Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exp...Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exploratory evaluation(UEEE),is proposed to guide the evaluation activities,which can iteratively and gradually reduce uncertainty in evaluation results.Uncertainty entropy(UE)is proposed to measure the extent of uncertainty.First,the belief degree distributions are assumed to characterize the uncertainty in attributes.Then the belief degree distribution of the evaluation result can be calculated by using uncertainty theory.The obtained result is then checked based on UE to see if it could meet the requirements of decision-making.If its uncertainty level is high,more information needs to be introduced to reduce uncertainty.An algorithm based on the UE is proposed to find which attribute can mostly affect the uncertainty in results.Thus,efforts can be invested in key attribute(s),and the evaluation results can be updated accordingly.This update should be repeated until the evaluation result meets the requirements.Finally,as a case study,the effectiveness of ballistic missiles with uncertain attributes is evaluated by UEEE.The evaluation results show that the target is believed to be destroyed.展开更多
OBJECTIVE The receptor-tyrosine kinase ErbB4 is present throughout the primate brain and has a distinct functional profile.In the present study,we investigate the potential role of endothelial ErbB4 receptor signaling...OBJECTIVE The receptor-tyrosine kinase ErbB4 is present throughout the primate brain and has a distinct functional profile.In the present study,we investigate the potential role of endothelial ErbB4 receptor signaling in the brain. METHODS ErbB4 conditional KO mice were generated by a lox P/Cre strategy. The experimenter conducting the experimentsand scoring the behavior was blinded to the genotype of the mice. Open field test,Y-maze and novel-object exploration test,novel object recognition task,step-through passive avoidance task,Morris water maze and memory reconsolidation task were carried out in WT and Cdh5-Cre; ErbB4^(loxP/loxP)mice. A high-resolution micro PET/CT scanner was used for brain metabolism imaging. RESULTS Here,we show that Cdh5Cre; ErbB4^(f/f) mice have lower levels ofexploration activity as measured by these particular behavior tests. However,our data indicate that conditional knockout of ErbB4 in endothelial cells did not impair working memory,memory acquisition,retrieval,and reconsolidation in mice. Furthermore,^(18)F-FDG-uptake was reduced in the Cdh5Cre; ErbB4^(f/f) mice as revealed by the significantly decreased SUVs in compared with the WT mice. Consistently,the immunoblot data demonstrate the downregulation of brain Glut1,phosphoULK1(Ser555) and TIGAR in the endothelial ErbB4 conditional knockout mice. Collectively,the endothelial ErbB4 deletion induced impairment in exploratory activity in adult mice,which may be due to the decreased brain energy metabolism. CONCLUSION Our study provides insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of endothelial ErbB 4 and therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61872378).
文摘Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exploratory evaluation(UEEE),is proposed to guide the evaluation activities,which can iteratively and gradually reduce uncertainty in evaluation results.Uncertainty entropy(UE)is proposed to measure the extent of uncertainty.First,the belief degree distributions are assumed to characterize the uncertainty in attributes.Then the belief degree distribution of the evaluation result can be calculated by using uncertainty theory.The obtained result is then checked based on UE to see if it could meet the requirements of decision-making.If its uncertainty level is high,more information needs to be introduced to reduce uncertainty.An algorithm based on the UE is proposed to find which attribute can mostly affect the uncertainty in results.Thus,efforts can be invested in key attribute(s),and the evaluation results can be updated accordingly.This update should be repeated until the evaluation result meets the requirements.Finally,as a case study,the effectiveness of ballistic missiles with uncertain attributes is evaluated by UEEE.The evaluation results show that the target is believed to be destroyed.
文摘OBJECTIVE The receptor-tyrosine kinase ErbB4 is present throughout the primate brain and has a distinct functional profile.In the present study,we investigate the potential role of endothelial ErbB4 receptor signaling in the brain. METHODS ErbB4 conditional KO mice were generated by a lox P/Cre strategy. The experimenter conducting the experimentsand scoring the behavior was blinded to the genotype of the mice. Open field test,Y-maze and novel-object exploration test,novel object recognition task,step-through passive avoidance task,Morris water maze and memory reconsolidation task were carried out in WT and Cdh5-Cre; ErbB4^(loxP/loxP)mice. A high-resolution micro PET/CT scanner was used for brain metabolism imaging. RESULTS Here,we show that Cdh5Cre; ErbB4^(f/f) mice have lower levels ofexploration activity as measured by these particular behavior tests. However,our data indicate that conditional knockout of ErbB4 in endothelial cells did not impair working memory,memory acquisition,retrieval,and reconsolidation in mice. Furthermore,^(18)F-FDG-uptake was reduced in the Cdh5Cre; ErbB4^(f/f) mice as revealed by the significantly decreased SUVs in compared with the WT mice. Consistently,the immunoblot data demonstrate the downregulation of brain Glut1,phosphoULK1(Ser555) and TIGAR in the endothelial ErbB4 conditional knockout mice. Collectively,the endothelial ErbB4 deletion induced impairment in exploratory activity in adult mice,which may be due to the decreased brain energy metabolism. CONCLUSION Our study provides insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of endothelial ErbB 4 and therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
