Lyantria dispar larvae were fed with the leaves of Populus deltoids seedlings exposed to methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for 24 h. The growth and development of the larvae were investigated, and phenolics contents in treate...Lyantria dispar larvae were fed with the leaves of Populus deltoids seedlings exposed to methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for 24 h. The growth and development of the larvae were investigated, and phenolics contents in treated leaves including pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumarin, fernlic acid and benzoic acid were also surveyed by high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results indicated that approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and weight of the larvae were inhibited obviously, especially from the sixth day, which may result from the increase of total phenolics contents in treated leaves. This result provides strong supports for MeJA acting as the airborne signal molecule between woody plants.展开更多
We evaluated ten poplar clones （G-3, G-48, L-50/88, L- 154/84, L-156/89, S7C8, S7C15 WSL-22, WSL-29 and Uday） for ovi- positional preference and larval performance of Clostera restitura. Fe- male moths did not show ...We evaluated ten poplar clones （G-3, G-48, L-50/88, L- 154/84, L-156/89, S7C8, S7C15 WSL-22, WSL-29 and Uday） for ovi- positional preference and larval performance of Clostera restitura. Fe- male moths did not show any preference with respect to clones for ovi- position. Significant differences were observed for number of eggs laid on different plant parts. C. restitura laid eggs in clusters, preferably on upper surface of leaf and size of the egg cluster varied from 15 to 167 eggs. Clones varied for their relative resistance and susceptibility to C. restitura. L-50/88; L-156/89 were identified as most resistant clone based on minimum leaf consumption, whereas S7C15 was found to be most susceptible clone to C. restitura. In multiple choice experiments, no feeding preference by C. restitura larvae was detected amongst different poplar clones. After initial settlement of larvae on a particular clone, the larvae remained confined to that clone and negligible inter-clonal move- ment was noticed subsequently. The fresh pupal weight was correlated negatively （r = -0.37） with percentage surface leaf area eaten and positively （r = 0.47） with length of larval period, measured on different clones. Relationship between percentage leaf area eaten and length of larval period was negative （r = -0.23）. Owing to relative resistance of L- 50/88 and L-156/89 against C. restitura, these clones can be recom- mended for plantation in defoliator prone areas in north-western India.展开更多
Genomics research of Populus deltoides,an important timber species that is widely planted worldwide,is an important part of poplar breeding.Currently,the nuclear and chloroplast genome of P.deltoides have been sequenc...Genomics research of Populus deltoides,an important timber species that is widely planted worldwide,is an important part of poplar breeding.Currently,the nuclear and chloroplast genome of P.deltoides have been sequenced,but its mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)has not been reported.To further explore the evolution and phylogeny of P.deltoides,the mitogenome of P.deltoides I-69 was assembled using reads from Nanopore and Illumina sequencing platforms and found to consist of 802,637 bp and three circular chromosomes(336,205,280,841,and 185,591 bp)containing 58 genes(34 protein-coding genes,21 tRNA genes,and 3 rRNA genes).RNA analysis in combination with several species showed signifi cantly fewer RNA editingsites in the mitogenomes of poplar and other angiosperms than in gymnosperms.Sequence transfer analysis showed extensive mitogenome rearrangements in Populus species,and with evolution from lower to higher plants,tRNA transfer from chloroplasts to mitochondria became increasingly frequent.In a phylogenetic analysis,the evolutionary status of P.deltoides was determined,and the section Populus was supported.Our results based on the fi rst report of a multicircular conformation of the Populus mitogenome provide a basis for further study of the evolution and genetics of P.deltoides and other Populus species and for breeding programs.展开更多
We evaluated the growth and crown traits of 36 poplar clones at two distinct agro-climatic regions of Punjab （Ludhiana and Bathinda） in northwestern India, following randomized block design with three replications a...We evaluated the growth and crown traits of 36 poplar clones at two distinct agro-climatic regions of Punjab （Ludhiana and Bathinda） in northwestern India, following randomized block design with three replications and plot size of four trees. Significant differences among clones （p〈0.001） were observed for diameter at breast height （DBH）, tree height, volume, crown width and number of branches under both the site conditions. Clones ‘G-3’, ‘25-N’ and ‘41-N’ at Ludhiana and ‘G-3’, ‘RD-01’ and ‘S7C8’ at Bathinda were found to be superior for volume production. All growth and crown traits registered significantly higher values at Ludhiana in comparison to those at Bathinda. Clone site interaction was also significant （p〈0.001）. For volume, clones ‘L-62/84’, ‘113520’, ‘25-N’ and ‘S4C2’ witnessed huge fluctuations in ranking between sites. The correlations between growth traits were positive and highly significant （p〈0.001） at both sites. The clonal mean heritability was moderate for DBH and volume both at Ludhiana （0.61–0.66） and Bathinda （0.61–0.62）. Across sites, the genetic advance was the highest for volume （49.76%） and the lowest （6.50%） in case of height.展开更多
It is important to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance of trees in order to improve their productivity.In this study,both were evaluated for 338 Populus deltoides genotypes from six provenances.The...It is important to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance of trees in order to improve their productivity.In this study,both were evaluated for 338 Populus deltoides genotypes from six provenances.The plants were cultured under normal nitrogen(750μM NH_4 NO_3)and low nitrogen(5μM NH_4 NO_3)conditions for 3 months.Growth,chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of each genotype were measured.Under low nitrogen,heights,ground diameter,leaf area,leaf and root biomass,and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen level.Correlation analysis showed that nutrient distribution changed under different nitrogen treatments.There was a negative correlation between leaf traits and root biomass under normal nitrogen level,however,the correlation became positive in low nitrogen treatment.Moreover,with the decrease of nitrogen level,the negative correlation between leaf morphology and chlorophyll levels became weakened.The growth of the genotypes under the two treatments was evaluated by combining principal component analysis with a fuzzy mathematical membership function;the results showed that leaf traits accounted for a large proportion of the variation in the evaluation model.According to the results of comprehensive evaluation of plants under the two treatments,the 338 P.deltoides genotypes could be divided into nine categories,with wide genotypic diversity in nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance.As a result,26 N-efficient genotypes and 24 N-inefficient genotypes were selected.By comparative analysis of their morphological and physiological traits under the two treatments,leaf traits could be significant indicators for nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance,which is of considerable significance for breeding poplar varieties with high nitrogen use efficiencies.展开更多
clones of Populus deltoides and P. ?euramericana were introduced from Italy, Turkey and domestic in 1986 and 1987 with the agreement of FAO. A completely random block design was applied and the seedling test and contr...clones of Populus deltoides and P. ?euramericana were introduced from Italy, Turkey and domestic in 1986 and 1987 with the agreement of FAO. A completely random block design was applied and the seedling test and controlled afforestation trials had been held at Jinan City, Gaotang County and Juxian County, Shandong Province respectively. The results showed that two clones, namely S307-26 (P. deltoides cv.慡307-26? and PE-19-66 (P. deltoides cv. 慞E-19-66? performed well both in terms of adaptability and growth characteristics. The mean growth volumes (V) of single tree of S307-26 and PE-19-66 were 0.181 2 m3 and 0.164 9 m3, which were 42.0 % and 29.2 % larger than that of I-69 (P. deltoides cv. 慙ux?I-69/55) (CK), respectively, at the age of 5 years at three experimental sites. Results of variance analyses and T test (LSD) for variables showed that above mentioned two clones were significantly different with I-69 (CK). Further analyses found that both clones could be propagated easily and showed high resistance to poplar diseases, pests, drought, cold as well as strong wind, and had long growing period. Furthermore, mechanical properties were also better and fiber length was longer than that of I-69 (CK). It was concluded that both S307-26 and PE-19-66 were ideal varieties for the establishment of fast growing poplar plantations, especially of the wood pulp forest plantations in the region.展开更多
The uredinial stage in the life cycle of Melampsora larici-populina on poplar leaves is the most important pathogenic phase. We captured partial phases of uredinial infection in the wild, aiming to reconstruct the pro...The uredinial stage in the life cycle of Melampsora larici-populina on poplar leaves is the most important pathogenic phase. We captured partial phases of uredinial infection in the wild, aiming to reconstruct the process of uredinial ontogeny by using scanning and transmission electron microscope. At the initial infection stage, germ tubes germinated from the echinulate urediniospores. Germ tubes were frequently seen to merge with the leaf surface and cuticle breakage was observed, indicating direct hyphal penetration. Stomata penetration occurred commonly, sometimes with more than one germ tube penetrating the same stoma. Melampsora larici-populina did not form appressoria in the infection process,implying that infectious behavior of this pathogen may differ from the other rust pathogens. In general, germ tubes branched randomly, and no distinct evidence indicated that stoma could induce or orient germ tube branches. However, oriented germ tube growth has been occasionally observed in other studies. The urediniospores collapsed and finally wizened when they became nutrient stressed. At the last stage of infection, the uredinia erupted from the leaf epidermis and appeared as orange pustules on the leaf surface.展开更多
Molecular biological research into wood development and formation has been the focus in recent years, but the pace of discovery of related genes and their functions in the control of wood properties has been slow. The...Molecular biological research into wood development and formation has been the focus in recent years, but the pace of discovery of related genes and their functions in the control of wood properties has been slow. The microarray technique--with its advantages of high throughput capacity, sensitivity, and reliability over other tools developed for investigating genes expression patterns-is capable of rapidly assaying thousands of genes. In this study, a cDNA microarray prepared from two cDNA libraries of developing poplar xylem tissues was used to assay gene expression patterns in immature xylem tissues at different heights from the main stem of Populus deltoides （15 years old）, which was confirmed to have distinct wood properties （microfibrillar angle, woody density） by X-ray. Two hundred seventy-four transcripts with differ- ential expression profles between the chips were screened out, and the individual clones were subjected to 5＇ sequencing. Using bioinformatic analysis, we identified candidate genes that may influence poplar wood properties, many of which belong to various regulatory and signal transduction gene families, such as zinc finger protein transcription factor, DNA-binding transcription factor, ethylene response factors, and so on. The results suggest that these genes may regulate enzymes involved in wood formation. Further work will be performed to clone these genes and determine how they influence poplar wood properties.展开更多
Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growt...Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growth and price data were taken from previous research at the Safrabaste Poplar Research Station and in interviews with farmers.The Lingo software was used to analyze the data in different forms of E.The results show that when risk was considered,the optimal solution included the clones Pd63/51-x1,-Pd72/51-x3,Pd73/51-x4 and Pd79/51-x6.There was a high growth fluctuations of the clones Pd69/55-x2,Pd77.51-x5,and Pd caroliniensis-x7 and were not included in cultivation plans.Furthermore,the existing farm plans executed by local farmers,is neither profitoriented nor efficient in terms of income risk management according to risk efficient frontier.These results could help farmers with different levels of risk-aversion to select proper planting plans.展开更多
Leaves are of fundamental importance to plants, representing their facility to generate power and are the sensing units of plants towards the environment. An attempt was made to characterize and compare the variations...Leaves are of fundamental importance to plants, representing their facility to generate power and are the sensing units of plants towards the environment. An attempt was made to characterize and compare the variations of leaf morphology of various Populus deltoides Bartr. clones by studying the winter buds and other leaf parameters of fully developed leaves. To achieve these objectives, forty-three exotic and indigenous clones ofP. deltoides Bartr. were evaluated for different parameters. On the basis of various morphological characteristics the results reveal that each clone has a distinct color pattern of leaves. Different colors observed in these clones varied from light green through green to dark green. Two distinct lengths of the leaf apex were found, i.e., short and long; as well both acuminate and acute apex types were found. Erratic distribution of serration of leaves was also found. In this study, the morphological traits of leaves provided discriminatory grounds for separating various populations of P. deltoides Bartr. clones. Winter bud studies indicate that different clones vary considerably with regard to shape, color, shape of leaf scars and exudation.展开更多
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30170764)
文摘Lyantria dispar larvae were fed with the leaves of Populus deltoids seedlings exposed to methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for 24 h. The growth and development of the larvae were investigated, and phenolics contents in treated leaves including pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumarin, fernlic acid and benzoic acid were also surveyed by high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results indicated that approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and weight of the larvae were inhibited obviously, especially from the sixth day, which may result from the increase of total phenolics contents in treated leaves. This result provides strong supports for MeJA acting as the airborne signal molecule between woody plants.
文摘We evaluated ten poplar clones （G-3, G-48, L-50/88, L- 154/84, L-156/89, S7C8, S7C15 WSL-22, WSL-29 and Uday） for ovi- positional preference and larval performance of Clostera restitura. Fe- male moths did not show any preference with respect to clones for ovi- position. Significant differences were observed for number of eggs laid on different plant parts. C. restitura laid eggs in clusters, preferably on upper surface of leaf and size of the egg cluster varied from 15 to 167 eggs. Clones varied for their relative resistance and susceptibility to C. restitura. L-50/88; L-156/89 were identified as most resistant clone based on minimum leaf consumption, whereas S7C15 was found to be most susceptible clone to C. restitura. In multiple choice experiments, no feeding preference by C. restitura larvae was detected amongst different poplar clones. After initial settlement of larvae on a particular clone, the larvae remained confined to that clone and negligible inter-clonal move- ment was noticed subsequently. The fresh pupal weight was correlated negatively （r = -0.37） with percentage surface leaf area eaten and positively （r = 0.47） with length of larval period, measured on different clones. Relationship between percentage leaf area eaten and length of larval period was negative （r = -0.23）. Owing to relative resistance of L- 50/88 and L-156/89 against C. restitura, these clones can be recom- mended for plantation in defoliator prone areas in north-western India.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[Grant Number 2021YFD2201205]the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Genomics research of Populus deltoides,an important timber species that is widely planted worldwide,is an important part of poplar breeding.Currently,the nuclear and chloroplast genome of P.deltoides have been sequenced,but its mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)has not been reported.To further explore the evolution and phylogeny of P.deltoides,the mitogenome of P.deltoides I-69 was assembled using reads from Nanopore and Illumina sequencing platforms and found to consist of 802,637 bp and three circular chromosomes(336,205,280,841,and 185,591 bp)containing 58 genes(34 protein-coding genes,21 tRNA genes,and 3 rRNA genes).RNA analysis in combination with several species showed signifi cantly fewer RNA editingsites in the mitogenomes of poplar and other angiosperms than in gymnosperms.Sequence transfer analysis showed extensive mitogenome rearrangements in Populus species,and with evolution from lower to higher plants,tRNA transfer from chloroplasts to mitochondria became increasingly frequent.In a phylogenetic analysis,the evolutionary status of P.deltoides was determined,and the section Populus was supported.Our results based on the fi rst report of a multicircular conformation of the Populus mitogenome provide a basis for further study of the evolution and genetics of P.deltoides and other Populus species and for breeding programs.
基金the funding agency ‘Forest Research Institute, Dehradun for providing necessary funds and supplying the clonesused in the study
文摘We evaluated the growth and crown traits of 36 poplar clones at two distinct agro-climatic regions of Punjab （Ludhiana and Bathinda） in northwestern India, following randomized block design with three replications and plot size of four trees. Significant differences among clones （p〈0.001） were observed for diameter at breast height （DBH）, tree height, volume, crown width and number of branches under both the site conditions. Clones ‘G-3’, ‘25-N’ and ‘41-N’ at Ludhiana and ‘G-3’, ‘RD-01’ and ‘S7C8’ at Bathinda were found to be superior for volume production. All growth and crown traits registered significantly higher values at Ludhiana in comparison to those at Bathinda. Clone site interaction was also significant （p〈0.001）. For volume, clones ‘L-62/84’, ‘113520’, ‘25-N’ and ‘S4C2’ witnessed huge fluctuations in ranking between sites. The correlations between growth traits were positive and highly significant （p〈0.001） at both sites. The clonal mean heritability was moderate for DBH and volume both at Ludhiana （0.61–0.66） and Bathinda （0.61–0.62）. Across sites, the genetic advance was the highest for volume （49.76%） and the lowest （6.50%） in case of height.
基金financial support this research and the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding,Research Institute of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry for the instrument support。
文摘It is important to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance of trees in order to improve their productivity.In this study,both were evaluated for 338 Populus deltoides genotypes from six provenances.The plants were cultured under normal nitrogen(750μM NH_4 NO_3)and low nitrogen(5μM NH_4 NO_3)conditions for 3 months.Growth,chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of each genotype were measured.Under low nitrogen,heights,ground diameter,leaf area,leaf and root biomass,and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen level.Correlation analysis showed that nutrient distribution changed under different nitrogen treatments.There was a negative correlation between leaf traits and root biomass under normal nitrogen level,however,the correlation became positive in low nitrogen treatment.Moreover,with the decrease of nitrogen level,the negative correlation between leaf morphology and chlorophyll levels became weakened.The growth of the genotypes under the two treatments was evaluated by combining principal component analysis with a fuzzy mathematical membership function;the results showed that leaf traits accounted for a large proportion of the variation in the evaluation model.According to the results of comprehensive evaluation of plants under the two treatments,the 338 P.deltoides genotypes could be divided into nine categories,with wide genotypic diversity in nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance.As a result,26 N-efficient genotypes and 24 N-inefficient genotypes were selected.By comparative analysis of their morphological and physiological traits under the two treatments,leaf traits could be significant indicators for nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance,which is of considerable significance for breeding poplar varieties with high nitrogen use efficiencies.
文摘clones of Populus deltoides and P. ?euramericana were introduced from Italy, Turkey and domestic in 1986 and 1987 with the agreement of FAO. A completely random block design was applied and the seedling test and controlled afforestation trials had been held at Jinan City, Gaotang County and Juxian County, Shandong Province respectively. The results showed that two clones, namely S307-26 (P. deltoides cv.慡307-26? and PE-19-66 (P. deltoides cv. 慞E-19-66? performed well both in terms of adaptability and growth characteristics. The mean growth volumes (V) of single tree of S307-26 and PE-19-66 were 0.181 2 m3 and 0.164 9 m3, which were 42.0 % and 29.2 % larger than that of I-69 (P. deltoides cv. 慙ux?I-69/55) (CK), respectively, at the age of 5 years at three experimental sites. Results of variance analyses and T test (LSD) for variables showed that above mentioned two clones were significantly different with I-69 (CK). Further analyses found that both clones could be propagated easily and showed high resistance to poplar diseases, pests, drought, cold as well as strong wind, and had long growing period. Furthermore, mechanical properties were also better and fiber length was longer than that of I-69 (CK). It was concluded that both S307-26 and PE-19-66 were ideal varieties for the establishment of fast growing poplar plantations, especially of the wood pulp forest plantations in the region.
基金financially supported by the Key Forestry Public Welfare Project(201304102)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.31400563)+3 种基金the Key Project of Jiangsu Foundation of Natural Sciences for High Education(10KJA180018)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20130968)supported by the program for Innovative Research Teams in the Universities of Jiangsu Province and the Educational Department of Chinathe Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘The uredinial stage in the life cycle of Melampsora larici-populina on poplar leaves is the most important pathogenic phase. We captured partial phases of uredinial infection in the wild, aiming to reconstruct the process of uredinial ontogeny by using scanning and transmission electron microscope. At the initial infection stage, germ tubes germinated from the echinulate urediniospores. Germ tubes were frequently seen to merge with the leaf surface and cuticle breakage was observed, indicating direct hyphal penetration. Stomata penetration occurred commonly, sometimes with more than one germ tube penetrating the same stoma. Melampsora larici-populina did not form appressoria in the infection process,implying that infectious behavior of this pathogen may differ from the other rust pathogens. In general, germ tubes branched randomly, and no distinct evidence indicated that stoma could induce or orient germ tube branches. However, oriented germ tube growth has been occasionally observed in other studies. The urediniospores collapsed and finally wizened when they became nutrient stressed. At the last stage of infection, the uredinia erupted from the leaf epidermis and appeared as orange pustules on the leaf surface.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB114506)
文摘Molecular biological research into wood development and formation has been the focus in recent years, but the pace of discovery of related genes and their functions in the control of wood properties has been slow. The microarray technique--with its advantages of high throughput capacity, sensitivity, and reliability over other tools developed for investigating genes expression patterns-is capable of rapidly assaying thousands of genes. In this study, a cDNA microarray prepared from two cDNA libraries of developing poplar xylem tissues was used to assay gene expression patterns in immature xylem tissues at different heights from the main stem of Populus deltoides （15 years old）, which was confirmed to have distinct wood properties （microfibrillar angle, woody density） by X-ray. Two hundred seventy-four transcripts with differ- ential expression profles between the chips were screened out, and the individual clones were subjected to 5＇ sequencing. Using bioinformatic analysis, we identified candidate genes that may influence poplar wood properties, many of which belong to various regulatory and signal transduction gene families, such as zinc finger protein transcription factor, DNA-binding transcription factor, ethylene response factors, and so on. The results suggest that these genes may regulate enzymes involved in wood formation. Further work will be performed to clone these genes and determine how they influence poplar wood properties.
文摘Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growth and price data were taken from previous research at the Safrabaste Poplar Research Station and in interviews with farmers.The Lingo software was used to analyze the data in different forms of E.The results show that when risk was considered,the optimal solution included the clones Pd63/51-x1,-Pd72/51-x3,Pd73/51-x4 and Pd79/51-x6.There was a high growth fluctuations of the clones Pd69/55-x2,Pd77.51-x5,and Pd caroliniensis-x7 and were not included in cultivation plans.Furthermore,the existing farm plans executed by local farmers,is neither profitoriented nor efficient in terms of income risk management according to risk efficient frontier.These results could help farmers with different levels of risk-aversion to select proper planting plans.
文摘Leaves are of fundamental importance to plants, representing their facility to generate power and are the sensing units of plants towards the environment. An attempt was made to characterize and compare the variations of leaf morphology of various Populus deltoides Bartr. clones by studying the winter buds and other leaf parameters of fully developed leaves. To achieve these objectives, forty-three exotic and indigenous clones ofP. deltoides Bartr. were evaluated for different parameters. On the basis of various morphological characteristics the results reveal that each clone has a distinct color pattern of leaves. Different colors observed in these clones varied from light green through green to dark green. Two distinct lengths of the leaf apex were found, i.e., short and long; as well both acuminate and acute apex types were found. Erratic distribution of serration of leaves was also found. In this study, the morphological traits of leaves provided discriminatory grounds for separating various populations of P. deltoides Bartr. clones. Winter bud studies indicate that different clones vary considerably with regard to shape, color, shape of leaf scars and exudation.
