3D打印油墨提供理论依据。展开更多
本研究采用不同糊化度(degrees of gelatinization,DSG)的马铃薯淀粉基与玉米油制备油相质量分数为30%的乳液,并通过贮藏稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱、Turbiscan稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)、粒径、微观结构和流变特性...本研究采用不同糊化度(degrees of gelatinization,DSG)的马铃薯淀粉基与玉米油制备油相质量分数为30%的乳液,并通过贮藏稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱、Turbiscan稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)、粒径、微观结构和流变特性评估淀粉DSG对乳液稳定性的影响。结果发现,乳液稳定性随着淀粉DSG的增加呈现出先增后减的趋势。当淀粉DSG≤67.03%时,随着淀粉DSG的增加,乳液红外光谱中水和淀粉分子特征峰越来越明显,乳液的粒径和TSI减小。这归因于糊化后淀粉分子的疏水性增加和浸出更多的直链淀粉分子,使得更多的淀粉颗粒参与形成乳液,增加了颗粒在液滴表面的覆盖率,从而形成更小的液滴和更稳定的乳液。当淀粉DSG为67.03%时乳液表现出最小的油滴粒径和TSI,其稳定性最好。当淀粉进一步糊化(DSG≥71.81%),更多的直链淀粉浸出,彼此间发生混乱缠结作用,阻碍油相融入淀粉基中,乳液粒径增大,稳定性降低。此外,DSG≥64.14%的淀粉基乳液贮藏21 d不发生分层现象;乳液的激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察和流变学分析结果表明,乳液凝胶结构的强弱与油滴间相互作用密切相关,油滴间排列越致密,乳液凝胶表观黏度和储存模量越高,凝胶网络结构越强。此外,糊化后淀粉分子Zeta电位绝对值的降低有利于颗粒间相互靠近,也可能提高了连续相中颗粒的网络结构强度,从而提高了乳液的稳定性。本研究结果有助于进一步了解淀粉糊化稳定乳液的机理,对利用淀粉基开发更稳定的乳液具有参考作用。展开更多
文摘Disposal of chromium-containing collagenous waste,generated during the processing of leather,is a problem that is being addressed not only in the United States,but also world-wide.Alternative disposal methods are being sought because of environmental concerns and rising landfill costs.We have developed a process in which this waste can be treated with a variety of enzymes to extract gelatin and a hydrolysate.These recovered protein fractions,practically devoid of chromium,could be used in a wide range of products,including adhesives,cosmetics,films,encapsulating agents,animal feed and fertilizer.A chromium product is also isolated that can be chemically treated and recycled back into the tanning process.Finally,we have shown,by using a computer-assisted process simulation and cost estimation,that a profit could be realized by the tanneries,not only by reducing the need to landfill but also from the return from the sale of the protein products.
文摘Gelatin extracted from deer bone was hydrolyzed for 3.5-120 min. The degree of hydrolysis was higher from Alcalasehydrolyzed gelatin than that from neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin. Alcalase-hydrolyzed gelatin exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than that of neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin, Hydrolysates showed strong radical-scavenging ability and Fe^2＋-chelating activity, both of which were influenced by hydrolysis time. Although nonhydrolyzed gelatin displayed a certain antioxidative effect, it was far less than that of hydrolysates. The hydrolysates of deer bone gelatin can work as a radical stabilizer and metal ion chelator to inhibit lipid oxidation.
基金Project(GC201204)supported by the Open Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for the Green Chemicals,China
文摘The magnetic gelatin-starch microspheres were prepared by modified emulsion cross-linking method with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The structure, size distribution as well as morphology of magnetic microspheres were investigated by FT-IR spectrometer, dynamic laser scattering analyzer and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Bovine serum album(BSA)was chosen as model protein, and the adsorption processes were carried out under diversified conditions including BSA initial concentration, p H value, adsorption time and temperature to evaluate the performance of the magnetic microspheres. The average diameter of optimized spherical magnetic microspheres is 1.6 μm with excellent dispersivity, and the saturation magnetization is found to be equal to 1.056×10-2 A·m2. The adsorption isotherm of the BSA on the magnetic microspheres basically obeys the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 120 mg/g and an adsorption equilibrium constant of 1.60 mL/mg.
基金Supported by Committee of Nature Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C2005-32)Post-doctoral Science Committee of China (LRB04-217)Scientific Research Start Committee of Northeast Agricultural University
文摘Blotting was used to observe cell structures of leaf epidermis cells, and the key method of leaf transaction observation was paraffin section. The concentration, suitable solidification time, melting temperature of gelatin solution and the stain for the gelatin blotting were studied in this research. The results showed that the gelatin blotting could be used to study leaf transaction, it was benefit to make operation easily, and save time, money and so on
文摘Gelatincarbonyl iron composite particle was prepared by micro emulsion method. The analysis of scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows that the ultrafine particles are spheroids coated by gelatin, and the average sizes of particles are 310μm. The specific saturation magnetization σ_s is 130.9A·m2/kg, coercivity H_c is 0.823A/m, and residual magnetism r is 4.98Am2/kg for the composite particles. It is shown that the particles possess properties of soft magnetic. The yield stress of magnetorheological fluid(MRF) with composite particle reaches 70kPa at 0.5T magnetic induction. Magnetorheological effects are superior in lower magnetic field intensity and the subsidence stability of the MRF is excellent compared with pure carbonyl iron powder.
文摘We examine the ricochet and penetration behavior in sand, water and gelatin by steel spheres, 7.62 mm APM2 and 25 mm projectiles. A threshold impact angle(critical angle) exists beyond which ricochet cannot occur. The Autodyn simulation code with the smooth particle hydrodynamic(SPH) method and Impetus Afea Solver with the corpuscular model are used and the results are compared with experimental and analytical results. The resistance force in sand for spheres was proportional to a term quadratic in velocity plus a term linear in velocity. The drag coefficient for the quadratic term was 0.65. The Autodyn and Impetus Afea codes simulate too large penetration due to the lack of a linear velocity resistance force. Critical ricochet angles were consistent with analytical results in the literature. In ballistic gelatin at velocities of 50–850 m/s a drag coefficient of 0.30 fits the high speed camera recordings if a linear velocity resistance term is included. However, only a quadratic velocity resistance force with drag coefficient that varies with the Reynolds number also fits the measurements. The simulation of a sphere in water with Autodyn showed too large drag coefficient. The 7.62 mm APM2 core simulations in sand fit reasonable well for both codes. The 25 mm projectile ricochet simulations in sand show consistency with the high speed camera recordings. Computer time was reduced by one to two orders of magnitudes when applying the Impetus Afea Solver compared to Autodyn code due to the use of the graphics processing units(GPU).
文摘为研究不同比例明胶/马铃薯淀粉对大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)凝胶性能及3D打印性能的影响,该文以SPI、明胶和马铃薯淀粉为原料,通过热诱导的方式制备SPI复合凝胶,并对复合凝胶的水分分布、质构、流变特性、结构、微观结构以及3D打印特性等进行了表征。结果表明,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例在1∶8~6∶8(质量比,下同)范围内,随着比例增加,自由水比例降低,不易流动水比例升高,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,不易流动水比例最高,占比为2.48%。复配凝胶的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加逐渐降低,6∶8时达到最低,质地最为柔软。随着剪切速率升高,凝胶的黏度均下降,样品的G′和G″随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加也均呈升高趋势。傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,添加了明胶和马铃薯淀粉的样品在波长3295.44 cm-1处的—OH振动发生红移,氢键作用增强。随着明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例的增加,复配凝胶孔径逐渐减小,明胶与马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,凝胶孔隙分布呈现出最高的均匀性,打印精度最好,高度打印精确度99.60%,直径打印精确度99.92%,且在1 h内未出现明显塌陷。综上所述,明胶/马铃薯淀粉比例为6∶8时,对大豆分离蛋白凝胶3D打印性能的改善最为显著,这为开发蛋白基3D打印油墨提供理论依据。
