Magnetic seeding agglomeration(MSA),i.e.,adding magnetic seeds and a low intensity pre-magnetization for fine agglomeration,was applied to the flotation of coal,pyrite and hematite ore slimes.Size analysis and flotati...Magnetic seeding agglomeration(MSA),i.e.,adding magnetic seeds and a low intensity pre-magnetization for fine agglomeration,was applied to the flotation of coal,pyrite and hematite ore slimes.Size analysis and flotation tests highlight that the MSA improved flotation recovery and kinetics of pyrite ore while causing some loss in selectivity,and in the presences of the polyacrylamide for coal and starch for hematite the agglomeration flotation was further strengthened due to the synergetic effect between the flocculants and magnetic seeds.Magnetism analyses and calculation confirmed the adsorption of magnetic seeds onto minerals,resulting in a decreased threshold magnetic field intensity for the MSA to happen.Then atomic force microscope(AFM)study found that there exists a long range force between magnetic seeds and minerals,which facilitates the adsorption of magnetic seeds on minerals.FTIR shows both the polyacrylamide and starch adsorbed onto minerals and magnetic seeds,thus acting as the bridging media between minerals and magnetic seeds,intensifying the agglomeration in flotation.Surface characterization of the MSA was understood by SEM imaging,and models of the MSA were proposed.展开更多
Aluminum(Al) particles are commonly added to energetic materials including propellants,explosives and pyrotechnics to increase the overall energy density of the composite,but aluminum agglomeration on the combustion s...Aluminum(Al) particles are commonly added to energetic materials including propellants,explosives and pyrotechnics to increase the overall energy density of the composite,but aluminum agglomeration on the combustion surface may lower the combustion efficiency of propellants,resulting in a loss in twophase flow.Therefore,it is necessary to understand the agglomeration mechanism of aluminum particles on the combustion surface.In this paper,a high-pressure sealed combustion chamber is constructed,and high-speed camera is used to capture the whole process of aluminum accumulation,aggregation and agglomeration on the combustion surface,and the secondary agglomeration process near the combustion surface.The microscopic morphology and chemical composition of the condensed combustion products(CCPs) are then studied by using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive(SEM-EDS) method.Results show that there are three main types of condensed combustion products:small smoke oxide particles oxidized by aluminum vapor,usually less than 1 μm;typical agglomerates formed by the combustion of aluminum agglomerates;carbonized agglomerates that are widely distributed,usually formed by irregular movements of aluminum agglomerates.The particle size of condensed combustion products is measured by laser particle size meter.As the pressure increases from 0.5 MPa to 1.0 MPa in nitrogen,the mass average particle size of aluminum agglomerates decreases by 49.7%.As the ambient gas is changed from 0.5 MPa nitrogen to 0.5 MPa air,the mass average particle size of aluminum agglomerates decreases by 67.3%.Results show that as the ambient pressure increases,the higher oxygen content can improve combustion efficiency and reduce the average agglomeration size of aluminum particles.展开更多
The vibration problem of a fluid conveying cylindrical shell consisted of newly developed multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites is solved in the present manuscript within the framework of an analytical solution.The consis...The vibration problem of a fluid conveying cylindrical shell consisted of newly developed multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites is solved in the present manuscript within the framework of an analytical solution.The consistent material is considered to be made from an initial matrix strengthened via both macro-and nano-scale reinforcements.The influence of nanofillers’agglomeration,generated due to the high surface to volume ratio in nanostructures,is included by implementing Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme.Afterwards,the equivalent material properties of the carbon nanotube reinforced(CNTR)nanocomposite are coupled with those of CFs within the framework of a modified rule of mixture.On the other hand,the influences of viscous flow are covered by extending the Navier-Stokes equation for cylinders.A cylindrical coordinate system is chosen and mixed with the infinitesimal strains of first-order shear deformation theory of shells to obtain the motion equations on the basis of the dynamic form of principle of virtual work.Next,the achieved governing equations will be solved by Galerkin’s method to reach the natural frequency of the structure for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions.Presenting a set of illustrations,effects of each parameter on the dimensionless frequency of nanocomposite shells will be shown graphically.展开更多
By means of Malvern laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of seed size and number on agglomeration in Bayer process were investigated. Agglomeration is almost finished in 8h, se...By means of Malvern laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of seed size and number on agglomeration in Bayer process were investigated. Agglomeration is almost finished in 8h, seeds, below 5μm, especially below 2μm, gather together rapidly and almost disappear in 8h. In the same supersaturation of aluminate solution and seed size, the smaller the number of seed is, the bigger the degree of agglomeration is. With the same primary number of seed, the agglomeration of larger seed is superior to that of small seed, and the agglomeration does not happen among the coarse seeds. The agglomeration mainly happens among fine particles, and the combinations among the fine particles are unconsolidated.展开更多
The gasification industries make use of biomass residue as feedstock to produce synthesis gas,but the gasification of this waste biomass generates tons of ash everyday.Performance properties and agglomeration behavior...The gasification industries make use of biomass residue as feedstock to produce synthesis gas,but the gasification of this waste biomass generates tons of ash everyday.Performance properties and agglomeration behavior of corncob ash(CCA) collected from the gasification of corncobs in a pilot-scale gasification station were investigated by using some experimental methods.Based on the chemical composition results,the agglomeration tendency of CCA from combustion and gasification process was also analyzed.Chemical analysis shows that the fly ash is mainly composed of inorganic matters formed by K,Mg,Ca,Na,Fe,Al,S,etc.The agglomeration characteristics indicate that the slagging degree increases with the increase of ashing temperature,and the slagging tendency of these CCA samples from gasification or combustion is different with various slagging indices.All CCA samples from combustion or gasification can cause slagging/fouling problems in thermal conversion systems.The applications of CCA are closely related to its performances,and CCA has the potential to be used in various fields,for example,as a material for ceramic products and activated carbon,as an adsorbent,as a crude fertilizer,and as a structural material.展开更多
The data-driven fault diagnosis methods can improve the reliability of analog circuits by using the data generated from it. The data have some characteristics, such as randomness and incompleteness, which lead to the ...The data-driven fault diagnosis methods can improve the reliability of analog circuits by using the data generated from it. The data have some characteristics, such as randomness and incompleteness, which lead to the diagnostic results being sensitive to the specific values and random noise. This paper presents a data-driven fault diagnosis method for analog circuits based on the robust competitive agglomeration （RCA）, which can alleviate the incompleteness of the data by clustering with the competing process. And the robustness of the diagnostic results is enhanced by using the approach of robust statistics in RCA. A series of experiments are provided to demonstrate that RCA can classify the incomplete data with a high accuracy. The experimental results show that RCA is robust for the data needed to be classified as well as the parameters needed to be adjusted. The effectiveness of RCA in practical use is demonstrated by two analog circuits.展开更多
Fine Al（OH）3 crystals were aggregated from supersaturated aluminate solution in the batch reaction tanks. By means of laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of temperature and ...Fine Al（OH）3 crystals were aggregated from supersaturated aluminate solution in the batch reaction tanks. By means of laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of temperature and initial molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 （aK） on agglomeration of fine seed in Bayer process were investigated. The results show that agglomeration is almost finished in 8 h, and seeds with size less than 2 μm are easily aggregated together, and almost disappear in 8 h under the optimal process conditions. In the aluminate solution with the same moderate initial aK, when the reaction temperature reaches 75 ℃, the secondary nucleation does not occur, and the effect of agglomeration is better. And at the same reaction temperature, when the initial aK is 1.62, the initial supersaturation of aluminate solution is moderate, the binders on the surfaces of the seed are enough to maintain the agglomeration process, and the agglomeration degree is better. From SEM images, agglomeration mainly occurs in the fine particles, the combinations among the fine particles are loose and the new formed coarse crystal shapes are irregular.展开更多
Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding perf...Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding performance. The interaction mechanism between CMC and iron ore particles was analyzed through Zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and infrared spectra. The results show that the interaction is chemical adsorption-oriented and the CMC's adsorption performance is related to the properties of CMC as well as the type of iron oxides. CMC has a greater affinity to Fe2O3 than Fe3O4, and CMC with higher relative molecular mass shows a higher adsorption isotherm. Pelletization of practical iron ore concentrates added with CMC further illustrates that CMC with higher relative molecular mass or DS exhibits a better binding performance, which is consistent with the results of adsorption tests.展开更多
The unfavorable growth and agglomeration of micro-particles of RDX explosive was almost observed in manufacture process. For preventing of growth of micro-particles and agglomeration in anti-solvent crystallization pr...The unfavorable growth and agglomeration of micro-particles of RDX explosive was almost observed in manufacture process. For preventing of growth of micro-particles and agglomeration in anti-solvent crystallization process, the effect of additives glucose, sucrose and poly ethylene glycol-2000 and wetting solvent of isopropyl alcohol were studied. Taguchi experimental design was used for optimization of the operating conditions. The type of additive, the amount of additive(%wt.), solvent of wetting and wetting time were selected for optimization of the conditions. By using 4 factor and 3 levels, 27 experiments were conducted(L27). Results showed that in the presence of 2 %wt. of sucrose additive and isopropyl alcohol solvent, the agglomerations of particles were decreased so that a decrease 30-50% in the average of particles size was seen. Addition additives were effective in storage container and for reduce the agglomeration of particles during storage. Also, the agglomeration rate of particles was reduced over time at optimized conditions. Imaging optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and particle size analyzer(PSA) methods were used for particles size analyzing as a response in statistical optimization and quality control of the final product. The sensitivity to some mechanical and shock stimuli on the RDX in presence of sucrose additive was tested and the obtained results showed the insignificant effect of additive on the safety properties of pure RDX.展开更多
The granulability and absorbtivity of sawdust and coke breeze were investigated.These properties are important within the preparation of agglomeration charge.They have a significant impact on plynodynamic batch condit...The granulability and absorbtivity of sawdust and coke breeze were investigated.These properties are important within the preparation of agglomeration charge.They have a significant impact on plynodynamic batch conditions.Ability of materials to wet is a fundamental condition of granulability of materials.Wettability and water absorption of wood with liquids is generally significantly affected by their chemical structure.The important factors affecting the wetting process are undoubtedly the wood moisture content,the value of the surface tension of liquid media and their chemical composition.With increasing moisture content of wood,the time to equilibrium rises.Determination of water absorption and granulability of sawdust was conducted to seek their possible use as a partial replacement of coke dust in the production of the agglomerate.Experiments have been realized with alder,oak and pine sawdust and reference material-coke breeze.These materials were divided to four classes of granularity:supplied material,1-2 mm,0.5-1 mm and less than 0.5 mm.And different liquid media were used:water 16°C,water 60°C,soapy water,lime milk and surfactant.展开更多
The effect of composite agglomeration process(CAP) on fluoric iron concentrates sintering was investigated.The yield and quality of the sinter are greatly improved when using CAP assisted with heat airflow and enhanci...The effect of composite agglomeration process(CAP) on fluoric iron concentrates sintering was investigated.The yield and quality of the sinter are greatly improved when using CAP assisted with heat airflow and enhancing magnesium oxide(MgO) contents.For conventional sintering of fluoric iron concentrate,due to lower viscosity of binding phase and higher fluidity of liquid phase,the sinter is formed with large thin-walled holes and the strength of the sinter is deteriorated consequently.The novel process forms composite agglomerate in which acid pellets are embedded in basic sinter.The pellets are solid with interconnecting crystals of hematite(Fe2O3) and magnetic(Fe3O4).For basic sintering,after adding MgO,the viscosity of the melting phase increases and the fluidity decreases;and calcium and aluminum silico-ferrites and magnesium ferrite are formed with perfect crystals and good sintering microstructure.展开更多
A new direct recycling technology was developed to recover the valuable metals present in the stainless steelmaking dust and protect the environment. The agglomeration behavior of the dust was analyzed to ensure the r...A new direct recycling technology was developed to recover the valuable metals present in the stainless steelmaking dust and protect the environment. The agglomeration behavior of the dust was analyzed to ensure the requirements of the direct recycling. The main characteristics such as strength, leachability, structure and chemical composition of the pellets were investigated. SEM images show a significant amount of porosities affecting the strength of the pellets and the arrangement of particles in the pellets reveals that no recrystallization bonds are formed, resulting in the poor strength of the pellets. When lignosulfonate is applied as the binder for the agglomeration and the green pellets are dried at room temperature for 60 h, the strong pellets can be obtained without milling the dust. The result of leachability tests shows that the pellets agglomerated can not satisfy the regulations set by the environmental protection agency of US. And it will cause some environmental problems in the long storage of pellets.展开更多
A joint international effort to improve solid propellant performance within the framework of a FP7European Project was described.Several metallized solid rocket propellants,of the broad family AP/HTPB/Metal in the rat...A joint international effort to improve solid propellant performance within the framework of a FP7European Project was described.Several metallized solid rocket propellants,of the broad family AP/HTPB/Metal in the ratio 68/14/18,were experimentally analyzed seeking to optimize the delivered specific impulse by identifying the most suitable high-energy fuel.Keeping the same nominal composition,different metallic fuels(including micrometric and nanometric Al,AlH3,and a variety of dual metal compositions)were characterized,tested,and contrasted to a conventional micrometric aluminum(30μm average grain size)certified for space flights.In order to overcome the intrinsic performance limitations of the matrix AP/HTPB,a new matrix consisting of ADN/GAP satisfying also the need for environmentally benign propellant formulation was considered as well.A comparative analysis between the two solid propellant systems in terms of ideal thermochemistry and experimental combustion properties reveals advantages and disadvantages of both.Overall,it is judged worthwhile to develop ADN/GAP propellants,with or without metallic fuels,to enhance the current status of solid rocket propulsion.Controlling morphology and mechanical properties of ADN/GAP compositions and understanding their flame structure and aggregation/agglomeration properties are the main issues still challenging industrial users.展开更多
Several metallized solid rocket propellants,AP/Metal/HTPB in the ratio 68/18/14,were experimentally analyzed at the Space Propulsion Laboratory of Politecnico di Milano.Effects of the metals(micrometric and nanometric...Several metallized solid rocket propellants,AP/Metal/HTPB in the ratio 68/18/14,were experimentally analyzed at the Space Propulsion Laboratory of Politecnico di Milano.Effects of the metals(micrometric and nanometric Al,B,Mg,and a variety of dual metals) on the performance of the propellant were studied and contrasted to a conventional micrometric aluminum(30 μm average grain size) taken as reference.It is shown that the propellant microstructure plays a fundamental role in controlling the critical aggregation/agglomeration phenomena occurring below and near the burning surface.Two specific effects of microstructure in terms of steady burning rate and average agglomerate size are illustrated.展开更多
The paper presents the experimental research findings for the patterns of collisions of water droplets with pressed tableted samples used as substrates and with small particles of a pyrolyzing solid fuel.Brown coal sa...The paper presents the experimental research findings for the patterns of collisions of water droplets with pressed tableted samples used as substrates and with small particles of a pyrolyzing solid fuel.Brown coal samples were used.Droplet-substrate interactions were studied when varying the droplet diameter in the range from 1 to 4 mm and velocity from 0.5 to 4 m/s.That corresponded to the Weber number range of 7-830.The coal tablet surface temperature was varied from 20 to 700℃.In the interactions of water droplets(0.7-1.5 mm in diameter,pre-collision velocity from 1 to 3 m/s)with coal particles(with a size of 0.2-1 mm,pre-collision velocity 0.7-2 m/s),the temperature of the latter was varied in the range of 330-480℃.The following regimes of the interaction of droplets with solid particles during chemical reactions and phase transformations were distinguished:spreading/agglomeration and break-up/separation.Differences in the characteristics of the interaction of water droplets with coal particles at varying temperatures were identified.Droplet-particle interaction regime maps for B(We),We(Oh)and We(Ca)were constructed.The collision regime boundaries were described using fitted curves that can be utilized to develop the existing mathematical models of droplet-particle collisions in gas.It was established that the gaseous volatile production in coal pyrolysis has a modest effect on the regimes and characteristics of the droplet destruction in the temperature range under consideration(20-700℃).展开更多
The mechanism of gas discharge in refrigeration temperature range is still not clear. N2, CF4, 20% CF4＋N2 and 50%CF4＋50%N2 binary gas mixtures were tested under the conditions of –153–25 ℃ and 50–2000 Pa. The ex...The mechanism of gas discharge in refrigeration temperature range is still not clear. N2, CF4, 20% CF4＋N2 and 50%CF4＋50%N2 binary gas mixtures were tested under the conditions of –153–25 ℃ and 50–2000 Pa. The experimental results show that the minimum of Paschen curves of all test samples shifts to low pressure, from 500 Pa to 200 Pa. The value of Paschen curve minimum of N2 shows remarkable fluctuation. This fluctuation is explained by molecule agglomeration and electronic mean energy. The fluctuation decreases with the increasing mixing ratio of CF4. What’s more, the value of Paschen curve minimum of CF4 decreases with temperature. This phenomenon is ascribed to attach-radiation and secondary process.展开更多
The structure characteristics and adhesive property of humic substance(HS) extracted with different methods were mainly studied by terms of elementary analysis,visible spectrum,FT-IR spectroscopy,viscosity,adsorption ...The structure characteristics and adhesive property of humic substance(HS) extracted with different methods were mainly studied by terms of elementary analysis,visible spectrum,FT-IR spectroscopy,viscosity,adsorption and pelletizing experiments.The results show that HSs extracted with new method(HS-a) own higher degree of aromatization and polymerization,larger relative molecular mass and more polar functional groups than HS extracted with usual method(HS-b).The viscosity of HS-b is about 30-40 mPa·s lower than that of HS-a.The maximum adsorption amounts of HS-a and HS-b onto iron concentrates are 9.11 mg/g and 8.08 mg/g,respectively.Meanwhile,HS-a has a better performance than HS-b in the practical application for pelletizing of iron concentrates.The difference in agglomeration behaviors with iron concentrates lies in the differences of the structure characteristics of HSs.With higher content of polar functional groups,larger relative molecular mass and viscosity of HSs,the agglomeration behavior is improved.展开更多
基金Project(51274256)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Magnetic seeding agglomeration(MSA),i.e.,adding magnetic seeds and a low intensity pre-magnetization for fine agglomeration,was applied to the flotation of coal,pyrite and hematite ore slimes.Size analysis and flotation tests highlight that the MSA improved flotation recovery and kinetics of pyrite ore while causing some loss in selectivity,and in the presences of the polyacrylamide for coal and starch for hematite the agglomeration flotation was further strengthened due to the synergetic effect between the flocculants and magnetic seeds.Magnetism analyses and calculation confirmed the adsorption of magnetic seeds onto minerals,resulting in a decreased threshold magnetic field intensity for the MSA to happen.Then atomic force microscope(AFM)study found that there exists a long range force between magnetic seeds and minerals,which facilitates the adsorption of magnetic seeds on minerals.FTIR shows both the polyacrylamide and starch adsorbed onto minerals and magnetic seeds,thus acting as the bridging media between minerals and magnetic seeds,intensifying the agglomeration in flotation.Surface characterization of the MSA was understood by SEM imaging,and models of the MSA were proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52006099)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities (Grant No.30920021102,No.309181B8812)the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No.2016-HKHT-017)。
文摘Aluminum(Al) particles are commonly added to energetic materials including propellants,explosives and pyrotechnics to increase the overall energy density of the composite,but aluminum agglomeration on the combustion surface may lower the combustion efficiency of propellants,resulting in a loss in twophase flow.Therefore,it is necessary to understand the agglomeration mechanism of aluminum particles on the combustion surface.In this paper,a high-pressure sealed combustion chamber is constructed,and high-speed camera is used to capture the whole process of aluminum accumulation,aggregation and agglomeration on the combustion surface,and the secondary agglomeration process near the combustion surface.The microscopic morphology and chemical composition of the condensed combustion products(CCPs) are then studied by using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive(SEM-EDS) method.Results show that there are three main types of condensed combustion products:small smoke oxide particles oxidized by aluminum vapor,usually less than 1 μm;typical agglomerates formed by the combustion of aluminum agglomerates;carbonized agglomerates that are widely distributed,usually formed by irregular movements of aluminum agglomerates.The particle size of condensed combustion products is measured by laser particle size meter.As the pressure increases from 0.5 MPa to 1.0 MPa in nitrogen,the mass average particle size of aluminum agglomerates decreases by 49.7%.As the ambient gas is changed from 0.5 MPa nitrogen to 0.5 MPa air,the mass average particle size of aluminum agglomerates decreases by 67.3%.Results show that as the ambient pressure increases,the higher oxygen content can improve combustion efficiency and reduce the average agglomeration size of aluminum particles.
文摘The vibration problem of a fluid conveying cylindrical shell consisted of newly developed multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites is solved in the present manuscript within the framework of an analytical solution.The consistent material is considered to be made from an initial matrix strengthened via both macro-and nano-scale reinforcements.The influence of nanofillers’agglomeration,generated due to the high surface to volume ratio in nanostructures,is included by implementing Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme.Afterwards,the equivalent material properties of the carbon nanotube reinforced(CNTR)nanocomposite are coupled with those of CFs within the framework of a modified rule of mixture.On the other hand,the influences of viscous flow are covered by extending the Navier-Stokes equation for cylinders.A cylindrical coordinate system is chosen and mixed with the infinitesimal strains of first-order shear deformation theory of shells to obtain the motion equations on the basis of the dynamic form of principle of virtual work.Next,the achieved governing equations will be solved by Galerkin’s method to reach the natural frequency of the structure for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions.Presenting a set of illustrations,effects of each parameter on the dimensionless frequency of nanocomposite shells will be shown graphically.
基金Project(G19990649) supported by the National Key Fundamental Research and Development Programof China project(59874031) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘By means of Malvern laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of seed size and number on agglomeration in Bayer process were investigated. Agglomeration is almost finished in 8h, seeds, below 5μm, especially below 2μm, gather together rapidly and almost disappear in 8h. In the same supersaturation of aluminate solution and seed size, the smaller the number of seed is, the bigger the degree of agglomeration is. With the same primary number of seed, the agglomeration of larger seed is superior to that of small seed, and the agglomeration does not happen among the coarse seeds. The agglomeration mainly happens among fine particles, and the combinations among the fine particles are unconsolidated.
基金Project(2013020137)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,ChinaProject(2015-36)supported by Rural Energy Comprehensive Construction Foundation of the Ministry of Agriculture,China
文摘The gasification industries make use of biomass residue as feedstock to produce synthesis gas,but the gasification of this waste biomass generates tons of ash everyday.Performance properties and agglomeration behavior of corncob ash(CCA) collected from the gasification of corncobs in a pilot-scale gasification station were investigated by using some experimental methods.Based on the chemical composition results,the agglomeration tendency of CCA from combustion and gasification process was also analyzed.Chemical analysis shows that the fly ash is mainly composed of inorganic matters formed by K,Mg,Ca,Na,Fe,Al,S,etc.The agglomeration characteristics indicate that the slagging degree increases with the increase of ashing temperature,and the slagging tendency of these CCA samples from gasification or combustion is different with various slagging indices.All CCA samples from combustion or gasification can cause slagging/fouling problems in thermal conversion systems.The applications of CCA are closely related to its performances,and CCA has the potential to be used in various fields,for example,as a material for ceramic products and activated carbon,as an adsorbent,as a crude fertilizer,and as a structural material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61202078 61071139)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(SQ2011AA110101)
文摘The data-driven fault diagnosis methods can improve the reliability of analog circuits by using the data generated from it. The data have some characteristics, such as randomness and incompleteness, which lead to the diagnostic results being sensitive to the specific values and random noise. This paper presents a data-driven fault diagnosis method for analog circuits based on the robust competitive agglomeration （RCA）, which can alleviate the incompleteness of the data by clustering with the competing process. And the robustness of the diagnostic results is enhanced by using the approach of robust statistics in RCA. A series of experiments are provided to demonstrate that RCA can classify the incomplete data with a high accuracy. The experimental results show that RCA is robust for the data needed to be classified as well as the parameters needed to be adjusted. The effectiveness of RCA in practical use is demonstrated by two analog circuits.
基金Project(2005CB623702)supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(20476107) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Fine Al（OH）3 crystals were aggregated from supersaturated aluminate solution in the batch reaction tanks. By means of laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of temperature and initial molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 （aK） on agglomeration of fine seed in Bayer process were investigated. The results show that agglomeration is almost finished in 8 h, and seeds with size less than 2 μm are easily aggregated together, and almost disappear in 8 h under the optimal process conditions. In the aluminate solution with the same moderate initial aK, when the reaction temperature reaches 75 ℃, the secondary nucleation does not occur, and the effect of agglomeration is better. And at the same reaction temperature, when the initial aK is 1.62, the initial supersaturation of aluminate solution is moderate, the binders on the surfaces of the seed are enough to maintain the agglomeration process, and the agglomeration degree is better. From SEM images, agglomeration mainly occurs in the fine particles, the combinations among the fine particles are loose and the new formed coarse crystal shapes are irregular.
基金Project(2012zzts101)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding performance. The interaction mechanism between CMC and iron ore particles was analyzed through Zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and infrared spectra. The results show that the interaction is chemical adsorption-oriented and the CMC's adsorption performance is related to the properties of CMC as well as the type of iron oxides. CMC has a greater affinity to Fe2O3 than Fe3O4, and CMC with higher relative molecular mass shows a higher adsorption isotherm. Pelletization of practical iron ore concentrates added with CMC further illustrates that CMC with higher relative molecular mass or DS exhibits a better binding performance, which is consistent with the results of adsorption tests.
基金the research committee of Malek-ashtar University of Technology (MUT) for supporting this work
文摘The unfavorable growth and agglomeration of micro-particles of RDX explosive was almost observed in manufacture process. For preventing of growth of micro-particles and agglomeration in anti-solvent crystallization process, the effect of additives glucose, sucrose and poly ethylene glycol-2000 and wetting solvent of isopropyl alcohol were studied. Taguchi experimental design was used for optimization of the operating conditions. The type of additive, the amount of additive(%wt.), solvent of wetting and wetting time were selected for optimization of the conditions. By using 4 factor and 3 levels, 27 experiments were conducted(L27). Results showed that in the presence of 2 %wt. of sucrose additive and isopropyl alcohol solvent, the agglomerations of particles were decreased so that a decrease 30-50% in the average of particles size was seen. Addition additives were effective in storage container and for reduce the agglomeration of particles during storage. Also, the agglomeration rate of particles was reduced over time at optimized conditions. Imaging optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and particle size analyzer(PSA) methods were used for particles size analyzing as a response in statistical optimization and quality control of the final product. The sensitivity to some mechanical and shock stimuli on the RDX in presence of sucrose additive was tested and the obtained results showed the insignificant effect of additive on the safety properties of pure RDX.
基金supported by Slovak Research and Development Agency(APVV),Slovak Republic,No.APVV-0405-11Slovak research and development agency(SRDA),Slovak republic,No.VEGA1/0847/16
文摘The granulability and absorbtivity of sawdust and coke breeze were investigated.These properties are important within the preparation of agglomeration charge.They have a significant impact on plynodynamic batch conditions.Ability of materials to wet is a fundamental condition of granulability of materials.Wettability and water absorption of wood with liquids is generally significantly affected by their chemical structure.The important factors affecting the wetting process are undoubtedly the wood moisture content,the value of the surface tension of liquid media and their chemical composition.With increasing moisture content of wood,the time to equilibrium rises.Determination of water absorption and granulability of sawdust was conducted to seek their possible use as a partial replacement of coke dust in the production of the agglomerate.Experiments have been realized with alder,oak and pine sawdust and reference material-coke breeze.These materials were divided to four classes of granularity:supplied material,1-2 mm,0.5-1 mm and less than 0.5 mm.And different liquid media were used:water 16°C,water 60°C,soapy water,lime milk and surfactant.
基金Project(50725416) supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars
文摘The effect of composite agglomeration process(CAP) on fluoric iron concentrates sintering was investigated.The yield and quality of the sinter are greatly improved when using CAP assisted with heat airflow and enhancing magnesium oxide(MgO) contents.For conventional sintering of fluoric iron concentrate,due to lower viscosity of binding phase and higher fluidity of liquid phase,the sinter is formed with large thin-walled holes and the strength of the sinter is deteriorated consequently.The novel process forms composite agglomerate in which acid pellets are embedded in basic sinter.The pellets are solid with interconnecting crystals of hematite(Fe2O3) and magnetic(Fe3O4).For basic sintering,after adding MgO,the viscosity of the melting phase increases and the fluidity decreases;and calcium and aluminum silico-ferrites and magnesium ferrite are formed with perfect crystals and good sintering microstructure.
文摘A new direct recycling technology was developed to recover the valuable metals present in the stainless steelmaking dust and protect the environment. The agglomeration behavior of the dust was analyzed to ensure the requirements of the direct recycling. The main characteristics such as strength, leachability, structure and chemical composition of the pellets were investigated. SEM images show a significant amount of porosities affecting the strength of the pellets and the arrangement of particles in the pellets reveals that no recrystallization bonds are formed, resulting in the poor strength of the pellets. When lignosulfonate is applied as the binder for the agglomeration and the green pellets are dried at room temperature for 60 h, the strong pellets can be obtained without milling the dust. The result of leachability tests shows that the pellets agglomerated can not satisfy the regulations set by the environmental protection agency of US. And it will cause some environmental problems in the long storage of pellets.
基金supported by the HISP project(High performance solid propellants for In-Space Propulsion)of the European Community′s Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007-2013), under Grant Agreement No.262099,coordinated by FOI
文摘A joint international effort to improve solid propellant performance within the framework of a FP7European Project was described.Several metallized solid rocket propellants,of the broad family AP/HTPB/Metal in the ratio 68/14/18,were experimentally analyzed seeking to optimize the delivered specific impulse by identifying the most suitable high-energy fuel.Keeping the same nominal composition,different metallic fuels(including micrometric and nanometric Al,AlH3,and a variety of dual metal compositions)were characterized,tested,and contrasted to a conventional micrometric aluminum(30μm average grain size)certified for space flights.In order to overcome the intrinsic performance limitations of the matrix AP/HTPB,a new matrix consisting of ADN/GAP satisfying also the need for environmentally benign propellant formulation was considered as well.A comparative analysis between the two solid propellant systems in terms of ideal thermochemistry and experimental combustion properties reveals advantages and disadvantages of both.Overall,it is judged worthwhile to develop ADN/GAP propellants,with or without metallic fuels,to enhance the current status of solid rocket propulsion.Controlling morphology and mechanical properties of ADN/GAP compositions and understanding their flame structure and aggregation/agglomeration properties are the main issues still challenging industrial users.
基金supported by CNES(under Commande No.4700024752/DLA090 and No.4700028003/DLA094)
文摘Several metallized solid rocket propellants,AP/Metal/HTPB in the ratio 68/18/14,were experimentally analyzed at the Space Propulsion Laboratory of Politecnico di Milano.Effects of the metals(micrometric and nanometric Al,B,Mg,and a variety of dual metals) on the performance of the propellant were studied and contrasted to a conventional micrometric aluminum(30 μm average grain size) taken as reference.It is shown that the propellant microstructure plays a fundamental role in controlling the critical aggregation/agglomeration phenomena occurring below and near the burning surface.Two specific effects of microstructure in terms of steady burning rate and average agglomerate size are illustrated.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 18-71-10002-π,https://rscf.ru/en/project/21-71-03001/)。
文摘The paper presents the experimental research findings for the patterns of collisions of water droplets with pressed tableted samples used as substrates and with small particles of a pyrolyzing solid fuel.Brown coal samples were used.Droplet-substrate interactions were studied when varying the droplet diameter in the range from 1 to 4 mm and velocity from 0.5 to 4 m/s.That corresponded to the Weber number range of 7-830.The coal tablet surface temperature was varied from 20 to 700℃.In the interactions of water droplets(0.7-1.5 mm in diameter,pre-collision velocity from 1 to 3 m/s)with coal particles(with a size of 0.2-1 mm,pre-collision velocity 0.7-2 m/s),the temperature of the latter was varied in the range of 330-480℃.The following regimes of the interaction of droplets with solid particles during chemical reactions and phase transformations were distinguished:spreading/agglomeration and break-up/separation.Differences in the characteristics of the interaction of water droplets with coal particles at varying temperatures were identified.Droplet-particle interaction regime maps for B(We),We(Oh)and We(Ca)were constructed.The collision regime boundaries were described using fitted curves that can be utilized to develop the existing mathematical models of droplet-particle collisions in gas.It was established that the gaseous volatile production in coal pyrolysis has a modest effect on the regimes and characteristics of the droplet destruction in the temperature range under consideration(20-700℃).
基金Project(51277063) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(51407013) supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The mechanism of gas discharge in refrigeration temperature range is still not clear. N2, CF4, 20% CF4＋N2 and 50%CF4＋50%N2 binary gas mixtures were tested under the conditions of –153–25 ℃ and 50–2000 Pa. The experimental results show that the minimum of Paschen curves of all test samples shifts to low pressure, from 500 Pa to 200 Pa. The value of Paschen curve minimum of N2 shows remarkable fluctuation. This fluctuation is explained by molecule agglomeration and electronic mean energy. The fluctuation decreases with the increasing mixing ratio of CF4. What’s more, the value of Paschen curve minimum of CF4 decreases with temperature. This phenomenon is ascribed to attach-radiation and secondary process.
基金Project(50725416) supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of ChinaProject(50804059) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(200805331080) supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject supported by the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University,China
文摘The structure characteristics and adhesive property of humic substance(HS) extracted with different methods were mainly studied by terms of elementary analysis,visible spectrum,FT-IR spectroscopy,viscosity,adsorption and pelletizing experiments.The results show that HSs extracted with new method(HS-a) own higher degree of aromatization and polymerization,larger relative molecular mass and more polar functional groups than HS extracted with usual method(HS-b).The viscosity of HS-b is about 30-40 mPa·s lower than that of HS-a.The maximum adsorption amounts of HS-a and HS-b onto iron concentrates are 9.11 mg/g and 8.08 mg/g,respectively.Meanwhile,HS-a has a better performance than HS-b in the practical application for pelletizing of iron concentrates.The difference in agglomeration behaviors with iron concentrates lies in the differences of the structure characteristics of HSs.With higher content of polar functional groups,larger relative molecular mass and viscosity of HSs,the agglomeration behavior is improved.
