This study investigates the shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of anchoring systems comprising three anisotropic media and two anisotropic interfaces under controlled boundary conditions of co...This study investigates the shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of anchoring systems comprising three anisotropic media and two anisotropic interfaces under controlled boundary conditions of constant normal load(F_(s)),constant normal stiffness(K),and shear rate(v).A systematic analysis of shear mechanical properties,the evolution of maximum principal strain field,and damage characteristics along shear failure surface is presented.Results from direct shear tests demonstrate that initial shear slip diminishes with increasing F_(s)and K,attributed to the normal constraint strengthening effect,while an increase in v enhances initial shear slip due to attenuated deformation coordination and stress transfer.As F_(s)increases from 7.5 to 120 kN,K from 0 to 12 MPa/mm,and v from 0.1 to 2 mm/min,the peak shear load increases by 210.32%and 80.16%with rising F_(s)and K,respectively,while decreases by 38.57%with increasing v.Correspondingly,the shear modulus exhibits,respectively,a 135.29%and 177.06%increase with rising F_(s)and K,and a 37.03%decrease with larger v.Initial shear dilation is identified as marking the formation of shear failure surface along anisotropic interfaces,resulting from the combined shear actions at the resin bolt interface,where resin undergoes shear by bolt surface protrusions,and the resin-rock interface,where mutual shear occurs between resin and rock.With increasing F_(s)and K and decreasing v,the location of the shear failure surface shifts from the resin-rock interface to the resin-bolt interface,accompanied by a transition in failure mode from tensile rupture of resin to shear off at the resin surface.展开更多
This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensi...This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.展开更多
In recent years,rockburst have gained significant attention as a crucial topic in rock engineering.Strain andfault-slip rockburst are two common types that occur frequently and cause substantial damage.The objective o...In recent years,rockburst have gained significant attention as a crucial topic in rock engineering.Strain andfault-slip rockburst are two common types that occur frequently and cause substantial damage.The objective of thisreview is to conduct a comprehensive study on the experiments and failure mechanisms of strain and fault-slip rockburst.Firstly,the article analyzes the evolving trends in experimental research on rockburst in the past decade,highlightingmechanical properties and failure modes as the primary research focuses in understanding rockburst mechanisms.Subsequently,it provides an overview of the experimental techniques and methods employed for studying both types ofrockburst.Then,with a focus on the mechanical properties and failure modes,the article conducts an extensive analysisof the failure mechanisms associated with strain and fault-slip rockburst.By analyzing experimental data and observingthe failure characteristics of samples,it discusses the variations and common features exhibited by these two types ofrockburst under various test conditions.This analysis is of paramount importance in revealing the causes of rockburstformation and development,as well as in predicting rockburst trends and assessing associated risks.Lastly,thelimitations of current rockburst experiments and future research directions are discussed,followed by a comprehensivesummary of the entire article.展开更多
Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties w...Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties will be affected by extreme conditions.Understanding the behaviour of solder joints under extreme conditions is vital to determine the durability and reliability of solder joint.This review paper aims to comprehensively explore the underlying failure mechanism affecting solder joint reliability under extreme conditions.This study covers an in-depth analysis of effect extreme temperature,mechanical stress,and radiation conditions towards solder joint.Impact of each condition to the microstructure including solder matrix and intermetallic compound layer,and mechanical properties such as fatigue,shear strength,creep,and hardness was thoroughly discussed.The failure mechanisms were illustrated in graphical diagrams to ensure clarity and understanding.Furthermore,the paper highlighted mitigation strategies that enhancing solder joint reliability under challenging operating conditions.The findings offer valuable guidance for researchers,engineers,and practitioners involved in electronics,engineering,and related fields,fostering advancements in solder joint reliability and performance.展开更多
Investigating the influence of radiation on glass fibre composites is essential for their use in space and aerospace environment.Gaining insight into the damage mechanisms caused by gamma irradiation,can improve the s...Investigating the influence of radiation on glass fibre composites is essential for their use in space and aerospace environment.Gaining insight into the damage mechanisms caused by gamma irradiation,can improve the safety and resilience of structures.This paper is aimed at investigating the failure mode and damage of gamma-irradiated repurposed pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polyester subjected to lowvelocity impact using three types of non-destructive techniques.Three sets of differently layered configurations(CRC,WCRW,W2CR2C)consisting of chopped(c),roving(r),and weaved(w)fibre-reinforced polyester are applied in this study.Drop hammer test is applied to evaluate the low-impact resistance properties of Gamma-irradiated composite at 100 kGy,500 kGy,and 1000 kGy.Preliminary flexural and hardness tests are conducted to further assess the behaviour of irradiated polymer composites.Further,the damage modes associated with the low-impact test are characterised using infrared thermography,flat panel digital radiography,and microscope observation.The results show that the composites irradiated with various doses display good impact resistance at 20 J,presenting minor damages in the form of dents on the surface.The irradiated CRC and WCRW display best impact resistance at 500 kGy,while W2CR2C at 1000 kGy.This shows that the layering sequence of reinforcement fibre can influence the impact resistance of irradiated composites.Apart from that,the application of non-destructive techniques show different damage mechanisms in the form resin cracks,yarn splitting/fracture,and matrix splitting when the composites are exposed at high and low irradiation doses.These findings offer valuable data for the defence industry,particularly in the areas of repair,maintenance,and the development of new materials.展开更多
Outwash deposit is a unique type of geological materials, and its features such as heterogeneity, discontinuity and nonlinearity determine the complexity of mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism. In this wo...Outwash deposit is a unique type of geological materials, and its features such as heterogeneity, discontinuity and nonlinearity determine the complexity of mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism. In this work, random meso-structure of outwash deposits was constructed by the technique of computer random simulation based on characteristics of its meso-structure in the statistical sense and some simplifications, and a series of large direct shear tests on numerical samples of outwash deposits with stone contents of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% were conducted using the discrete element method to further investigate its mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism under external load. The results show that the deformation characteristics and shear strength of outwash deposits are to some extent improved with the increase of stone content, and the shear stress–shear displacement curves of outwash deposits show great differences at the post-peak stage due to the random spatial distribution and content of stones. From the mesoscopic view, normal directions of contacts between "soil" and "stone" particles undergo apparent deflection as the shear displacement continues during the shearing process, accompanying redistribution of the magnitude of contact forces during the shearing process. For outwash deposits, the shear zone formed after shear failure is an irregular stripe due to the movements of stones near the shear zone, and it expands gradually with the increase of stone content. In addition, there is an approximately linear relation between the mean increment of internal friction angle and the stone content lying between 30% and 60%, and a concave nonlinear relation between the mean increment of cohesion and stone content, which are in good agreement with the existing research results.展开更多
The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were ...The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were investigated through the analyses of the spatio-temporal distribution of hypocenters,apparent stress and displacement of seismic events,and the process of the generation of hazardous seismicity in DCM was studied in the framework of the theory of asperity in the seismic source mechanism.A method of locating areas with hazardous seismicity and a conceptual model of hazardous seismic nucleation in DCM were proposed.A criterion of rockburst prediction was analyzed theoretically in the framework of unstable failure theories,and consequently,the rate of change in the ratio of the seismic stiffness of rock in a seismic nucleation area to that in surrounding area,dS/dt,is defined as an index of the rockburst prediction.The possibility of a rockburst will increase if dS/dt>0,and the possibility of rock burst will decrease if dS/dt<0.The correctness of these methods is demonstrated by analyses of rock failure cases in DCM.展开更多
The object of this article is to investigate the energy evolution mechanism and failure criteria of cross-jointed samples containing an opening during deformation and failure based on the uniaxial compression test and...The object of this article is to investigate the energy evolution mechanism and failure criteria of cross-jointed samples containing an opening during deformation and failure based on the uniaxial compression test and rock energy principle.The results show that the energy evolution characteristics of the samples correspond to a typical progressive damage mode.The peak total energy,peak elastic energy,and total input energy of the samples all first decrease and then increase with an increase of half of the included angle,reaching their minimum values when this angle is 45°,while the dissipated energy generally increases with this angle.The existence of the opening and cross joints can obviously weaken the energy storage capacity of the rock,and the change in the included angle of the cross joint has a great influence on the elastic energy ratio of the sample before the peak stress,which leads to some differences in the distribution laws of the input energy.The continuous change and the subsequent sharp change in the rate of change in the energy consumption ratio can be used as the criteria of the crack initiation and propagation and the unstable failure of the sample,respectively.展开更多
Polyurea is an elastomeric material that can be applied to enhance the protection ability of structures under blast and impact loading.In order to study the compressive mechanical properties of SiC/polyurea nanocompos...Polyurea is an elastomeric material that can be applied to enhance the protection ability of structures under blast and impact loading.In order to study the compressive mechanical properties of SiC/polyurea nanocomposites under quasi-static and dynamic loading,a universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)apparatus were used respectively.The stress-strain curves were obtained on polyurea and its composites at strain rates of 0.001e8000 s1.The results of the experiment suggested that increase in the strain rates led to the rise of the flow stress,compressive strength,strain rate sensitivity and strain energy.This indicates that all of the presented materials were dependent on strain rate.Moreover,these mechanical characters were enhanced by incorporating a small amount of SiC into polyurea matrix.The relation between yield stress and strain rates were established using the power law functions.Finally,in order to investigate the fracture surfaces and inside information of failed specimens,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and micro X-ray computed tomography(micro-CT)were used respectively.Multiple voids,crazes,micro-cracks and cracking were observed in fracture surfaces.On the other hand,the cracking propagation was found in the micro-CT slice images.It is essential to understand the deformation and failure mechanisms in all the polyurea materials.展开更多
In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support i...In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.展开更多
Based on the similarity theory,a tunnel excavation simulation testing system under typical unsymmetrical loading conditions was established.Using this system,the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of shallow-bias t...Based on the similarity theory,a tunnel excavation simulation testing system under typical unsymmetrical loading conditions was established.Using this system,the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance was analyzed along with the load characteristics.The results show that:1) The failure process of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance consists of structural and stratum deformation induced by tunnel excavation; Microfracture surfaces are formed in the tunnel surrounding rock and extend deep into the rock mass in a larger density; Tensile cracking occurs in shallow position on the deep-buried side,with shear slip in deep rock mass.In the meantime,rapid deformation and slip take place on the shallow-buried side until the surrounding rocks totally collapse.The production and development of micro-fracture surfaces in the tunnel surrounding rock and tensile cracking in the shallow position on the deep-buried side represent the key stages of failure.2) The final failure mode is featured by an inverted conical fracture with tunnel arch as its top and the slope at tunnel entrance slope as its bottom.The range of failure on the deep-buried side is significantly larger than that on the shallow-buried side.Such difference becomes more prominent with the increasing bias angle.What distinguishes it from the "linear fracture surface" model is that the model proposed has a larger fracture angle on the two sides.Moreover,the bottom of the fracture is located at the springing line of tunnel arch.3) The total vertical load increases with bias angle.Compared with the existing methods,the unsymmetrical loading effect in measurement is more prominent.At last,countermeasures are proposed according to the analysis results: during engineering process,1) The surrounding rock mass on the deep-buried side should be reinforced apart from the tunnel surrounding rock for shallow-buried tunnels with small clear distance; moreover,the scope of consolidation should go beyond the midline of tunnel(along the direction of the top of slope) by 4 excavation spans of single tunnel.2) It is necessary to modify the load value of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance.展开更多
Seismic failure mechanisms were investigated for soil slopes subjected to strip load with upper bound method of limit analysis and finite difference method of numerical simulation,considering the influence of associat...Seismic failure mechanisms were investigated for soil slopes subjected to strip load with upper bound method of limit analysis and finite difference method of numerical simulation,considering the influence of associated and nonassociated flow rules.Quasi-static representation of soil inertia effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic failure analysis.Numerical study was conducted to investigate the influences of dilative angle and earthquake on the seismic failure mechanisms for the loaded slope,and the failure mechanisms for different dilation angles were compared.The results show that dilation angle has influences on the seismic failure surfaces,that seismic maximum displacement vector decreases as the dilation angle increases,and that seismic maximum shear strain rate decreases as the dilation angle increases.展开更多
The compressive mechanical behavior of composite modified double base(CMDB)propellant was investigated across a wide scope of strain rates ranging from 10^(-3) s^(-1) to 4210 s^(-1) at room temperature,by applying a c...The compressive mechanical behavior of composite modified double base(CMDB)propellant was investigated across a wide scope of strain rates ranging from 10^(-3) s^(-1) to 4210 s^(-1) at room temperature,by applying a conventional universal testing machine and a split Hopkinson tension bar(SHPB),respectively.The derived stress-strain curves at different strain rates show a strong rate dependence,indicated that yield stress,ultimate stress and strain energy density of CMDB propellant all increase with strain rate by following a power law function,while the amplification of increase are different.The deformation and damage modes of CMDB propellant has changed from a typical ductile manner(cracking along the axial direction)to a brittle manner(maximum shear failure)with increasing of strain rate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was employed to explore the microscopic failure characteristics of CMDB propellant.Under quasi-static loading,the nearly parallel micro-cracks propagating along the axial direction and the debonding of RDX particle without particle crushing can be observed.While under dynamic loading,the micro-crack is 45 angle to the axial direction,and multiple cracking modes of RDX particles appeared.Finally,the correlation between strain energy density and failure mechanisms of CMDB propellant was revealed by developing four characteristic failure modes.The findings of this study is very important to evaluate the structural integrity of CMDB propellant.展开更多
Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual wo...Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual work equation performed under the upper bound theorem.It is necessary to point out that the properties of surrounding rock mass plays a vital role in the shape of collapsing rock mass.The first order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulation method are then employed to analyze the stability of presented mechanism.Different rock parameters are considered random variables to value the corresponding reliability index with an increasing applied support pressure.The reliability indexes calculated by two methods are in good agreement.Sensitivity analysis was performed and the influence of coefficient variation of rock parameters was discussed.It is shown that the tensile strength plays a much more important role in reliability index than dimensionless parameter,and that small changes occurring in the coefficient of variation would make great influence of reliability index.Thus,significant attention should be paid to the properties of surrounding rock mass and the applied support pressure to maintain the stability of tunnel can be determined for a given reliability index.展开更多
The test selection and optimization （TSO） can improve the abilities of fault diagnosis, prognosis and health-state evalua- tion for prognostics and health management （PHM） systems. Traditionally, TSO mainly focuse...The test selection and optimization （TSO） can improve the abilities of fault diagnosis, prognosis and health-state evalua- tion for prognostics and health management （PHM） systems. Traditionally, TSO mainly focuses on fault detection and isolation, but they cannot provide an effective guide for the design for testability （DFT） to improve the PHM performance level. To solve the problem, a model of TSO for PHM systems is proposed. Firstly, through integrating the characteristics of fault severity and propa- gation time, and analyzing the test timing and sensitivity, a testability model based on failure evolution mechanism model （FEMM） for PHM systems is built up. This model describes the fault evolution- test dependency using the fault-symptom parameter matrix and symptom parameter-test matrix. Secondly, a novel method of in- herent testability analysis for PHM systems is developed based on the above information. Having completed the analysis, a TSO model, whose objective is to maximize fault trackability and mini- mize the test cost, is proposed through inherent testability analysis results, and an adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm （ASAGA） is introduced to solve the TSO problem. Finally, a case of a centrifugal pump system is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed models and methods. The results show that the proposed technology is important for PHM systems to select and optimize the test set in order to improve their performance level.展开更多
The optocoupler is a weak link in the inertial navigation platform of a kind of guided munitions.It is necessary to use accelerated storage test to verify the storage life of long storage products.Especially for small...The optocoupler is a weak link in the inertial navigation platform of a kind of guided munitions.It is necessary to use accelerated storage test to verify the storage life of long storage products.Especially for small sample products,it is very important to obtain prior information for the design and implementation of accelerated degradation test.In this paper,the optocoupler failure mechanism verification test is designed and the experimental results are analyzed and the prior information is obtained.The results show that optocouplers have two failure modes,one is sudden failure and the other is degradation failure;the maximum temperature stress of optocoupler can’t exceed 140℃;the increase of leakage current of optocoupler is caused by movable ions contaminating the LED chip.The surface leakage current is proportional to the adsorption amount.The increase of leakage current makes p-n junction tunneling effect occur which LEDs the failure of the optocoupler.The lifetime distribution model of the optocoupler is determined by the failure physics.The lifetime of the optocoupler is subject to the lognormal distribution.The degeneracy orbit of the optocoupler leakage current is described by a power law model.The estimated values of the orbital parameters are initially calculated and the parameters of its life distribution function are deduced.The above information lays a good foundation for the optimization design and data processing of the accelerated degradation experiment.展开更多
A new technique for the analysis of the three-dimensional collapse failure mechanism and the ground surface settlements for the large-diameter shield tunnels were presented.The technique is based on a velocity field m...A new technique for the analysis of the three-dimensional collapse failure mechanism and the ground surface settlements for the large-diameter shield tunnels were presented.The technique is based on a velocity field model using more different truncated solid conical blocks to clarify the multiblock failure mechanism.Furthermore,the shape of blocks between the failure surface and the tunnel face was considered as an entire circle,and the supporting pressure was assumed as non-uniform distribution on the tunnel face and increased with the tunnel embedded depth.The ground surface settlements and failure mechanism above large-diameter shield tunnels were also investigated under different supporting pressures by the finite difference method.展开更多
The investigation of supporting pressure is of great significance to the design of underground structures.Based on the kinematical approach of limit analysis,an improved failure mechanism is proposed,and the supportin...The investigation of supporting pressure is of great significance to the design of underground structures.Based on the kinematical approach of limit analysis,an improved failure mechanism is proposed,and the supporting pressure is investigated for deep buried cavity.Three failure mechanisms are first introduced according to the existing failure mechanisms of geotechnical structures of limit analysis.A comparison with respect to the optimal failure mechanisms and the upper bound solutions provided among these three mechanisms are then conducted in an attempt to obtain the improved failure mechanism.The results provided by the improved failure mechanism are in good agreement with those by the existing method,the numerical solution and field monitoring,which demonstrates that the proposed failure mechanism is effective for the upper bound analysis of supporting pressure.展开更多
Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framewor...Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framework of the upper bound limit analysis theorem. In the velocity discontinuities in transition area, the velocity changes in radial and tangent directions are allowed. The objective functions of the stability problems of geotechnical structures are obtained by equating the work rate of external force to internal dissipation along the velocity discontinuities, and then the objective functions are transformed as an upper-bound mathematic optimization model. The upper bound solutions for the objective functions are obtained by use of the nonlinear sequential quadratic programming and interior point method. From the numerical results and comparative analysis, it can be seen that the method presented in this work gives better calculation results than existing upper bound methods and can be used to establish the more accurate plastic collapse load for the ultimate bearing capacity of rough foundation.展开更多
Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts t...Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts to reveal the influence of the mainshock on damage evolution and failure characteristic of the key rock pillar during aftershocks by cyclic loading test of marble.Four levels of pre-damage stress(i.e.,10,30,50 and 70 MPa)in the first cycle were used to simulate the mainshock damage,and then cyclic stress with the same amplitude(namely 10 MPa)was conducted in the subsequent cycles to simulate the aftershock until rock failure.The results indicate that the presence of pre-damage has an obvious weakening effect on the bearing capacity and deformation resistance of rock materials during the aftershock process.Besides,the increase of pre-damage significantly changes the final failure pattern of the key rock pillar,and leads to an increase in the proportion of small-scale rock fragments.This study may contribute to understanding the seismic capacity of the unreinforced rock pillar during mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences and to optimizing the design of the key rock pillar in underground engineering.展开更多
基金Projects(52174092,42472338,51904290)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(BK20220157)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,ChinaProject(2022YCPY0202)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘This study investigates the shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of anchoring systems comprising three anisotropic media and two anisotropic interfaces under controlled boundary conditions of constant normal load(F_(s)),constant normal stiffness(K),and shear rate(v).A systematic analysis of shear mechanical properties,the evolution of maximum principal strain field,and damage characteristics along shear failure surface is presented.Results from direct shear tests demonstrate that initial shear slip diminishes with increasing F_(s)and K,attributed to the normal constraint strengthening effect,while an increase in v enhances initial shear slip due to attenuated deformation coordination and stress transfer.As F_(s)increases from 7.5 to 120 kN,K from 0 to 12 MPa/mm,and v from 0.1 to 2 mm/min,the peak shear load increases by 210.32%and 80.16%with rising F_(s)and K,respectively,while decreases by 38.57%with increasing v.Correspondingly,the shear modulus exhibits,respectively,a 135.29%and 177.06%increase with rising F_(s)and K,and a 37.03%decrease with larger v.Initial shear dilation is identified as marking the formation of shear failure surface along anisotropic interfaces,resulting from the combined shear actions at the resin bolt interface,where resin undergoes shear by bolt surface protrusions,and the resin-rock interface,where mutual shear occurs between resin and rock.With increasing F_(s)and K and decreasing v,the location of the shear failure surface shifts from the resin-rock interface to the resin-bolt interface,accompanied by a transition in failure mode from tensile rupture of resin to shear off at the resin surface.
基金Project(WPUKFJJ2019-19)supported by the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining,ChinaProject(51974317)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.
基金Project(52227901)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2308085ME153)supported by the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China+2 种基金Project(2022AH030088)supported by the University Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,ChinaProject(EC2022011)supported by the Foundation of Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining,ChinaProject(GXXT-2022-020)supported by the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province,China。
文摘In recent years,rockburst have gained significant attention as a crucial topic in rock engineering.Strain andfault-slip rockburst are two common types that occur frequently and cause substantial damage.The objective of thisreview is to conduct a comprehensive study on the experiments and failure mechanisms of strain and fault-slip rockburst.Firstly,the article analyzes the evolving trends in experimental research on rockburst in the past decade,highlightingmechanical properties and failure modes as the primary research focuses in understanding rockburst mechanisms.Subsequently,it provides an overview of the experimental techniques and methods employed for studying both types ofrockburst.Then,with a focus on the mechanical properties and failure modes,the article conducts an extensive analysisof the failure mechanisms associated with strain and fault-slip rockburst.By analyzing experimental data and observingthe failure characteristics of samples,it discusses the variations and common features exhibited by these two types ofrockburst under various test conditions.This analysis is of paramount importance in revealing the causes of rockburstformation and development,as well as in predicting rockburst trends and assessing associated risks.Lastly,thelimitations of current rockburst experiments and future research directions are discussed,followed by a comprehensivesummary of the entire article.
基金fully supported by a Tabung Amanah Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan&Inovasi(PPPI)(Grant No.PS060-UPNM/2023/GPPP/SG/1)Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia(UPNM)for funding this study。
文摘Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties will be affected by extreme conditions.Understanding the behaviour of solder joints under extreme conditions is vital to determine the durability and reliability of solder joint.This review paper aims to comprehensively explore the underlying failure mechanism affecting solder joint reliability under extreme conditions.This study covers an in-depth analysis of effect extreme temperature,mechanical stress,and radiation conditions towards solder joint.Impact of each condition to the microstructure including solder matrix and intermetallic compound layer,and mechanical properties such as fatigue,shear strength,creep,and hardness was thoroughly discussed.The failure mechanisms were illustrated in graphical diagrams to ensure clarity and understanding.Furthermore,the paper highlighted mitigation strategies that enhancing solder joint reliability under challenging operating conditions.The findings offer valuable guidance for researchers,engineers,and practitioners involved in electronics,engineering,and related fields,fostering advancements in solder joint reliability and performance.
基金funded by Universiti Tenaga Nasional(UNITEN),Malaysia for supporting this research under the Dato'Low Tuck Kwong International Grant,project code 20238002DLTKsupport for this work from the Ministry of Higher EducationMalaysia through the Higher Institution Center of Excellence(HICoE 2023-JPT(BPKI)1000/016/018/34(5))program+2 种基金supported by Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB)and UNITEN through the BOLD Refresh Postdoctoral Fellowships under Grant J510050002-IC-6 BOLDREFRESH2023-Centre of ExcellencePrince Sultan University for their supportIndustrial Technology Division,Malaysian Nuclear Agency for their support in this research work.
文摘Investigating the influence of radiation on glass fibre composites is essential for their use in space and aerospace environment.Gaining insight into the damage mechanisms caused by gamma irradiation,can improve the safety and resilience of structures.This paper is aimed at investigating the failure mode and damage of gamma-irradiated repurposed pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polyester subjected to lowvelocity impact using three types of non-destructive techniques.Three sets of differently layered configurations(CRC,WCRW,W2CR2C)consisting of chopped(c),roving(r),and weaved(w)fibre-reinforced polyester are applied in this study.Drop hammer test is applied to evaluate the low-impact resistance properties of Gamma-irradiated composite at 100 kGy,500 kGy,and 1000 kGy.Preliminary flexural and hardness tests are conducted to further assess the behaviour of irradiated polymer composites.Further,the damage modes associated with the low-impact test are characterised using infrared thermography,flat panel digital radiography,and microscope observation.The results show that the composites irradiated with various doses display good impact resistance at 20 J,presenting minor damages in the form of dents on the surface.The irradiated CRC and WCRW display best impact resistance at 500 kGy,while W2CR2C at 1000 kGy.This shows that the layering sequence of reinforcement fibre can influence the impact resistance of irradiated composites.Apart from that,the application of non-destructive techniques show different damage mechanisms in the form resin cracks,yarn splitting/fracture,and matrix splitting when the composites are exposed at high and low irradiation doses.These findings offer valuable data for the defence industry,particularly in the areas of repair,maintenance,and the development of new materials.
基金Project(2011CB013504) supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of ChinaProject(2013BAB06B01) supported by the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period+2 种基金Projects(11772118,51479049,51709282) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2017M620838) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of ChinaProject(487237) supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘Outwash deposit is a unique type of geological materials, and its features such as heterogeneity, discontinuity and nonlinearity determine the complexity of mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism. In this work, random meso-structure of outwash deposits was constructed by the technique of computer random simulation based on characteristics of its meso-structure in the statistical sense and some simplifications, and a series of large direct shear tests on numerical samples of outwash deposits with stone contents of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% were conducted using the discrete element method to further investigate its mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism under external load. The results show that the deformation characteristics and shear strength of outwash deposits are to some extent improved with the increase of stone content, and the shear stress–shear displacement curves of outwash deposits show great differences at the post-peak stage due to the random spatial distribution and content of stones. From the mesoscopic view, normal directions of contacts between "soil" and "stone" particles undergo apparent deflection as the shear displacement continues during the shearing process, accompanying redistribution of the magnitude of contact forces during the shearing process. For outwash deposits, the shear zone formed after shear failure is an irregular stripe due to the movements of stones near the shear zone, and it expands gradually with the increase of stone content. In addition, there is an approximately linear relation between the mean increment of internal friction angle and the stone content lying between 30% and 60%, and a concave nonlinear relation between the mean increment of cohesion and stone content, which are in good agreement with the existing research results.
基金Project(2010CB732004) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(50490274) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The research on the rock burst prediction was made on the basis of seismology,rock mechanics and the data from Dongguashan Copper Mine(DCM) ,the deepest metal mine in China.The seismic responses to mining in DCM were investigated through the analyses of the spatio-temporal distribution of hypocenters,apparent stress and displacement of seismic events,and the process of the generation of hazardous seismicity in DCM was studied in the framework of the theory of asperity in the seismic source mechanism.A method of locating areas with hazardous seismicity and a conceptual model of hazardous seismic nucleation in DCM were proposed.A criterion of rockburst prediction was analyzed theoretically in the framework of unstable failure theories,and consequently,the rate of change in the ratio of the seismic stiffness of rock in a seismic nucleation area to that in surrounding area,dS/dt,is defined as an index of the rockburst prediction.The possibility of a rockburst will increase if dS/dt>0,and the possibility of rock burst will decrease if dS/dt<0.The correctness of these methods is demonstrated by analyses of rock failure cases in DCM.
基金Project(FRF-TP-20-041A1)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProjects(2016YFC0600801,2017YFC0804103)supported by the State Key Research Development Program of ChinaProjects(51774022,52074020)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The object of this article is to investigate the energy evolution mechanism and failure criteria of cross-jointed samples containing an opening during deformation and failure based on the uniaxial compression test and rock energy principle.The results show that the energy evolution characteristics of the samples correspond to a typical progressive damage mode.The peak total energy,peak elastic energy,and total input energy of the samples all first decrease and then increase with an increase of half of the included angle,reaching their minimum values when this angle is 45°,while the dissipated energy generally increases with this angle.The existence of the opening and cross joints can obviously weaken the energy storage capacity of the rock,and the change in the included angle of the cross joint has a great influence on the elastic energy ratio of the sample before the peak stress,which leads to some differences in the distribution laws of the input energy.The continuous change and the subsequent sharp change in the rate of change in the energy consumption ratio can be used as the criteria of the crack initiation and propagation and the unstable failure of the sample,respectively.
基金The authors would like to thank the State Administration of Science,Technology and Industry for National Defense of China(Grant No.WDZCKYXM20190503)Xi’an Modern Chemistry Institute for the financial support.Beijing Institute of Technology and Northwestern Polytechnical University are thanked for providing experimental equipments for this work.
文摘Polyurea is an elastomeric material that can be applied to enhance the protection ability of structures under blast and impact loading.In order to study the compressive mechanical properties of SiC/polyurea nanocomposites under quasi-static and dynamic loading,a universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)apparatus were used respectively.The stress-strain curves were obtained on polyurea and its composites at strain rates of 0.001e8000 s1.The results of the experiment suggested that increase in the strain rates led to the rise of the flow stress,compressive strength,strain rate sensitivity and strain energy.This indicates that all of the presented materials were dependent on strain rate.Moreover,these mechanical characters were enhanced by incorporating a small amount of SiC into polyurea matrix.The relation between yield stress and strain rates were established using the power law functions.Finally,in order to investigate the fracture surfaces and inside information of failed specimens,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and micro X-ray computed tomography(micro-CT)were used respectively.Multiple voids,crazes,micro-cracks and cracking were observed in fracture surfaces.On the other hand,the cracking propagation was found in the micro-CT slice images.It is essential to understand the deformation and failure mechanisms in all the polyurea materials.
基金Projects(51304125,51379114)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(BS2013NJ004)supported by Award Fund for Outstanding Young and Middle-Aged Scientist of Shangdong Province,ChinaProject(201301004)supported by the Innovation Fund for Postdoctor of Shandong Province,China
文摘In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.
基金Project(51508575)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011CB013802)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China+1 种基金Projects(2014M560652,2016T90764)supported by the China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(2015RS4006)supported by the Innovative Talents of Science and Technology Plan of Hunan Province,China
文摘Based on the similarity theory,a tunnel excavation simulation testing system under typical unsymmetrical loading conditions was established.Using this system,the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance was analyzed along with the load characteristics.The results show that:1) The failure process of surrounding rock of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance consists of structural and stratum deformation induced by tunnel excavation; Microfracture surfaces are formed in the tunnel surrounding rock and extend deep into the rock mass in a larger density; Tensile cracking occurs in shallow position on the deep-buried side,with shear slip in deep rock mass.In the meantime,rapid deformation and slip take place on the shallow-buried side until the surrounding rocks totally collapse.The production and development of micro-fracture surfaces in the tunnel surrounding rock and tensile cracking in the shallow position on the deep-buried side represent the key stages of failure.2) The final failure mode is featured by an inverted conical fracture with tunnel arch as its top and the slope at tunnel entrance slope as its bottom.The range of failure on the deep-buried side is significantly larger than that on the shallow-buried side.Such difference becomes more prominent with the increasing bias angle.What distinguishes it from the "linear fracture surface" model is that the model proposed has a larger fracture angle on the two sides.Moreover,the bottom of the fracture is located at the springing line of tunnel arch.3) The total vertical load increases with bias angle.Compared with the existing methods,the unsymmetrical loading effect in measurement is more prominent.At last,countermeasures are proposed according to the analysis results: during engineering process,1) The surrounding rock mass on the deep-buried side should be reinforced apart from the tunnel surrounding rock for shallow-buried tunnels with small clear distance; moreover,the scope of consolidation should go beyond the midline of tunnel(along the direction of the top of slope) by 4 excavation spans of single tunnel.2) It is necessary to modify the load value of shallow-bias tunnels with small clear distance.
基金Project(200550) supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of ChinaProject(200631878557) supported by the West Traffic of Science and Technology,China
文摘Seismic failure mechanisms were investigated for soil slopes subjected to strip load with upper bound method of limit analysis and finite difference method of numerical simulation,considering the influence of associated and nonassociated flow rules.Quasi-static representation of soil inertia effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic failure analysis.Numerical study was conducted to investigate the influences of dilative angle and earthquake on the seismic failure mechanisms for the loaded slope,and the failure mechanisms for different dilation angles were compared.The results show that dilation angle has influences on the seismic failure surfaces,that seismic maximum displacement vector decreases as the dilation angle increases,and that seismic maximum shear strain rate decreases as the dilation angle increases.
文摘The compressive mechanical behavior of composite modified double base(CMDB)propellant was investigated across a wide scope of strain rates ranging from 10^(-3) s^(-1) to 4210 s^(-1) at room temperature,by applying a conventional universal testing machine and a split Hopkinson tension bar(SHPB),respectively.The derived stress-strain curves at different strain rates show a strong rate dependence,indicated that yield stress,ultimate stress and strain energy density of CMDB propellant all increase with strain rate by following a power law function,while the amplification of increase are different.The deformation and damage modes of CMDB propellant has changed from a typical ductile manner(cracking along the axial direction)to a brittle manner(maximum shear failure)with increasing of strain rate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was employed to explore the microscopic failure characteristics of CMDB propellant.Under quasi-static loading,the nearly parallel micro-cracks propagating along the axial direction and the debonding of RDX particle without particle crushing can be observed.While under dynamic loading,the micro-crack is 45 angle to the axial direction,and multiple cracking modes of RDX particles appeared.Finally,the correlation between strain energy density and failure mechanisms of CMDB propellant was revealed by developing four characteristic failure modes.The findings of this study is very important to evaluate the structural integrity of CMDB propellant.
基金Project (2013CB036004) supported by National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual work equation performed under the upper bound theorem.It is necessary to point out that the properties of surrounding rock mass plays a vital role in the shape of collapsing rock mass.The first order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulation method are then employed to analyze the stability of presented mechanism.Different rock parameters are considered random variables to value the corresponding reliability index with an increasing applied support pressure.The reliability indexes calculated by two methods are in good agreement.Sensitivity analysis was performed and the influence of coefficient variation of rock parameters was discussed.It is shown that the tensile strength plays a much more important role in reliability index than dimensionless parameter,and that small changes occurring in the coefficient of variation would make great influence of reliability index.Thus,significant attention should be paid to the properties of surrounding rock mass and the applied support pressure to maintain the stability of tunnel can be determined for a given reliability index.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51175502)
文摘The test selection and optimization （TSO） can improve the abilities of fault diagnosis, prognosis and health-state evalua- tion for prognostics and health management （PHM） systems. Traditionally, TSO mainly focuses on fault detection and isolation, but they cannot provide an effective guide for the design for testability （DFT） to improve the PHM performance level. To solve the problem, a model of TSO for PHM systems is proposed. Firstly, through integrating the characteristics of fault severity and propa- gation time, and analyzing the test timing and sensitivity, a testability model based on failure evolution mechanism model （FEMM） for PHM systems is built up. This model describes the fault evolution- test dependency using the fault-symptom parameter matrix and symptom parameter-test matrix. Secondly, a novel method of in- herent testability analysis for PHM systems is developed based on the above information. Having completed the analysis, a TSO model, whose objective is to maximize fault trackability and mini- mize the test cost, is proposed through inherent testability analysis results, and an adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm （ASAGA） is introduced to solve the TSO problem. Finally, a case of a centrifugal pump system is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed models and methods. The results show that the proposed technology is important for PHM systems to select and optimize the test set in order to improve their performance level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China of China(No.61471385)。
文摘The optocoupler is a weak link in the inertial navigation platform of a kind of guided munitions.It is necessary to use accelerated storage test to verify the storage life of long storage products.Especially for small sample products,it is very important to obtain prior information for the design and implementation of accelerated degradation test.In this paper,the optocoupler failure mechanism verification test is designed and the experimental results are analyzed and the prior information is obtained.The results show that optocouplers have two failure modes,one is sudden failure and the other is degradation failure;the maximum temperature stress of optocoupler can’t exceed 140℃;the increase of leakage current of optocoupler is caused by movable ions contaminating the LED chip.The surface leakage current is proportional to the adsorption amount.The increase of leakage current makes p-n junction tunneling effect occur which LEDs the failure of the optocoupler.The lifetime distribution model of the optocoupler is determined by the failure physics.The lifetime of the optocoupler is subject to the lognormal distribution.The degeneracy orbit of the optocoupler leakage current is described by a power law model.The estimated values of the orbital parameters are initially calculated and the parameters of its life distribution function are deduced.The above information lays a good foundation for the optimization design and data processing of the accelerated degradation experiment.
基金Project(41202220) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011YYL034) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘A new technique for the analysis of the three-dimensional collapse failure mechanism and the ground surface settlements for the large-diameter shield tunnels were presented.The technique is based on a velocity field model using more different truncated solid conical blocks to clarify the multiblock failure mechanism.Furthermore,the shape of blocks between the failure surface and the tunnel face was considered as an entire circle,and the supporting pressure was assumed as non-uniform distribution on the tunnel face and increased with the tunnel embedded depth.The ground surface settlements and failure mechanism above large-diameter shield tunnels were also investigated under different supporting pressures by the finite difference method.
基金Project(51674115)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(51434006)supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2015JJ4024)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘The investigation of supporting pressure is of great significance to the design of underground structures.Based on the kinematical approach of limit analysis,an improved failure mechanism is proposed,and the supporting pressure is investigated for deep buried cavity.Three failure mechanisms are first introduced according to the existing failure mechanisms of geotechnical structures of limit analysis.A comparison with respect to the optimal failure mechanisms and the upper bound solutions provided among these three mechanisms are then conducted in an attempt to obtain the improved failure mechanism.The results provided by the improved failure mechanism are in good agreement with those by the existing method,the numerical solution and field monitoring,which demonstrates that the proposed failure mechanism is effective for the upper bound analysis of supporting pressure.
基金Projects(51078359, 51208522) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(20110491269, 2012T50708) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University, China
文摘Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framework of the upper bound limit analysis theorem. In the velocity discontinuities in transition area, the velocity changes in radial and tangent directions are allowed. The objective functions of the stability problems of geotechnical structures are obtained by equating the work rate of external force to internal dissipation along the velocity discontinuities, and then the objective functions are transformed as an upper-bound mathematic optimization model. The upper bound solutions for the objective functions are obtained by use of the nonlinear sequential quadratic programming and interior point method. From the numerical results and comparative analysis, it can be seen that the method presented in this work gives better calculation results than existing upper bound methods and can be used to establish the more accurate plastic collapse load for the ultimate bearing capacity of rough foundation.
基金Project(2022MD713784) supported by China Postdoctoral ScienceProject (1960321032) supported by the Research Start-up Fund Project for High-level Talents Introduction,ChinaProject (1609722058) supported by Xi’ an University of Architecture and Technology,China。
文摘Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts to reveal the influence of the mainshock on damage evolution and failure characteristic of the key rock pillar during aftershocks by cyclic loading test of marble.Four levels of pre-damage stress(i.e.,10,30,50 and 70 MPa)in the first cycle were used to simulate the mainshock damage,and then cyclic stress with the same amplitude(namely 10 MPa)was conducted in the subsequent cycles to simulate the aftershock until rock failure.The results indicate that the presence of pre-damage has an obvious weakening effect on the bearing capacity and deformation resistance of rock materials during the aftershock process.Besides,the increase of pre-damage significantly changes the final failure pattern of the key rock pillar,and leads to an increase in the proportion of small-scale rock fragments.This study may contribute to understanding the seismic capacity of the unreinforced rock pillar during mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences and to optimizing the design of the key rock pillar in underground engineering.
