High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings can effectively improve the wear properties of light alloys.CeO₂and Y₂O₃are two common rare-earth oxides that are often used as dopants to modify the structure and properties of the HEA...High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings can effectively improve the wear properties of light alloys.CeO₂and Y₂O₃are two common rare-earth oxides that are often used as dopants to modify the structure and properties of the HEA coatings.In this paper,the HEA coatings of undoped(H 0),doped with CeO_(2)(H 1),Y_(2)O_(3)(H 2),and CeO_(2)+Y_(2)O_(3)(H_(3))were prepared by extremely high-speed laser cladding(EHLC).The effects of rare-earth biphasic particles and their synergistic effects on the microstructure and wear properties of the coatings were investigated.The results show that single CeO_(2)/Y_(2)O_(3)doping can effectively improve the body-centered cubic(BCC)phase content and refine the grain structure of the coating,but when CeO_(2)and Y_(2)O_(3)are co-doped,the BCC phase content of the coating can be improved more significantly,and the grain refinement is more obvious.Furthermore,the synergistic action of CeO_(2)and Y_(2)O_(3)in the H₃coating resulted in a significant enhancement of the effects of solid solution strengthening,lattice distortion,and fine grain strengthening within the microstructure.This resulted in a substantial increase in the microhardness of the H_(3)coating,reaching 970.36 HV,with a wear rate of merely 1.87×10^(−5)mm^(3)/(N·mm).In comparison with the H_(0),H_(1),and H_(2)coatings,the hardness increased by 1.54 times,1.51 times,and 1.26 times,respectively.Concurrently,the wear rates decreased by 15.77%,12.83%,and 11.23%,respectively.The primary wear mechanisms observed in the coatings include abrasive wear,adhesive wear,and oxidative wear.展开更多
Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and...Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and tribological properties were investigated by laser cladding technique.Additionally,the effect of Si on the glass forming ability(GFA)of the layers was understood.Results show that an appropriate Si content can refine the microstructure of the FeCoNiBSiNb laser cladding layers and improve the mechanical and tribological properties.The hardness of the coating layer increases monotonically with the Si content.At the Si content of 4.8at%(x=0),the coating layer exhibits a relatively low hardness(734.2HV 0.1).Conversely,at the silicon content of 13.44at%(x=3),the coating layer exhibits the highest hardness(1106HV 0.1).The non-crystalline content and tensile strength exhibit an initial increase,followed by a subsequent decrease.At x=2,the coating exhibits its maximum fracture strength(2880 MPa).However,when x>2,the fracture strength of the coating decreases with an increase in x.Conversely,with an increase in Si content,the wear volume loss initially decreases and then increases.At a Si content of 10.56at%(x=2),the coating exhibits the highest non-crystalline content(42%),the highest tensile strength(2880 MPa),and the most favorable dry friction performance.展开更多
This work investigated tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of laser cladding(LC)Ti_(50)Nb_(15)V_(15)Zr_(5)Cr_(5)Al_(10)high-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates.Microstructural characterization ...This work investigated tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of laser cladding(LC)Ti_(50)Nb_(15)V_(15)Zr_(5)Cr_(5)Al_(10)high-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates.Microstructural characterization illustrated that there was only body centered cubic phase in the HEA coating.Besides,the coatings of different laser power all exhibited obviously higher hardness than the substrate.It is illustrated that the microstructure of the HEA coatings is composed of body centered cubic phase,and the temperature gradient contributes to the distribution difference between the equiaxed and columnar grains.Meanwhile,the relationships between the tribological behavior,corrosion resistance and alloying elements have been illustrated.The HEA coating with 2200 W holds the best wear and corrosion resistance.During the friction process,there are many oxides formed at high temperatures,and adhesive wear contributes most to the wear mechanism of the coatings.The wear volumes of the HEA coatings are only 24.7%to 45.5%of that of the Ti6Al4V substrate.Due to the alloying elements like Cr and Al,there is dense passive film formed during the corrosion process,thereby leading to better corrosion resistance of the coatings.The corrosion rates of the HEA coatings with 2200 W and Ti6Al4V substrate are 5.34×10^(-3)mm/a and 2.69×10^(-2)mm/a,respectively.展开更多
The present work pertains to the study of microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively cladded commercially pure titanium(cpTi) with austenitic stainless steel(SS 304L) subjected to varied process parameter...The present work pertains to the study of microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively cladded commercially pure titanium(cpTi) with austenitic stainless steel(SS 304L) subjected to varied process parameters, viz., loading ratios(mass of explosive or mass of flyer plate) and preset angles. The microstructural study reveals the transformation from straight to wavy interface while increasing loading ratios. Vickers hardness increases with loading ratios, and the maximum hardness is witnessed in the closer proximity of collision interface. Ram tensile and shear strength of explosive claddings are higher than that of parent plates. While the base plate fails in impact test, the flyer plate is deformed, indicating good impact strength. Increased mass of claddings, due to oxide formation, is witnessed in corrosion tests, which confirms the superiority of explosive claddings in corrosive environment. Triaxial weldability window, an analytical estimation for Ti-SS 304L explosive claddings, is developed and correlated.展开更多
In this study,the effect of varied loading ratio(mass of the explosive/mass of flyer plate)on the nature of interface,temperature and pressure developed in aluminum-steel explosive cladding is presented.Increase in th...In this study,the effect of varied loading ratio(mass of the explosive/mass of flyer plate)on the nature of interface,temperature and pressure developed in aluminum-steel explosive cladding is presented.Increase in the loading ratio,R,enhances the pressure developed,kinetic energy utilization and deformation work performed.Interfacial microstructures exhibit the formation of molten layer at few spots,owing to the increase in temperature beyond the melting point of parent alloy.The increase in temperature and the quantum of pressure developed were determined by numerical simulation performed in Ansys AUTODYN by employing smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method.The positioning of the experimental conditions on the weldability window is presented as well.展开更多
In order to study the corrosion resistance of high-speed laser cladding(HLC) coating while improving production efficiency,a CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)high-entropy alloy(HEA) coating was prepared by HLC.The optimized parameters...In order to study the corrosion resistance of high-speed laser cladding(HLC) coating while improving production efficiency,a CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)high-entropy alloy(HEA) coating was prepared by HLC.The optimized parameters of HLC are laser power of 880 W,scanning speed of 18 m/min,overlapping ratio of 60%,and powder feed speed of 3 r/min.Then,the surface roughness,microstructure,phase composition,element distribution,and electrochemical properties in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution of the coatings were analyzed,respectively.The local surface roughness of the CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating was found to be 15.53 μm.A distinct metallurgical bond could be observed between the coating and the substrate.Compared to the conventional laser cladding(CLC),the results of electrochemical tests showed that CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating exhibited a significant passivation.The corrosion current density of 5.4411 × 10^(-6)A·cm^(-2) and the corrosion potential of-0.7445 V for the HLC coating were calculated by the Tafel extrapolation method.The CLC coating’s corrosion current density and corrosion potential are 2.7083×10^(-5)A·cm^(-2) and-0.9685 V,respectively.The HLC coating shows a superior corrosion resistance,crucially due to the uniform and fine grains.Under various complex and harsh working conditions,this method can be widely used in the field of repairing and remanufacturing of corro sion-proof workpiece s.展开更多
Explosive cladding of Al 5052–Al 1100 plate, interfaced with a stainless steel wire mesh interlayer, is attempted. Loading ratio and standoff distance were varied. An increase in loading ratio (R) and standoff distan...Explosive cladding of Al 5052–Al 1100 plate, interfaced with a stainless steel wire mesh interlayer, is attempted. Loading ratio and standoff distance were varied. An increase in loading ratio (R) and standoff distance (S) enhances the plate velocity (Vp), dynamic bend angle (β) and pressure developed (P). The interface morphology of the explosive clads confirms strong metallurgical bond between the wire mesh and aluminum plates. Further, a smooth transition from straight to undulating interlayered topography is witnessed. The introduction of a wire mesh, as interlayer, leads to an improvement in mechanical strength with a slender reduction in overall corrosion resistance of the “explosive clads”.展开更多
The evolution of temperature field of the continual motion induction cladding and the depth of heat affected zone are studied in this study.A three-dimensional finite element model for the point type continual inducti...The evolution of temperature field of the continual motion induction cladding and the depth of heat affected zone are studied in this study.A three-dimensional finite element model for the point type continual induction cladding is established to investigate temperature distributions of fixed and motion induction cladding modes.The novel inductor is designed for cladding of curved surfaces.The modeling reliability is verified by the temperature measurements.The influence of process parameters on the maximum temperature and the generation and transfer of heat are studied.Quantitative calculation is performed to its melting rate to verify the temperature distribution and microstructures.The results show that a good metallurgical bond can be formed between the cladding layer and substrate.The melting rate gradually falls from the top of the cladding layer to the substrate,and the grain size in the substrate gradually rises.The heat affected zone is relatively small compared to integral heating.展开更多
This study attempts to analyze the microstructure and interface behavior of aluminum 6061(Al 6061)-Vgrooved stainless steel(SS304)explosive cladding by numerical and experimental methods.Numerical simulation was perfo...This study attempts to analyze the microstructure and interface behavior of aluminum 6061(Al 6061)-Vgrooved stainless steel(SS304)explosive cladding by numerical and experimental methods.Numerical simulation was performed by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)technique,in ANSYS AUTODYN,and the results are correlated with experimental outcome.The machining of V-grooves on the base plate transform the melted layer formed in conventional cladding(without grooves on the base plate)into a smooth undulating interface,for a similar experimental condition.The flyer plate and collision velocities,observed in numerical simulation,are in good agreement to the analytical expectations.The pressure developed in the flyer plate is higher than the base plate and the maximum pressure is witnessed at the collision point irrespective of grooved base plate or otherwise.The temperature developed in the collision point of conventional explosive cladding exceeds the melting point of both the participant metals,whereas,it exceeds the melting point of aluminum alone,in case of V-grooved base plate cladding.The shear and impact strengths of the V-grooved base plate clads are higher than the conventional clads and the fracture surfaces exhibit mixed modes of fracture.展开更多
Laser cladding of powder mixture of TiN and SS304 is carried out on an SS304 substrate with the help of fibre laser.The experiments are performed on SS304,as per the Taguchi orthogonal array(L^(16))by different combin...Laser cladding of powder mixture of TiN and SS304 is carried out on an SS304 substrate with the help of fibre laser.The experiments are performed on SS304,as per the Taguchi orthogonal array(L^(16))by different combinations of controllable parameters(microhardness and clad thickness).The microhardness and clad thickness are recorded at all the experimental runs and studied using Taguchi S/N ratio and the optimum controllable parametric combination is obtained.However,an artificial neural network(ANN)identifies different sets of optimal combinations from Taguchi method but they both got almost the same clad thickness and hardness values.The micro-hardness of cladded layer is found to be6.22 times(HV_(0.5)752)the SS304 hardness(HV_(0.5)121).The presence of nitride ceramics results in a higher micro hardness.The cladded surface is free from cracks and pores.The average clad thickness is found to be around 0.6 mm.展开更多
Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO_(2)laser,and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested.The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high t...Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO_(2)laser,and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested.The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high temperature by changing compositions and temperatures were investigated by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.Among the three compositions of cladding layer,i.e.Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2,Ni25+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 and Ni60+20%WC+0.5%CeO2,the experimental results show that Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 cladding layer is made up of finer grains,and presents the best abrasion wear behavior at high temperature.The wear pattern of laser cladding layer is mainly grain abrasion at lower temperature,and it would be changed to adhesive abrasion and oxide abrasion at higher temperature.展开更多
The purpose was to clarify the relationship between the main process parameters of micro-plasma cladding and the comprehensive quality(geometry,microstructure and wear rate of cladding track).Self-fluxing ferrous allo...The purpose was to clarify the relationship between the main process parameters of micro-plasma cladding and the comprehensive quality(geometry,microstructure and wear rate of cladding track).Self-fluxing ferrous alloy powders were fabricated on Q235 substrate.Based on the uniform design,the distribution of the experimental samples was designed reasonably in the sample space,which greatly improved efficiency and reduced costs.After a series of microstructural characterization,there was no difference in the phase composition of all samples,but the average grain size had a significant difference,which resulted in the change of wear rate.And the relationship among micro-hardness,average grain size and wear rate of the track had also been investigated.Subsequently,an optimization model was established and the optimal process parameters were obtained with excellent wear rate under the geometric constraints.The correctness of optimization model was verified by experiments.展开更多
WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content o...WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content on microstructure and wear property of the composite coatings was studied in detail.Large numbers of carbides with four main types:primary carbide crystals,eutectic structures,massive crystals growing along the periphery of the remaining WC particles and incompletely fused WC particles,were found to exist in the WC/CoCrFeNiMo composite coatings.With increasing WC content,the microhardness of coatings is gradually improved while the average friction coefficients follow the opposite trend due to solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening effect.The maximum microhardness and minimum friction coefficient are HV_(0.2)689.7 and 0.72,respectively,for the composite coating with 30 wt.%WC,the wear resistance of the substrate is improved significantly,the wear mechanisms are spalling wear and abrasive wear due to their high microhardness.展开更多
TiC/Ti_(2)AlC core-shell structure reinforced Ti-based composite coating was prepared by laser cladding technology.The effect of Ti_(2)AlC content on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the coating was studi...TiC/Ti_(2)AlC core-shell structure reinforced Ti-based composite coating was prepared by laser cladding technology.The effect of Ti_(2)AlC content on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the coating was studied.The results showed that the reinforced phase was mainly TiC/Ti_(2)AlC MAX phase core-shell structure at 20%Ti_(2)AlC content.According to the synthesis mechanism,Ti_(2)AlC nucleated on TiC through the diffusion of Al atoms to further generate the core-shell structure.The friction and wear test results showed that the wear resistance of the coating was significantly improved under the load distribution effect of the core-shell structure.The friction coefficient decreased to 0.342,and the wear rate reached 8.19×10^(−5)mm^(3)/(N·m),which was only 47.07%of TC4 substrate.展开更多
为了实现热连轧精轧机组负荷分配的在线优化设定,提出一种轧制力成比例负荷分配的新算法CLAD算法(change load ratio by adjusting draft).其要点是通过调整压下量的偏差来使当前轧制力与目标轧制力的偏差最小化.根据轧制力成比例原则...为了实现热连轧精轧机组负荷分配的在线优化设定,提出一种轧制力成比例负荷分配的新算法CLAD算法(change load ratio by adjusting draft).其要点是通过调整压下量的偏差来使当前轧制力与目标轧制力的偏差最小化.根据轧制力成比例原则建立非线性方程组,结合假设条件,将系数矩阵简化为对角阵,经数学推导给出了新算法的迭代公式和收敛条件.提出一种经验插值法确定初始值,使得负荷分配迭代计算能快速收敛.对宝钢典型轧制案例的模拟计算验证了新算法具有计算速度快、收敛性好等优点,可用于在线计算.展开更多
Ni60-WC particles are used to improve the wear resistance of hard-facing steel due to their high hardness. An emerging technology that combines laser with cold spraying to deposit the hard-facing coatings is known as ...Ni60-WC particles are used to improve the wear resistance of hard-facing steel due to their high hardness. An emerging technology that combines laser with cold spraying to deposit the hard-facing coatings is known as supersonic laser deposition. In this study, Ni60-WC is deposited on low-carbon steel using SLD. The microstructure and performance of the coatings are investigated through SEM, optical microscopy, EDS, XRD, microhardness and pin-on-disc wear tests. The experimental results of the coating processed with the optimal parameters are compared to those of the coating deposited using laser cladding.展开更多
Aluminium composites are inevitable in ship building,commercial and defence aircrafts construction due to their light weight,high strength to weight ratio,admirable properties and cost affordability.In this study,the ...Aluminium composites are inevitable in ship building,commercial and defence aircrafts construction due to their light weight,high strength to weight ratio,admirable properties and cost affordability.In this study,the microstructural characteristics of explosive cladded dissimilar grade aluminium(Al 1100-Al 5052) clad composites reinforced with silicon carbide(SiC) particles is presented.Microstructure taken at the interface by optical and scanning electron microscopes(SEM) revealed the formation of a silicon carbide layer between the dissimilar grade aluminium sheets.Though reaction layers were witnessed at few locations along the interface,the diffusion of atoms between the participant metals is not visible as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy,elemental mapping,line analysis and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The variation in microhardness at various regions of the silicon carbide reinforced dissimilar aluminium explosive clad is reported.The increase in tensile strength of the SiC laced clad is also presented.展开更多
Aluminium composites are inevitable in the manufacture of aircraft structural elements owing to less weight,superior corrosion resistance and higher specific properties.These composites reduce the weight of the aircra...Aluminium composites are inevitable in the manufacture of aircraft structural elements owing to less weight,superior corrosion resistance and higher specific properties.These composites reduce the weight of the aircraft,improve the fuel efficiency and enhance the maintenance duration.This study proposes the development of dissimilar grade aluminium(aluminium 1100-aluminium 5052)composites with different reinforcement’s viz.,stainless steel wire-mesh,silicon carbide(SiC)powders and SiC powder interspersed wire-mesh,by explosive cladding technique.Wire-mesh enhances the friction and restricts the movement of flyer plate to craft a defect free clad,while SiC particles form a band on the interface.Highest strength is obtained when SiC powder interspersed wire mesh is employed as reinforcement.The dissimilar aluminium explosive clad with SiC particle reinforcement results in lower strength,which is higher than that of the weaker parent alloy and that of the conventional dissimilar aluminium explosive clads without any reinforcement.展开更多
基金Project(QIT25TP032)supported by the Research Program of Qilu Institute of Technology,ChinaProject(42076044)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings can effectively improve the wear properties of light alloys.CeO₂and Y₂O₃are two common rare-earth oxides that are often used as dopants to modify the structure and properties of the HEA coatings.In this paper,the HEA coatings of undoped(H 0),doped with CeO_(2)(H 1),Y_(2)O_(3)(H 2),and CeO_(2)+Y_(2)O_(3)(H_(3))were prepared by extremely high-speed laser cladding(EHLC).The effects of rare-earth biphasic particles and their synergistic effects on the microstructure and wear properties of the coatings were investigated.The results show that single CeO_(2)/Y_(2)O_(3)doping can effectively improve the body-centered cubic(BCC)phase content and refine the grain structure of the coating,but when CeO_(2)and Y_(2)O_(3)are co-doped,the BCC phase content of the coating can be improved more significantly,and the grain refinement is more obvious.Furthermore,the synergistic action of CeO_(2)and Y_(2)O_(3)in the H₃coating resulted in a significant enhancement of the effects of solid solution strengthening,lattice distortion,and fine grain strengthening within the microstructure.This resulted in a substantial increase in the microhardness of the H_(3)coating,reaching 970.36 HV,with a wear rate of merely 1.87×10^(−5)mm^(3)/(N·mm).In comparison with the H_(0),H_(1),and H_(2)coatings,the hardness increased by 1.54 times,1.51 times,and 1.26 times,respectively.Concurrently,the wear rates decreased by 15.77%,12.83%,and 11.23%,respectively.The primary wear mechanisms observed in the coatings include abrasive wear,adhesive wear,and oxidative wear.
文摘Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and tribological properties were investigated by laser cladding technique.Additionally,the effect of Si on the glass forming ability(GFA)of the layers was understood.Results show that an appropriate Si content can refine the microstructure of the FeCoNiBSiNb laser cladding layers and improve the mechanical and tribological properties.The hardness of the coating layer increases monotonically with the Si content.At the Si content of 4.8at%(x=0),the coating layer exhibits a relatively low hardness(734.2HV 0.1).Conversely,at the silicon content of 13.44at%(x=3),the coating layer exhibits the highest hardness(1106HV 0.1).The non-crystalline content and tensile strength exhibit an initial increase,followed by a subsequent decrease.At x=2,the coating exhibits its maximum fracture strength(2880 MPa).However,when x>2,the fracture strength of the coating decreases with an increase in x.Conversely,with an increase in Si content,the wear volume loss initially decreases and then increases.At a Si content of 10.56at%(x=2),the coating exhibits the highest non-crystalline content(42%),the highest tensile strength(2880 MPa),and the most favorable dry friction performance.
基金Projects(2022YFC2406000,52201067)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019BT02C629)supported by the Guangdong Special Support Program,China+8 种基金Project(2022GDASZH-2022010107)supported by the Guangdong Academy of Science Projects,ChinaProject(2022GDASZH-2022010203-003)supported by GDAS Projects of International Cooperation Platform of Science and Technology,ChinaProject(2022B1515250004)supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,ChinaProjects(2023B1212120008,2023B1212060045)supported by the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Projects,ChinaProject(2024KTSCX191)supported by the Guangdong Province General University Characteristic Innovation Project,ChinaProject(SKXRC202403)supported by the Guangdong Association for Science and Technology,ChinaProjects(QT-2023-038,QT2024-016)supported by the Young Talent Support Project of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology,ChinaProject(023AFB057)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,ChinaProject(2023780200040009603)supported by the Jiangmen Science and Technology Plan Projects,China。
文摘This work investigated tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of laser cladding(LC)Ti_(50)Nb_(15)V_(15)Zr_(5)Cr_(5)Al_(10)high-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates.Microstructural characterization illustrated that there was only body centered cubic phase in the HEA coating.Besides,the coatings of different laser power all exhibited obviously higher hardness than the substrate.It is illustrated that the microstructure of the HEA coatings is composed of body centered cubic phase,and the temperature gradient contributes to the distribution difference between the equiaxed and columnar grains.Meanwhile,the relationships between the tribological behavior,corrosion resistance and alloying elements have been illustrated.The HEA coating with 2200 W holds the best wear and corrosion resistance.During the friction process,there are many oxides formed at high temperatures,and adhesive wear contributes most to the wear mechanism of the coatings.The wear volumes of the HEA coatings are only 24.7%to 45.5%of that of the Ti6Al4V substrate.Due to the alloying elements like Cr and Al,there is dense passive film formed during the corrosion process,thereby leading to better corrosion resistance of the coatings.The corrosion rates of the HEA coatings with 2200 W and Ti6Al4V substrate are 5.34×10^(-3)mm/a and 2.69×10^(-2)mm/a,respectively.
文摘The present work pertains to the study of microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively cladded commercially pure titanium(cpTi) with austenitic stainless steel(SS 304L) subjected to varied process parameters, viz., loading ratios(mass of explosive or mass of flyer plate) and preset angles. The microstructural study reveals the transformation from straight to wavy interface while increasing loading ratios. Vickers hardness increases with loading ratios, and the maximum hardness is witnessed in the closer proximity of collision interface. Ram tensile and shear strength of explosive claddings are higher than that of parent plates. While the base plate fails in impact test, the flyer plate is deformed, indicating good impact strength. Increased mass of claddings, due to oxide formation, is witnessed in corrosion tests, which confirms the superiority of explosive claddings in corrosive environment. Triaxial weldability window, an analytical estimation for Ti-SS 304L explosive claddings, is developed and correlated.
文摘In this study,the effect of varied loading ratio(mass of the explosive/mass of flyer plate)on the nature of interface,temperature and pressure developed in aluminum-steel explosive cladding is presented.Increase in the loading ratio,R,enhances the pressure developed,kinetic energy utilization and deformation work performed.Interfacial microstructures exhibit the formation of molten layer at few spots,owing to the increase in temperature beyond the melting point of parent alloy.The increase in temperature and the quantum of pressure developed were determined by numerical simulation performed in Ansys AUTODYN by employing smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method.The positioning of the experimental conditions on the weldability window is presented as well.
基金Project(2020E0264) supported by the Xinjiang Science and Technology Project Plan of Autonomous Region,ChinaProject(2020D01C030) supported by the Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation,China。
文摘In order to study the corrosion resistance of high-speed laser cladding(HLC) coating while improving production efficiency,a CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)high-entropy alloy(HEA) coating was prepared by HLC.The optimized parameters of HLC are laser power of 880 W,scanning speed of 18 m/min,overlapping ratio of 60%,and powder feed speed of 3 r/min.Then,the surface roughness,microstructure,phase composition,element distribution,and electrochemical properties in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution of the coatings were analyzed,respectively.The local surface roughness of the CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating was found to be 15.53 μm.A distinct metallurgical bond could be observed between the coating and the substrate.Compared to the conventional laser cladding(CLC),the results of electrochemical tests showed that CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating exhibited a significant passivation.The corrosion current density of 5.4411 × 10^(-6)A·cm^(-2) and the corrosion potential of-0.7445 V for the HLC coating were calculated by the Tafel extrapolation method.The CLC coating’s corrosion current density and corrosion potential are 2.7083×10^(-5)A·cm^(-2) and-0.9685 V,respectively.The HLC coating shows a superior corrosion resistance,crucially due to the uniform and fine grains.Under various complex and harsh working conditions,this method can be widely used in the field of repairing and remanufacturing of corro sion-proof workpiece s.
文摘Explosive cladding of Al 5052–Al 1100 plate, interfaced with a stainless steel wire mesh interlayer, is attempted. Loading ratio and standoff distance were varied. An increase in loading ratio (R) and standoff distance (S) enhances the plate velocity (Vp), dynamic bend angle (β) and pressure developed (P). The interface morphology of the explosive clads confirms strong metallurgical bond between the wire mesh and aluminum plates. Further, a smooth transition from straight to undulating interlayered topography is witnessed. The introduction of a wire mesh, as interlayer, leads to an improvement in mechanical strength with a slender reduction in overall corrosion resistance of the “explosive clads”.
基金Project(51575415)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2016CFA077)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of ChinaProject(2018-YS-026)supported by the Excellent Dissertation Cultivation Funds of Wuhan University of Technology,China。
文摘The evolution of temperature field of the continual motion induction cladding and the depth of heat affected zone are studied in this study.A three-dimensional finite element model for the point type continual induction cladding is established to investigate temperature distributions of fixed and motion induction cladding modes.The novel inductor is designed for cladding of curved surfaces.The modeling reliability is verified by the temperature measurements.The influence of process parameters on the maximum temperature and the generation and transfer of heat are studied.Quantitative calculation is performed to its melting rate to verify the temperature distribution and microstructures.The results show that a good metallurgical bond can be formed between the cladding layer and substrate.The melting rate gradually falls from the top of the cladding layer to the substrate,and the grain size in the substrate gradually rises.The heat affected zone is relatively small compared to integral heating.
文摘This study attempts to analyze the microstructure and interface behavior of aluminum 6061(Al 6061)-Vgrooved stainless steel(SS304)explosive cladding by numerical and experimental methods.Numerical simulation was performed by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)technique,in ANSYS AUTODYN,and the results are correlated with experimental outcome.The machining of V-grooves on the base plate transform the melted layer formed in conventional cladding(without grooves on the base plate)into a smooth undulating interface,for a similar experimental condition.The flyer plate and collision velocities,observed in numerical simulation,are in good agreement to the analytical expectations.The pressure developed in the flyer plate is higher than the base plate and the maximum pressure is witnessed at the collision point irrespective of grooved base plate or otherwise.The temperature developed in the collision point of conventional explosive cladding exceeds the melting point of both the participant metals,whereas,it exceeds the melting point of aluminum alone,in case of V-grooved base plate cladding.The shear and impact strengths of the V-grooved base plate clads are higher than the conventional clads and the fracture surfaces exhibit mixed modes of fracture.
文摘Laser cladding of powder mixture of TiN and SS304 is carried out on an SS304 substrate with the help of fibre laser.The experiments are performed on SS304,as per the Taguchi orthogonal array(L^(16))by different combinations of controllable parameters(microhardness and clad thickness).The microhardness and clad thickness are recorded at all the experimental runs and studied using Taguchi S/N ratio and the optimum controllable parametric combination is obtained.However,an artificial neural network(ANN)identifies different sets of optimal combinations from Taguchi method but they both got almost the same clad thickness and hardness values.The micro-hardness of cladded layer is found to be6.22 times(HV_(0.5)752)the SS304 hardness(HV_(0.5)121).The presence of nitride ceramics results in a higher micro hardness.The cladded surface is free from cracks and pores.The average clad thickness is found to be around 0.6 mm.
文摘Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO_(2)laser,and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested.The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high temperature by changing compositions and temperatures were investigated by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.Among the three compositions of cladding layer,i.e.Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2,Ni25+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 and Ni60+20%WC+0.5%CeO2,the experimental results show that Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 cladding layer is made up of finer grains,and presents the best abrasion wear behavior at high temperature.The wear pattern of laser cladding layer is mainly grain abrasion at lower temperature,and it would be changed to adhesive abrasion and oxide abrasion at higher temperature.
基金Project (51210008) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The purpose was to clarify the relationship between the main process parameters of micro-plasma cladding and the comprehensive quality(geometry,microstructure and wear rate of cladding track).Self-fluxing ferrous alloy powders were fabricated on Q235 substrate.Based on the uniform design,the distribution of the experimental samples was designed reasonably in the sample space,which greatly improved efficiency and reduced costs.After a series of microstructural characterization,there was no difference in the phase composition of all samples,but the average grain size had a significant difference,which resulted in the change of wear rate.And the relationship among micro-hardness,average grain size and wear rate of the track had also been investigated.Subsequently,an optimization model was established and the optimal process parameters were obtained with excellent wear rate under the geometric constraints.The correctness of optimization model was verified by experiments.
基金Project(2021YFC2801904)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(KY10100230067)supported by the Basic Product Innovation Research Project,China+3 种基金Projects(52271130,52305344)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(ZR2020ME017,ZR2020QE186)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProjects(AMGM2024F11,AMGM2021F10,AMGM2023F06)supported by the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai,ChinaProject(KY90200210015)supported by Leading Scientific Research Project of China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC),China。
文摘WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content on microstructure and wear property of the composite coatings was studied in detail.Large numbers of carbides with four main types:primary carbide crystals,eutectic structures,massive crystals growing along the periphery of the remaining WC particles and incompletely fused WC particles,were found to exist in the WC/CoCrFeNiMo composite coatings.With increasing WC content,the microhardness of coatings is gradually improved while the average friction coefficients follow the opposite trend due to solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening effect.The maximum microhardness and minimum friction coefficient are HV_(0.2)689.7 and 0.72,respectively,for the composite coating with 30 wt.%WC,the wear resistance of the substrate is improved significantly,the wear mechanisms are spalling wear and abrasive wear due to their high microhardness.
基金Project(52365020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject([2022]06) supported by the Special Fund for Special Posts of Guizhou University,China+2 种基金Project([2024]03) supported by the Guizhou University Fund,ChinaProject(ZK[2023]78) supported by the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science),ChinaProject(BQW[2024]011) supported by the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Foundation,China。
文摘TiC/Ti_(2)AlC core-shell structure reinforced Ti-based composite coating was prepared by laser cladding technology.The effect of Ti_(2)AlC content on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the coating was studied.The results showed that the reinforced phase was mainly TiC/Ti_(2)AlC MAX phase core-shell structure at 20%Ti_(2)AlC content.According to the synthesis mechanism,Ti_(2)AlC nucleated on TiC through the diffusion of Al atoms to further generate the core-shell structure.The friction and wear test results showed that the wear resistance of the coating was significantly improved under the load distribution effect of the core-shell structure.The friction coefficient decreased to 0.342,and the wear rate reached 8.19×10^(−5)mm^(3)/(N·m),which was only 47.07%of TC4 substrate.
文摘为了实现热连轧精轧机组负荷分配的在线优化设定,提出一种轧制力成比例负荷分配的新算法CLAD算法(change load ratio by adjusting draft).其要点是通过调整压下量的偏差来使当前轧制力与目标轧制力的偏差最小化.根据轧制力成比例原则建立非线性方程组,结合假设条件,将系数矩阵简化为对角阵,经数学推导给出了新算法的迭代公式和收敛条件.提出一种经验插值法确定初始值,使得负荷分配迭代计算能快速收敛.对宝钢典型轧制案例的模拟计算验证了新算法具有计算速度快、收敛性好等优点,可用于在线计算.
基金sponsored by the Centre for Industrial Photonics, Institute for Manufacture, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridgethe Natural Science Foundation of China (51271170)+1 种基金China International Science and Technology Cooperation Project (2011DFR50540)Major Scientific and Technological Special Key Industrial Project of Zhejiang Province (2012C11001)
文摘Ni60-WC particles are used to improve the wear resistance of hard-facing steel due to their high hardness. An emerging technology that combines laser with cold spraying to deposit the hard-facing coatings is known as supersonic laser deposition. In this study, Ni60-WC is deposited on low-carbon steel using SLD. The microstructure and performance of the coatings are investigated through SEM, optical microscopy, EDS, XRD, microhardness and pin-on-disc wear tests. The experimental results of the coating processed with the optimal parameters are compared to those of the coating deposited using laser cladding.
文摘Aluminium composites are inevitable in ship building,commercial and defence aircrafts construction due to their light weight,high strength to weight ratio,admirable properties and cost affordability.In this study,the microstructural characteristics of explosive cladded dissimilar grade aluminium(Al 1100-Al 5052) clad composites reinforced with silicon carbide(SiC) particles is presented.Microstructure taken at the interface by optical and scanning electron microscopes(SEM) revealed the formation of a silicon carbide layer between the dissimilar grade aluminium sheets.Though reaction layers were witnessed at few locations along the interface,the diffusion of atoms between the participant metals is not visible as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy,elemental mapping,line analysis and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The variation in microhardness at various regions of the silicon carbide reinforced dissimilar aluminium explosive clad is reported.The increase in tensile strength of the SiC laced clad is also presented.
文摘Aluminium composites are inevitable in the manufacture of aircraft structural elements owing to less weight,superior corrosion resistance and higher specific properties.These composites reduce the weight of the aircraft,improve the fuel efficiency and enhance the maintenance duration.This study proposes the development of dissimilar grade aluminium(aluminium 1100-aluminium 5052)composites with different reinforcement’s viz.,stainless steel wire-mesh,silicon carbide(SiC)powders and SiC powder interspersed wire-mesh,by explosive cladding technique.Wire-mesh enhances the friction and restricts the movement of flyer plate to craft a defect free clad,while SiC particles form a band on the interface.Highest strength is obtained when SiC powder interspersed wire mesh is employed as reinforcement.The dissimilar aluminium explosive clad with SiC particle reinforcement results in lower strength,which is higher than that of the weaker parent alloy and that of the conventional dissimilar aluminium explosive clads without any reinforcement.
