Twenty-five tree species indigenous to Guangdong Province were chosen in this study to portray their distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors. Both data of species distribution and environmental fact...Twenty-five tree species indigenous to Guangdong Province were chosen in this study to portray their distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors. Both data of species distribution and environmental factors were tabulated based on a digitized map of Guangdong Province gridded at 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude. Grid-based diversity was mapped using DMAP, a distribution mapping program, and horizontal patterns were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The diversity center of the indige- nous tree species under study is located north of 23° N. These tree species exhibit significant latitudinal variation (P = 0.007 4), but no significant longitudinal difference (P = 0.052 2). Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) identified five different ecological species groups, while Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed the distribution of tree species along each of the five envi- ronmental gradients. An understanding of the environmental correlates of distribution patterns has great implication for the introduc- tion of the indigenous tree species for afforestation.展开更多
This paper proposes a deterministic quantum key distribution scheme based on Gaussian-modulated continuous variable EPR correlations. This scheme can implement fast and efficient key distribution. The security is guar...This paper proposes a deterministic quantum key distribution scheme based on Gaussian-modulated continuous variable EPR correlations. This scheme can implement fast and efficient key distribution. The security is guaranteed by continuous variable EPR entanglement correlations produced by nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier. For general beam splitter eavesdropping strategy, the secret information rate ΔI = I（α, β）-I（α, ε） is calculated in view of Shannon information theory. Finally the security analysis is presented.展开更多
Traditional distribution network planning relies on the professional knowledge of planners,especially when analyzing the correlations between the problems existing in the network and the crucial influencing factors.Th...Traditional distribution network planning relies on the professional knowledge of planners,especially when analyzing the correlations between the problems existing in the network and the crucial influencing factors.The inherent laws reflected by the historical data of the distribution network are ignored,which affects the objectivity of the planning scheme.In this study,to improve the efficiency and accuracy of distribution network planning,the characteristics of distribution network data were extracted using a data-mining technique,and correlation knowledge of existing problems in the network was obtained.A data-mining model based on correlation rules was established.The inputs of the model were the electrical characteristic indices screened using the gray correlation method.The Apriori algorithm was used to extract correlation knowledge from the operational data of the distribution network and obtain strong correlation rules.Degree of promotion and chi-square tests were used to verify the rationality of the strong correlation rules of the model output.In this study,the correlation relationship between heavy load or overload problems of distribution network feeders in different regions and related characteristic indices was determined,and the confidence of the correlation rules was obtained.These results can provide an effective basis for the formulation of a distribution network planning scheme.展开更多
The Lieb-Liniger model is a prototypical integrable model and has been turned into the benchmark physics in theoretical and numerical investigations of low-dimensional quantum systems. In this note, we present various...The Lieb-Liniger model is a prototypical integrable model and has been turned into the benchmark physics in theoretical and numerical investigations of low-dimensional quantum systems. In this note, we present various methods for calculating local and nonlocal M-particle correlation functions, momentum distribution, and static structure factor. In particular, using the Bethe ansatz wave function of the strong coupling Lieb-Liniger model, we analytically calculate the two-point correlation function, the large moment tail of the momentum distribution, and the static structure factor of the model in terms of the fractional statistical parameter a = 1 - 2/γ, where γ, is the dimensionless interaction strength. We also discuss the Tan＇s adiabatic relation and other universal relations for the strongly repulsive Lieb-Liniger model in terms of the fractional statistical parameter.展开更多
Three different types of VGO were selected and cut into various distillates by true boiling-point distillation （TBD）, and the distillates were further separated into different components （saturates, aromatics and r...Three different types of VGO were selected and cut into various distillates by true boiling-point distillation （TBD）, and the distillates were further separated into different components （saturates, aromatics and resins） via solid phase extrac- tion （SPE）. The hydrocarbon components in saturates and aromatics were characterized on the quasi-molecular level by GC/ MS and CJC/TOF MS. Cracking reactions of VGO, their distillates, and hydrocarbon components （saturates and aromatics） were performed on an ACE （model AP） unit. Nine correlation parameters （mainly based on the previous assumption of basic structure Units, BSU） which could better reflect the structures and compositions of hydrocarbons were put forward based on the quasi-molecular level analysis data, and correlated with FCC product distribution by multi-regression method. A series of correlation formulas were obtained. The formulas were further verified by comparing experimental and calculated FCC yields emanated from two other VGO feedstocks.展开更多
The steady-state properties of a bistable system are investigated when both the multiplicative noise and the coupling between additive and multiplicative noises are coloured with different values of noise correlation ...The steady-state properties of a bistable system are investigated when both the multiplicative noise and the coupling between additive and multiplicative noises are coloured with different values of noise correlation times T1 and T2. After introducing a dimensionless parameter R（R = α/D, D is the intensity of the multiplicative noise and a is the intensity of the additive noise）, and performing the numerical computations, we find the following points： （1） For the case of R 〉 1, A （the intensity of correlation between additive and multiplicative noises）, T1 and T2 can induce the stationary probability distribution （SPD） transition from bimodal to unimodal in structure, but for the cases of R _〈 1, the bimodal structure is preserved; （2） a can also induce the SPD transition from bimodal to unimodal in structure; （3） the bimodal structure of the SPD exhibits a symmetrical structure as D increases.展开更多
Mercury emitted from direct combustion of high-mercury coal does great harm to the environment. To make good use of high-mercury coal, it is necessary to study the occurrence characteristics of mercury in coal and hig...Mercury emitted from direct combustion of high-mercury coal does great harm to the environment. To make good use of high-mercury coal, it is necessary to study the occurrence characteristics of mercury in coal and high-efficient methods of mercury removal. In this paper, high-mercury coal of Guizhou Province of China was taken as an object to study the nature of mercury in coal and the rule of mercury removal by dry preparation method. Mercury mainly distributes in the medium and high density fractions, and has a good affinity with silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, potassium, calcium, zinc, sodium and magnesium. It exists in minerals formed by these elements and presents significant correlation with ash in coal. After the high-mercury coal is separated by air dense medium fluidized bed, mercury content of clean coal is reduced to 1/10 of raw coal, while mercury content of gangue is increased to 3 times that of raw coal. This indicates that mercury in raw coal is rejected greatly by ADMFB and enriched in highdensity fractions. The rates of ash removal and mercury removal decrease with the density and present a very high correlation.展开更多
The Dongying Depression is an important petrolifeous province,with diverse source rocks and complex petroleum distribution patterns.A total of 32 crude oils were analyzed by the gas chromatographyemass spectrometry an...The Dongying Depression is an important petrolifeous province,with diverse source rocks and complex petroleum distribution patterns.A total of 32 crude oils were analyzed by the gas chromatographyemass spectrometry and isotopic compositions to better understanding the petroleum systems in the study area.Three oil types were classified by hierarchical cluster analyses.Type I and II oils have closely correlation with the discovered source rocks,which have been confirmed to be mainly derived from the lower third and upper forth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation source rocks(Es3^(L) and Es4^(U)),respectively.Obviously,type III oils contain abundant gammacerane,tricyclic terpanes and C_(29) steranes and have lower values of δ13C than type I and II oils,indicating a completely different source rock and biological origins.Until recently,type III oils fail to match any of the discovered source rock,which contains main contribution of aquatic organism or/and bacteria inputs.In addition,the spacial distribution of these three oil types were discussed.Type I oils mainly distributed in the Es3 and Es4 reservoirs that closed to the generative kitchens.Type II oils occurred in the Es4 reservoirs in the sourthern slope of the depression,which probably caused by lateral migration along the horizontal fractures and sandstone layers within the Es4 interval.Differently,type III oils in the sourthern slope of the depression were mainly discovered in the Eocene Kongdian or Ordocician reservoirs,which suggests great exploration potential of deep underlying strata.展开更多
Unlike height-diameter equations for standing trees commonly used in forest resources modelling,tree height models for cut-to-length(CTL)stems tend to produce prediction errors whose distributions are not conditionall...Unlike height-diameter equations for standing trees commonly used in forest resources modelling,tree height models for cut-to-length(CTL)stems tend to produce prediction errors whose distributions are not conditionally normal but are rather leptokurtic and heavy-tailed.This feature was merely noticed in previous studies but never thoroughly investigated.This study characterized the prediction error distribution of a newly developed such tree height model for Pin us radiata(D.Don)through the three-parameter Burr TypeⅫ(BⅫ)distribution.The model’s prediction errors(ε)exhibited heteroskedasticity conditional mainly on the small end relative diameter of the top log and also on DBH to a minor extent.Structured serial correlations were also present in the data.A total of 14 candidate weighting functions were compared to select the best two for weightingεin order to reduce its conditional heteroskedasticity.The weighted prediction errors(εw)were shifted by a constant to the positive range supported by the BXII distribution.Then the distribution of weighted and shifted prediction errors(εw+)was characterized by the BⅫdistribution using maximum likelihood estimation through 1000 times of repeated random sampling,fitting and goodness-of-fit testing,each time by randomly taking only one observation from each tree to circumvent the potential adverse impact of serial correlation in the data on parameter estimation and inferences.The nonparametric two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov(KS)goodness-of-fit test and its closely related Kuiper’s(KU)test showed the fitted BⅫdistributions provided a good fit to the highly leptokurtic and heavy-tailed distribution ofε.Random samples generated from the fitted BⅫdistributions ofεw+derived from using the best two weighting functions,when back-shifted and unweighted,exhibited distributions that were,in about97 and 95%of the 1000 cases respectively,not statistically different from the distribution ofε.Our results for cut-tolength P.radiata stems represented the first case of any tree species where a non-normal error distribution in tree height prediction was described by an underlying probability distribution.The fitted BXII prediction error distribution will help to unlock the full potential of the new tree height model in forest resources modelling of P.radiata plantations,particularly when uncertainty assessments,statistical inferences and error propagations are needed in research and practical applications through harvester data analytics.展开更多
面向分布式小型化磁感前端阵列接收长波信号场景,针对长波频段噪声复杂的特性,提出了一种宽带多信号智能联合检测方法。该方法基于已知参考信号样本预训练神经网络,通过神经网络在预训练阶段学习分布式接收样本矢量在各维度上的潜在复...面向分布式小型化磁感前端阵列接收长波信号场景,针对长波频段噪声复杂的特性,提出了一种宽带多信号智能联合检测方法。该方法基于已知参考信号样本预训练神经网络,通过神经网络在预训练阶段学习分布式接收样本矢量在各维度上的潜在复杂关联性规律,进而部署网络后可输出基于输入样本矢量联合概率的置信度量,用于判断当前样本是否存在目标信号从而得到检测结果。基于宽带信号仿真数据集进行实验,结果表明算法可直接对宽带数据进行处理,并能有效完成频谱感知,能够在低信噪比和相关噪声条件下获得接近理论处理增益的检测性能,达到80%以上的检测率。在此基础上,采用中科院空天信息创新研究院布设于内蒙古的超短基线电磁探测阵列(Mini-array by Chinese Academy of Sciences,CASMA)采集的实际长波信号数据进行性能验证,算法性能测试结果同样验证了其有效性。该方法不限于长波信号,也适用于其他具备参考信号条件下的信号盲检测的场景,实现在信道参数未知、信号微弱等盲环境条件下获得更优的目标信号检测性能。展开更多
Detecting target echo in the existence of self-screen jamming is a challenging work for radar system, especially when digital radio frequency memory(DRFM) technique is employed that mixes the jamming and target echo b...Detecting target echo in the existence of self-screen jamming is a challenging work for radar system, especially when digital radio frequency memory(DRFM) technique is employed that mixes the jamming and target echo both in spatial and time-frequency domain. The conventional way to solve this problem would suffer from performance degradation when physical target(PT) and false target(FT) are superposed in time. In this paper, we propose a new spatial filter according to the different correlation characteristic between PT and FT. The filter takes the ratio of expected signal power to expected jamming and noise power as the objective function under the constant filter modulus constraint. The optimal filter coefficients are derived with a generalized rayleigh quotient approach. Moreover, we analytically compute the target detection probability and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to the correlation coefficient. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to corroborate the proposed studies. Furthermore, the proposed method has simple architecture and low computation complexity, making it easily applied in modern radar system.展开更多
基金Key Research Program of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2002C20703) and Key Research Program of Guangdong Provincial Department ofForestry (Grant No. 2002-12)
文摘Twenty-five tree species indigenous to Guangdong Province were chosen in this study to portray their distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors. Both data of species distribution and environmental factors were tabulated based on a digitized map of Guangdong Province gridded at 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude. Grid-based diversity was mapped using DMAP, a distribution mapping program, and horizontal patterns were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The diversity center of the indige- nous tree species under study is located north of 23° N. These tree species exhibit significant latitudinal variation (P = 0.007 4), but no significant longitudinal difference (P = 0.052 2). Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) identified five different ecological species groups, while Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed the distribution of tree species along each of the five envi- ronmental gradients. An understanding of the environmental correlates of distribution patterns has great implication for the introduc- tion of the indigenous tree species for afforestation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 60472018）.
文摘This paper proposes a deterministic quantum key distribution scheme based on Gaussian-modulated continuous variable EPR correlations. This scheme can implement fast and efficient key distribution. The security is guaranteed by continuous variable EPR entanglement correlations produced by nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier. For general beam splitter eavesdropping strategy, the secret information rate ΔI = I（α, β）-I（α, ε） is calculated in view of Shannon information theory. Finally the security analysis is presented.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid(GZHKJXM20210043-080041KK52210002).
文摘Traditional distribution network planning relies on the professional knowledge of planners,especially when analyzing the correlations between the problems existing in the network and the crucial influencing factors.The inherent laws reflected by the historical data of the distribution network are ignored,which affects the objectivity of the planning scheme.In this study,to improve the efficiency and accuracy of distribution network planning,the characteristics of distribution network data were extracted using a data-mining technique,and correlation knowledge of existing problems in the network was obtained.A data-mining model based on correlation rules was established.The inputs of the model were the electrical characteristic indices screened using the gray correlation method.The Apriori algorithm was used to extract correlation knowledge from the operational data of the distribution network and obtain strong correlation rules.Degree of promotion and chi-square tests were used to verify the rationality of the strong correlation rules of the model output.In this study,the correlation relationship between heavy load or overload problems of distribution network feeders in different regions and related characteristic indices was determined,and the confidence of the correlation rules was obtained.These results can provide an effective basis for the formulation of a distribution network planning scheme.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11374331 and 11534014)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304500)partially supported by CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship for International PhD Students
文摘The Lieb-Liniger model is a prototypical integrable model and has been turned into the benchmark physics in theoretical and numerical investigations of low-dimensional quantum systems. In this note, we present various methods for calculating local and nonlocal M-particle correlation functions, momentum distribution, and static structure factor. In particular, using the Bethe ansatz wave function of the strong coupling Lieb-Liniger model, we analytically calculate the two-point correlation function, the large moment tail of the momentum distribution, and the static structure factor of the model in terms of the fractional statistical parameter a = 1 - 2/γ, where γ, is the dimensionless interaction strength. We also discuss the Tan＇s adiabatic relation and other universal relations for the strongly repulsive Lieb-Liniger model in terms of the fractional statistical parameter.
文摘Three different types of VGO were selected and cut into various distillates by true boiling-point distillation （TBD）, and the distillates were further separated into different components （saturates, aromatics and resins） via solid phase extrac- tion （SPE）. The hydrocarbon components in saturates and aromatics were characterized on the quasi-molecular level by GC/ MS and CJC/TOF MS. Cracking reactions of VGO, their distillates, and hydrocarbon components （saturates and aromatics） were performed on an ACE （model AP） unit. Nine correlation parameters （mainly based on the previous assumption of basic structure Units, BSU） which could better reflect the structures and compositions of hydrocarbons were put forward based on the quasi-molecular level analysis data, and correlated with FCC product distribution by multi-regression method. A series of correlation formulas were obtained. The formulas were further verified by comparing experimental and calculated FCC yields emanated from two other VGO feedstocks.
基金Project supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10363001） and the project of Baoji University of Sciences and Arts of China （Grant No ZK2508）.
文摘The steady-state properties of a bistable system are investigated when both the multiplicative noise and the coupling between additive and multiplicative noises are coloured with different values of noise correlation times T1 and T2. After introducing a dimensionless parameter R（R = α/D, D is the intensity of the multiplicative noise and a is the intensity of the additive noise）, and performing the numerical computations, we find the following points： （1） For the case of R 〉 1, A （the intensity of correlation between additive and multiplicative noises）, T1 and T2 can induce the stationary probability distribution （SPD） transition from bimodal to unimodal in structure, but for the cases of R _〈 1, the bimodal structure is preserved; （2） a can also induce the SPD transition from bimodal to unimodal in structure; （3） the bimodal structure of the SPD exhibits a symmetrical structure as D increases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51774283)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1301030C) for the financial supports
文摘Mercury emitted from direct combustion of high-mercury coal does great harm to the environment. To make good use of high-mercury coal, it is necessary to study the occurrence characteristics of mercury in coal and high-efficient methods of mercury removal. In this paper, high-mercury coal of Guizhou Province of China was taken as an object to study the nature of mercury in coal and the rule of mercury removal by dry preparation method. Mercury mainly distributes in the medium and high density fractions, and has a good affinity with silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, potassium, calcium, zinc, sodium and magnesium. It exists in minerals formed by these elements and presents significant correlation with ash in coal. After the high-mercury coal is separated by air dense medium fluidized bed, mercury content of clean coal is reduced to 1/10 of raw coal, while mercury content of gangue is increased to 3 times that of raw coal. This indicates that mercury in raw coal is rejected greatly by ADMFB and enriched in highdensity fractions. The rates of ash removal and mercury removal decrease with the density and present a very high correlation.
基金This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.41972127 and U19B6003)。
文摘The Dongying Depression is an important petrolifeous province,with diverse source rocks and complex petroleum distribution patterns.A total of 32 crude oils were analyzed by the gas chromatographyemass spectrometry and isotopic compositions to better understanding the petroleum systems in the study area.Three oil types were classified by hierarchical cluster analyses.Type I and II oils have closely correlation with the discovered source rocks,which have been confirmed to be mainly derived from the lower third and upper forth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation source rocks(Es3^(L) and Es4^(U)),respectively.Obviously,type III oils contain abundant gammacerane,tricyclic terpanes and C_(29) steranes and have lower values of δ13C than type I and II oils,indicating a completely different source rock and biological origins.Until recently,type III oils fail to match any of the discovered source rock,which contains main contribution of aquatic organism or/and bacteria inputs.In addition,the spacial distribution of these three oil types were discussed.Type I oils mainly distributed in the Es3 and Es4 reservoirs that closed to the generative kitchens.Type II oils occurred in the Es4 reservoirs in the sourthern slope of the depression,which probably caused by lateral migration along the horizontal fractures and sandstone layers within the Es4 interval.Differently,type III oils in the sourthern slope of the depression were mainly discovered in the Eocene Kongdian or Ordocician reservoirs,which suggests great exploration potential of deep underlying strata.
文摘Unlike height-diameter equations for standing trees commonly used in forest resources modelling,tree height models for cut-to-length(CTL)stems tend to produce prediction errors whose distributions are not conditionally normal but are rather leptokurtic and heavy-tailed.This feature was merely noticed in previous studies but never thoroughly investigated.This study characterized the prediction error distribution of a newly developed such tree height model for Pin us radiata(D.Don)through the three-parameter Burr TypeⅫ(BⅫ)distribution.The model’s prediction errors(ε)exhibited heteroskedasticity conditional mainly on the small end relative diameter of the top log and also on DBH to a minor extent.Structured serial correlations were also present in the data.A total of 14 candidate weighting functions were compared to select the best two for weightingεin order to reduce its conditional heteroskedasticity.The weighted prediction errors(εw)were shifted by a constant to the positive range supported by the BXII distribution.Then the distribution of weighted and shifted prediction errors(εw+)was characterized by the BⅫdistribution using maximum likelihood estimation through 1000 times of repeated random sampling,fitting and goodness-of-fit testing,each time by randomly taking only one observation from each tree to circumvent the potential adverse impact of serial correlation in the data on parameter estimation and inferences.The nonparametric two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov(KS)goodness-of-fit test and its closely related Kuiper’s(KU)test showed the fitted BⅫdistributions provided a good fit to the highly leptokurtic and heavy-tailed distribution ofε.Random samples generated from the fitted BⅫdistributions ofεw+derived from using the best two weighting functions,when back-shifted and unweighted,exhibited distributions that were,in about97 and 95%of the 1000 cases respectively,not statistically different from the distribution ofε.Our results for cut-tolength P.radiata stems represented the first case of any tree species where a non-normal error distribution in tree height prediction was described by an underlying probability distribution.The fitted BXII prediction error distribution will help to unlock the full potential of the new tree height model in forest resources modelling of P.radiata plantations,particularly when uncertainty assessments,statistical inferences and error propagations are needed in research and practical applications through harvester data analytics.
文摘面向分布式小型化磁感前端阵列接收长波信号场景,针对长波频段噪声复杂的特性,提出了一种宽带多信号智能联合检测方法。该方法基于已知参考信号样本预训练神经网络,通过神经网络在预训练阶段学习分布式接收样本矢量在各维度上的潜在复杂关联性规律,进而部署网络后可输出基于输入样本矢量联合概率的置信度量,用于判断当前样本是否存在目标信号从而得到检测结果。基于宽带信号仿真数据集进行实验,结果表明算法可直接对宽带数据进行处理,并能有效完成频谱感知,能够在低信噪比和相关噪声条件下获得接近理论处理增益的检测性能,达到80%以上的检测率。在此基础上,采用中科院空天信息创新研究院布设于内蒙古的超短基线电磁探测阵列(Mini-array by Chinese Academy of Sciences,CASMA)采集的实际长波信号数据进行性能验证,算法性能测试结果同样验证了其有效性。该方法不限于长波信号,也适用于其他具备参考信号条件下的信号盲检测的场景,实现在信道参数未知、信号微弱等盲环境条件下获得更优的目标信号检测性能。
文摘Detecting target echo in the existence of self-screen jamming is a challenging work for radar system, especially when digital radio frequency memory(DRFM) technique is employed that mixes the jamming and target echo both in spatial and time-frequency domain. The conventional way to solve this problem would suffer from performance degradation when physical target(PT) and false target(FT) are superposed in time. In this paper, we propose a new spatial filter according to the different correlation characteristic between PT and FT. The filter takes the ratio of expected signal power to expected jamming and noise power as the objective function under the constant filter modulus constraint. The optimal filter coefficients are derived with a generalized rayleigh quotient approach. Moreover, we analytically compute the target detection probability and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to the correlation coefficient. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to corroborate the proposed studies. Furthermore, the proposed method has simple architecture and low computation complexity, making it easily applied in modern radar system.
