This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Pro...This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Provincial Museum for studing.A short fieldinvestigation was made by Wang Jinwen,Sha Yesue(BGMRSD),Han Qingwen(SDM)andthe present author in same year.The age of the fauna is tentatively considered as the late Late Eocene,probably correlatedas the Heti Fauna(Yuanqu Basin).It represents the first occurrence of Late Eocene fossils inthis province.展开更多
Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of ...Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of animals on Earth.The large-scale survey and exploration of the fauna by Chinese paleontologists,partly in collaboration with international scientists,over the past 30 years can be broadly divided into three stages.In the first decade since 1984(19841994),a large number of invertebrates,including basal animals and the protostomes of the early animal tree were discovered,but the subkingdom Deuterostomia was completely unknown.Then in the second decade(19952005),the great discoveries of various deuterostomes led to the construction of the basic framework of the Deuterostomia and then to the formation of the tripartite phylogenetic trees of early animals(TPTEA,including basal animals,protostomes and deuterostomes),for the first time.In the third decade(after 2005),the academic community began to think about the internal relationships between the formation of TPTEA and the multiepisode Cambrian explosion,leading to the new hypothesis of the three-episode Cambrian explosion.The Chengjiang fauna is important for deciphering the fauna structure,paleoecological environment,and so on.However,its core academic values mainly rest on two aspects.Firstly,The Chengjiang fauna,as the main phase witness of the Cambrian explosion,has created a nearly complete phylogenetic framework of the TPTEA on Earth for the first time.The three-phase radiation hypothesis reveals the essential connotation of the Cambrian explosion:a step-wise divergent evolution of animals,from basal to highly advanced groups,lasting about 40 million years.In the first phase,it gave birth to a bulk of basal animals(including some now extinct“animal”groups)in the latest Ediacaran,probably including some pioneer protostomes.The second phase took place in the first epoch of the Cambrian period(Terreneuvian),giving rise to the main invertebrate protostomes with a persistent prosperity of basal animals.The third phase proceeded in Cambrian Epoch 2(represented by the Chengjiang fauna),which not only maintained the prosperity of basal animals and protostomes,but also,more importantly,gave birth to all the main phyla of the subkingdom Deuterostomia.Thus,the rudimental framework of the whole TPTEA has been shaped,with the termination of the major innovation events of the Cambrian explosion.Here,we discussed the evolutionary properties of Ediacaran biota,small shelly fossils and the Chengjiang fauna in the Cambrian explosion with emphasis on the biological properties of several important animal groups.The order Myllokunmingiida is the only known oldest vertebrate,while Yunnanozoon and Haikouella are neither vertebrates nor stem-group chordates but a special group of basal deuterostomes;Cheungkongella is a credible ancestor of the urochordate and it supports the classical hypothesis on the origin of the urochordates;and the gill slits were first invented in the members of the phylum Vetulicolia to provide key information on the origin of the deuterostomes.The second core value of the Chengjiang fauna is of profound humanistic and philosophical significance:the discoveries of the‘first gill openings’,‘first brain’,‘first vertebrae’and‘first heart’provide the pivotal evidence for solving the unsolved mystery of the origin of the main basic human organs as described in Darwin’s“The Descent of Man”.In addition,the morphological and anatomical information of the Chengjiang fauna can provide important clues for a better understanding of most components of Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans.展开更多
The Fish fauna of the Hwajinpo Lake,one of the lagoons on the east coast of Korea,was investigated during six days between November,2003 and May,2004.Fifteen species belonging to eight families and six orders were col...The Fish fauna of the Hwajinpo Lake,one of the lagoons on the east coast of Korea,was investigated during six days between November,2003 and May,2004.Fifteen species belonging to eight families and six orders were collected.Among the 15 species recorded,brackish water and/or marine fishes were represented by six species,while three additional species were identified as migratory fish,and six species were purely freshwater fish.During the six months,all of the survey period with six sampling dates,nine species belonging to six families were collected at Station 1,with Chaenogobius urotaenia presenting the highest biomass (39%).Twelve species belonging to six families were collected at Station 2,with Carassiu cuvieri showing the highest biomass (20%).Five species belonged to three families at Station 3,with Hemiculter eigenmanni showing the highest biomass (69%).The dominant and subdominant species were C.cuvieri (16%),Carassius auratus and Tribolodon hakonensis (14%),respectively.Also,diversity indices were 0.95 (Station 3) and 2.08 (Station 2),while the dominant indices were 38.40 (Station 2) and 87.18 (Station 3).The evenness indices were calculated with 0.59 (Station 3) and 0.84 (Station 2).展开更多
Monsoon has an important impact on the development of vegetation that subsequently has significant influence on the evolution of plant consumers.The diversities of forest dwellers or herbivores follow the evolution of...Monsoon has an important impact on the development of vegetation that subsequently has significant influence on the evolution of plant consumers.The diversities of forest dwellers or herbivores follow the evolution of the vegetation,and it is therefore possible to take such diversities as forest or vegetation dynamic proxies.The present work selected 36 Pleistocene faunas of large mammals from monsoon-dominated provinces in China as materials and calculated the diversities of forest dwellers and herbivores with different approaches,as well as the consensus gradient coefficients of all the selected faunas in different flora regionalized subkingdoms.The results show that with the evolution and transitions of the East Asian summer and winter monsoon intensities,the forest vitality decreased while steppe vitality increased gradually in a fluctuated way from the Early Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene,especially in the provinces north of the Qinling-Huaihe Line.The analyses of such diversities of the faunas can help to determine the forest dynamic proxies.Moreover,the correlation of such proxies to loess-paleosol sequences and marine isotope stages can in turn help to improve the accuracy of dating fauna ages and paleoenvironment reconstruction.展开更多
微塑料作为一种新污染物广泛存在于水环境中,目前已被证实可对底栖动物产生多种影响。为探究微塑料对底栖动物影响的研究现状和热点趋势,以Web of Science数据库为数据源,利用VOSviewer软件对2012年1月至2024年4月期间微塑料对底栖动物...微塑料作为一种新污染物广泛存在于水环境中,目前已被证实可对底栖动物产生多种影响。为探究微塑料对底栖动物影响的研究现状和热点趋势,以Web of Science数据库为数据源,利用VOSviewer软件对2012年1月至2024年4月期间微塑料对底栖动物影响领域相关文献的发文量和关键词进行可视化分析。结果表明,该领域的研究正处于平缓发展期;当前研究热点集中在底栖动物中微塑料的来源、赋存、表征以及微塑料对底栖动物的毒性作用等方面。未来研究趋势将集中于底栖动物体内微塑料表征新方法、微塑料与污染物复合污染对底栖动物的毒性作用以及微塑料污染的生态风险评估和管控。研究可为进一步探索微塑料对底栖生态系统的影响机制及其生态防控提供参考。展开更多
文摘This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Provincial Museum for studing.A short fieldinvestigation was made by Wang Jinwen,Sha Yesue(BGMRSD),Han Qingwen(SDM)andthe present author in same year.The age of the fauna is tentatively considered as the late Late Eocene,probably correlatedas the Heti Fauna(Yuanqu Basin).It represents the first occurrence of Late Eocene fossils inthis province.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(41672009,41621003,41772010,41720104002)The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB18000000,XDB26000000)。
文摘Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of animals on Earth.The large-scale survey and exploration of the fauna by Chinese paleontologists,partly in collaboration with international scientists,over the past 30 years can be broadly divided into three stages.In the first decade since 1984(19841994),a large number of invertebrates,including basal animals and the protostomes of the early animal tree were discovered,but the subkingdom Deuterostomia was completely unknown.Then in the second decade(19952005),the great discoveries of various deuterostomes led to the construction of the basic framework of the Deuterostomia and then to the formation of the tripartite phylogenetic trees of early animals(TPTEA,including basal animals,protostomes and deuterostomes),for the first time.In the third decade(after 2005),the academic community began to think about the internal relationships between the formation of TPTEA and the multiepisode Cambrian explosion,leading to the new hypothesis of the three-episode Cambrian explosion.The Chengjiang fauna is important for deciphering the fauna structure,paleoecological environment,and so on.However,its core academic values mainly rest on two aspects.Firstly,The Chengjiang fauna,as the main phase witness of the Cambrian explosion,has created a nearly complete phylogenetic framework of the TPTEA on Earth for the first time.The three-phase radiation hypothesis reveals the essential connotation of the Cambrian explosion:a step-wise divergent evolution of animals,from basal to highly advanced groups,lasting about 40 million years.In the first phase,it gave birth to a bulk of basal animals(including some now extinct“animal”groups)in the latest Ediacaran,probably including some pioneer protostomes.The second phase took place in the first epoch of the Cambrian period(Terreneuvian),giving rise to the main invertebrate protostomes with a persistent prosperity of basal animals.The third phase proceeded in Cambrian Epoch 2(represented by the Chengjiang fauna),which not only maintained the prosperity of basal animals and protostomes,but also,more importantly,gave birth to all the main phyla of the subkingdom Deuterostomia.Thus,the rudimental framework of the whole TPTEA has been shaped,with the termination of the major innovation events of the Cambrian explosion.Here,we discussed the evolutionary properties of Ediacaran biota,small shelly fossils and the Chengjiang fauna in the Cambrian explosion with emphasis on the biological properties of several important animal groups.The order Myllokunmingiida is the only known oldest vertebrate,while Yunnanozoon and Haikouella are neither vertebrates nor stem-group chordates but a special group of basal deuterostomes;Cheungkongella is a credible ancestor of the urochordate and it supports the classical hypothesis on the origin of the urochordates;and the gill slits were first invented in the members of the phylum Vetulicolia to provide key information on the origin of the deuterostomes.The second core value of the Chengjiang fauna is of profound humanistic and philosophical significance:the discoveries of the‘first gill openings’,‘first brain’,‘first vertebrae’and‘first heart’provide the pivotal evidence for solving the unsolved mystery of the origin of the main basic human organs as described in Darwin’s“The Descent of Man”.In addition,the morphological and anatomical information of the Chengjiang fauna can provide important clues for a better understanding of most components of Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans.
文摘The Fish fauna of the Hwajinpo Lake,one of the lagoons on the east coast of Korea,was investigated during six days between November,2003 and May,2004.Fifteen species belonging to eight families and six orders were collected.Among the 15 species recorded,brackish water and/or marine fishes were represented by six species,while three additional species were identified as migratory fish,and six species were purely freshwater fish.During the six months,all of the survey period with six sampling dates,nine species belonging to six families were collected at Station 1,with Chaenogobius urotaenia presenting the highest biomass (39%).Twelve species belonging to six families were collected at Station 2,with Carassiu cuvieri showing the highest biomass (20%).Five species belonged to three families at Station 3,with Hemiculter eigenmanni showing the highest biomass (69%).The dominant and subdominant species were C.cuvieri (16%),Carassius auratus and Tribolodon hakonensis (14%),respectively.Also,diversity indices were 0.95 (Station 3) and 2.08 (Station 2),while the dominant indices were 38.40 (Station 2) and 87.18 (Station 3).The evenness indices were calculated with 0.59 (Station 3) and 0.84 (Station 2).
文摘Monsoon has an important impact on the development of vegetation that subsequently has significant influence on the evolution of plant consumers.The diversities of forest dwellers or herbivores follow the evolution of the vegetation,and it is therefore possible to take such diversities as forest or vegetation dynamic proxies.The present work selected 36 Pleistocene faunas of large mammals from monsoon-dominated provinces in China as materials and calculated the diversities of forest dwellers and herbivores with different approaches,as well as the consensus gradient coefficients of all the selected faunas in different flora regionalized subkingdoms.The results show that with the evolution and transitions of the East Asian summer and winter monsoon intensities,the forest vitality decreased while steppe vitality increased gradually in a fluctuated way from the Early Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene,especially in the provinces north of the Qinling-Huaihe Line.The analyses of such diversities of the faunas can help to determine the forest dynamic proxies.Moreover,the correlation of such proxies to loess-paleosol sequences and marine isotope stages can in turn help to improve the accuracy of dating fauna ages and paleoenvironment reconstruction.
文摘微塑料作为一种新污染物广泛存在于水环境中,目前已被证实可对底栖动物产生多种影响。为探究微塑料对底栖动物影响的研究现状和热点趋势,以Web of Science数据库为数据源,利用VOSviewer软件对2012年1月至2024年4月期间微塑料对底栖动物影响领域相关文献的发文量和关键词进行可视化分析。结果表明,该领域的研究正处于平缓发展期;当前研究热点集中在底栖动物中微塑料的来源、赋存、表征以及微塑料对底栖动物的毒性作用等方面。未来研究趋势将集中于底栖动物体内微塑料表征新方法、微塑料与污染物复合污染对底栖动物的毒性作用以及微塑料污染的生态风险评估和管控。研究可为进一步探索微塑料对底栖生态系统的影响机制及其生态防控提供参考。
