Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operati...Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.展开更多
Photosynthesis of H_(2)O_(2)via sustainable biomass-derived carbon catalysts facilitate the conversion of renewable resources into valuable chemicals.However,the regulatory function of surface functional groups over r...Photosynthesis of H_(2)O_(2)via sustainable biomass-derived carbon catalysts facilitate the conversion of renewable resources into valuable chemicals.However,the regulatory function of surface functional groups over reaction kinetics has not been sufficiently investigated.Herein,hydrothermal carbon spheres(CS)rich in oxygencontaining functional groups demonstrated a remarkably high H_(2)O_(2)production rate(653μmol/(g·h))in both pure water and actual seawater,even in the absence of any sacrificial agent.Meanwhile,the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity(92%conversion and>99%selectivity)in the visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine to imines.Comprehensive analysis reveals that CS was rich in surface oxygen-containing functional groups,a feature strongly associated with its high photocatalytic efficiency.The observed positive Zeta potential of CS in seawater likely diminished the electrostatic repulsion against the positively charged intermediates,thereby facilitating their accumulation at the liquid-solid interface.This work proposes a strategic framework for developing metal-free photocatalysts from biomass,offering a sustainable pathway for photocatalytic applications.展开更多
Heterocyclic skeleton(Azoles)and different energetic groups containing high performing explosives are highly emerged in recent years to meet the challenging requirements of energetic materials in both military and civ...Heterocyclic skeleton(Azoles)and different energetic groups containing high performing explosives are highly emerged in recent years to meet the challenging requirements of energetic materials in both military and civilian applications with improved performance.For this purpose tetrazole(Azole)is identified as an attractive heterocyclic backbone with energetic functional groups nitro(-NO_(2)),nitrato(-ONO_(2)),nitrimino(-NNO_(2)),and nitramino(eNHeNO_(2))to replace the traditionally used high performing explosives.The tetrazole based compounds having these energetic functional groups demonstrated advanced energetic performance(detonation velocity and pressure),densities,and heat of formation(HOF)and became a potential replacement of traditional energetic compounds such as RDX.This review presents a summary of the recently reported nitro-tetrazole energetic compounds containing poly-nitro,di/mono-nitro,nitrato/nitramino/nitrimino,bridged/bis/di tetrazole and nitro functional groups,describing their preparation methods,advance energetic properties,and further applications as highperforming explosives,especially those reported in the last decade.This review aims to provide a fresh concept for designing nitro-tetrazole based high performing explosives together with major challenges and perspectives.展开更多
The conversion of biomass into carbonrich materials,biochar and hydrochar,has emerged as a promising strategy to solve pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial development.A comprehens...The conversion of biomass into carbonrich materials,biochar and hydrochar,has emerged as a promising strategy to solve pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial development.A comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the characterization and application of these materials,is provided,emphasizing their distinct production methods,physicochemical properties,and functional versatility.Biochar,typically obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures,has a high porosity,aromaticity,and thermal stability,making it wellsuited for applications such as CO_(2)capture,electro-chemical energy storage,catalysis,and soil improvement.In contrast,hydrochar,produced by hydro-thermal carbonization in aqueous media at moderate temperatures,retains a higher number of surface functional groups and heteroatoms,offering advant-ages in aqueous-phase catalysis,pollutant adsorption,and bioremediation.The critical role of physicochemical characterization in optimizing material perform-ance is outlined,and analytical techniques including liquid nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy,Boehm titration,and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed.These show how physical-chemical characteristics such as surface area,functional group chemistry,and degree of graphitization,govern the materials’suitability for specific applications.Emerging uses in waste water treatment,biofuel production,animal feed,and advanced oxidation processes are examined,alongside their relevance to multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals,particularly in climate action,clean energy,and responsible production.The materials are versatile and can be produced on a large scale.Their performance can be fine-tuned using different production and post-treatment pro-cesses,making them key enablers in the transition to a circular,carbon-conscious economy.展开更多
文摘Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(202203021222233,202203021212398,202203021212403)。
文摘Photosynthesis of H_(2)O_(2)via sustainable biomass-derived carbon catalysts facilitate the conversion of renewable resources into valuable chemicals.However,the regulatory function of surface functional groups over reaction kinetics has not been sufficiently investigated.Herein,hydrothermal carbon spheres(CS)rich in oxygencontaining functional groups demonstrated a remarkably high H_(2)O_(2)production rate(653μmol/(g·h))in both pure water and actual seawater,even in the absence of any sacrificial agent.Meanwhile,the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity(92%conversion and>99%selectivity)in the visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine to imines.Comprehensive analysis reveals that CS was rich in surface oxygen-containing functional groups,a feature strongly associated with its high photocatalytic efficiency.The observed positive Zeta potential of CS in seawater likely diminished the electrostatic repulsion against the positively charged intermediates,thereby facilitating their accumulation at the liquid-solid interface.This work proposes a strategic framework for developing metal-free photocatalysts from biomass,offering a sustainable pathway for photocatalytic applications.
基金We are thankful to the NSAF(U1830134),NSFC(21905023 and 21911530096)for their generous financial support.
文摘Heterocyclic skeleton(Azoles)and different energetic groups containing high performing explosives are highly emerged in recent years to meet the challenging requirements of energetic materials in both military and civilian applications with improved performance.For this purpose tetrazole(Azole)is identified as an attractive heterocyclic backbone with energetic functional groups nitro(-NO_(2)),nitrato(-ONO_(2)),nitrimino(-NNO_(2)),and nitramino(eNHeNO_(2))to replace the traditionally used high performing explosives.The tetrazole based compounds having these energetic functional groups demonstrated advanced energetic performance(detonation velocity and pressure),densities,and heat of formation(HOF)and became a potential replacement of traditional energetic compounds such as RDX.This review presents a summary of the recently reported nitro-tetrazole energetic compounds containing poly-nitro,di/mono-nitro,nitrato/nitramino/nitrimino,bridged/bis/di tetrazole and nitro functional groups,describing their preparation methods,advance energetic properties,and further applications as highperforming explosives,especially those reported in the last decade.This review aims to provide a fresh concept for designing nitro-tetrazole based high performing explosives together with major challenges and perspectives.
基金the support of the CERENA(FCT-UIDB/04028/2025 and FCTUIDP/04028/2025)VALORIZA–Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization(FCT-UID/05064/2025)。
文摘The conversion of biomass into carbonrich materials,biochar and hydrochar,has emerged as a promising strategy to solve pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial development.A comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the characterization and application of these materials,is provided,emphasizing their distinct production methods,physicochemical properties,and functional versatility.Biochar,typically obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures,has a high porosity,aromaticity,and thermal stability,making it wellsuited for applications such as CO_(2)capture,electro-chemical energy storage,catalysis,and soil improvement.In contrast,hydrochar,produced by hydro-thermal carbonization in aqueous media at moderate temperatures,retains a higher number of surface functional groups and heteroatoms,offering advant-ages in aqueous-phase catalysis,pollutant adsorption,and bioremediation.The critical role of physicochemical characterization in optimizing material perform-ance is outlined,and analytical techniques including liquid nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy,Boehm titration,and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed.These show how physical-chemical characteristics such as surface area,functional group chemistry,and degree of graphitization,govern the materials’suitability for specific applications.Emerging uses in waste water treatment,biofuel production,animal feed,and advanced oxidation processes are examined,alongside their relevance to multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals,particularly in climate action,clean energy,and responsible production.The materials are versatile and can be produced on a large scale.Their performance can be fine-tuned using different production and post-treatment pro-cesses,making them key enablers in the transition to a circular,carbon-conscious economy.
