Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a vi...Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a viewpoint in DoDAF2.0,the operational viewpoint(OV)describes operational activities,nodes,and resource flows.The OV models are important for SoS architecture development.However,as the SoS complexity increases,constructing OV models with traditional methods exposes shortcomings,such as inefficient data collection and low modeling standards.Therefore,we propose an intelligent modeling method for five OV models,including operational resource flow OV-2,organizational relationships OV-4,operational activity hierarchy OV-5a,operational activities model OV-5b,and operational activity sequences OV-6c.The main idea of the method is to extract OV architecture data from text and generate interoperable OV models.First,we construct the OV meta model based on the DoDAF2.0 meta model(DM2).Second,OV architecture named entities is recognized from text based on the bidirectional long short-term memory and conditional random field(BiLSTM-CRF)model.And OV architecture relationships are collected with relationship extraction rules.Finally,we define the generation rules for OV models and develop an OV modeling tool.We use unmanned surface vehicles(USV)swarm target defense SoS architecture as a case to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the intelligent modeling method.展开更多
Category-based statistic language model is an important method to solve the problem of sparse data.But there are two bottlenecks:1) The problem of word clustering.It is hard to find a suitable clustering method with g...Category-based statistic language model is an important method to solve the problem of sparse data.But there are two bottlenecks:1) The problem of word clustering.It is hard to find a suitable clustering method with good performance and less computation.2) Class-based method always loses the prediction ability to adapt the text in different domains.In order to solve above problems,a definition of word similarity by utilizing mutual information was presented.Based on word similarity,the definition of word set similarity was given.Experiments show that word clustering algorithm based on similarity is better than conventional greedy clustering method in speed and performance,and the perplexity is reduced from 283 to 218.At the same time,an absolute weighted difference method was presented and was used to construct vari-gram language model which has good prediction ability.The perplexity of vari-gram model is reduced from 234.65 to 219.14 on Chinese corpora,and is reduced from 195.56 to 184.25 on English corpora compared with category-based model.展开更多
Language is a special social phenomenon and is always on the changing process with the development of society. During the evolving process of language, new language varieties will continuously emerge due to the change...Language is a special social phenomenon and is always on the changing process with the development of society. During the evolving process of language, new language varieties will continuously emerge due to the changes of some social and cultural factors. Cyber language is universally accepted as one type of the social language varieties. Basically, cyber language can be treated as a complex adaptive system which is influenced by the interaction between users’ cognition, social culture and the surrounding environments. Thus it is safe to say that cyber language is always undergoing a dynamic evolving process. With the usage-based language model as the theoretical foundation, this paper proposes a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) approach to analyze the expression of Appreciation to explore the complex, dynamic and nonlinear development of cyber language from the angle of meaning construction, grammaticalization and functional adaption respectively. It is found that the expression of Appreciation is experiencing adaptively a semantic connotations development and a process of grammatical functions expansion as well. This paper suggests that the emergence and development of cyber language is a novel and trendy social language phenomenon. Network language can achieve its process and evolution under the huge impact of social changes and social promotions. When faced with the changing surroundings, cyber language itself enjoys a timely adaption and responsive development to keep up with the new environments, which reflects the basic principle of language development, namely, language changes with the development of society.展开更多
The dynamic variations in demand patterns and produ ct mix, driven by unpredictable changes in a global market, are placing manufactur ing systems under significant pressure. In order to remain competitive, manu factu...The dynamic variations in demand patterns and produ ct mix, driven by unpredictable changes in a global market, are placing manufactur ing systems under significant pressure. In order to remain competitive, manu facturing organisations must satisfy demands timely. This implies that companies must increase product varieties, reduce time-to-market, shorten product-life cycles and at the same time maintain good quality and reduce investment costs. Conventional methodologies for planning and control have been found to be inadeq uate in meeting these challenges. Agile manufacturing is the state-of-the-art concept that provides enterprises with the opportunity to react rapidly and cos t-effectively to changes that occur in their environment. Several paradigms suc h as Holonic Manufacturing Systems (HMS), Bionic Manufacturing Systems (BMS) and Fractal Factory have been developed to enable manufacturing systems achieve agi lity by integrating manufacturing activities into a coordinated framework. Despi te the differences in their origin (HMS from social organisation, BMS from biolo gy and Fractal Factory from Mathematics), these paradigms have overlapping conce pts and one of the most important is hierarchical organisational structure. This paper presents a conceptual hierarchically structured multi-agent architec ture for manufacturing systems’ modelling. Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) provide su itable techniques for implementing the above concepts and as a branch of Distrib uted Artificial Intelligence (DAI), have characteristics that have been explored in various applications. Such characteristics include self-organisation, flexi bility, scalability, and robustness. The proposed architecture provides a suit able decision-making framework where each agent represents a node in the hier archic tree of manufacturing systems such as the company as whole, each plant wi thin the company, each cell or line within the plant, each machine in a cell or line. Each agent has the ability to perceive and evaluate changes that occur in the manufacturing environment, interact with other agents in the system in order to reach an optimal decision, and act based on that decision. In other words, agents respond timely to unexpected changes by continuously co-ordinating t heir activities, and allocating manufacturing resources dynamically based on act ual shop-floor situation. The flexibility of this architecture also lies in its ability to accommodate both homogenous and heterogeneous agents, and its capabi lity for the dynamic addition and removal of agents using a conceptual intellige nt communication mechanism similar to the blackboard messaging system. A Bidding -Based Scheme (BBS) would be used to generate and evaluate alternative scenario at run-time. In addition, this architecture can be extended to meet the requir ements of enterprise integration.展开更多
There are hot arguments on foreign language learning "the sooner the better" and it is critical to children' s foreign language education policies.This study combs series of empirical studies and models ...There are hot arguments on foreign language learning "the sooner the better" and it is critical to children' s foreign language education policies.This study combs series of empirical studies and models to analyze disadvantages of the belief of foreign language education "the sooner the better" in China.The findings are:1.Age is not the key factor to foreign language achievement,learning strategies,language distance and mother language proficiency are important factors that can not be ignored;2.The results in external foreign language studies can not be used directly to guide domestic foreign language education policies,for practical demands must be taken in consideration.展开更多
The capability requirements of the command, control, communication, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance （C41SR） systems are full of uncertain and vague information, which makes it difficult to mode...The capability requirements of the command, control, communication, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance （C41SR） systems are full of uncertain and vague information, which makes it difficult to model the C41SR architecture. The paper presents an approach to modeling the capability requirements with the fuzzy unified modeling language （UML） and building domain ontologies with fuzzy description logic （DL）. The UML modeling constructs are extended according to the meta model of Depart- ment of Defense Architecture Framework to improve their domain applicability, the fuzzy modeling mechanism is introduced to model the fuzzy efficiency features of capabilities, and the capability requirement models are converted into ontologies formalized in fuzzy DL so that the model consistency and reasonability can be checked with a DL reasoning system. Finally, a case study of C41SR capability requirements model checking is provided to demonstrate the availability and applicability of the method.展开更多
需求获取和建模是需求工程中的关键步骤,影响后续系统设计与实现.传统的需求获取和建模方法通常由需求提供者、需求分析师等多类干系人共同协作、反复迭代完成,需要耗费大量的人力.如何减轻需求提供者与需求分析师的负担、提高获取和建...需求获取和建模是需求工程中的关键步骤,影响后续系统设计与实现.传统的需求获取和建模方法通常由需求提供者、需求分析师等多类干系人共同协作、反复迭代完成,需要耗费大量的人力.如何减轻需求提供者与需求分析师的负担、提高获取和建模的效率有着重要意义.现有工作中有的使用知识库来提供更多知识,以辅助获取或者建模,有的利用自然语言处理等技术对获取或者建模过程进行自动化,但是它们并没有减轻需求提供者的负担.利用大语言模型(large language models,LLMs)的生成能力,提供了一种人机协作的迭代式需求获取和建模框架ChatModeler.具体来说,根据真实世界中需求团队的分工及协作关系,将部分需求提供者、需求分析师等角色的工作由大语言模型承担,而需求提供者只需要进行确认.为大语言模型扮演的各种角色进行了提示词设计,该提示词会随需求的元模型而变化.ChatModeler在7个需求案例上与3种需求模型的自动建模方法进行了14组对比实验,证明了ChatModeler在降低需求提供者的负担和生成高质量需求模型2个方面上的优越性.展开更多
Nowadays an increasing number of workflow products and research prototypes begin to adopt XML for representing workflow models owing to its easy use and well understanding for people and machines. However, most of wor...Nowadays an increasing number of workflow products and research prototypes begin to adopt XML for representing workflow models owing to its easy use and well understanding for people and machines. However, most of workflow products and research prototypes provide the few supports for the verification of XML-based workflow model, such as free-deadlock properties, which is essential to successful application of workflow technology. In this paper, we tackle this problem by mapping the XML-based workflow model into Petri-net, a kind of well-known formalism for modeling, analyzing and verifying system. As a result, the XML-based workflow model can be automatically verified with the help of general Petri-net tools, such as DANAMICS. The presented approach not only enables end users to represent workflow model with XML-based modeling language, but also the correctness of model can be ensured, thus satisfying the needs of business processes.展开更多
It is necessary that each era has its own value orientation of the language civilization,which forms the motivation,model and pragmatic hypothesis.As for the Chinese language,it is the Chinese philosophical semantics....It is necessary that each era has its own value orientation of the language civilization,which forms the motivation,model and pragmatic hypothesis.As for the Chinese language,it is the Chinese philosophical semantics.Language and civilization integrate into each other,so when analyzing linguistics,we shall separate the lexeme on the basis of context.Pragmatics establishes the context for the Chinese language,the basis of which is boosting the education of the Chinese language.As result,pragmatics is not only a branch of linguistics but also the construction of popular linguistics.The Chinese language course is only the concrete implementation of pragmatics and the basic project for the language context in a popular and globalizational style.展开更多
Linguistic civilization orientation is a necessity for all eras,with which the motivation,viable model and pragmatic hypothesis of the language can be formed."Chinese character— Chinese language"takes on di...Linguistic civilization orientation is a necessity for all eras,with which the motivation,viable model and pragmatic hypothesis of the language can be formed."Chinese character— Chinese language"takes on different cultures in different regions, embodying the integration of language and civilization. As a result, in order to analyze linguistics, it is necessary for us to compare the Chinese language at home and abroad, and it is the linguistic construction based on the public. The modern Chinese language inherits the cultural connotation of the Chinese linguistics and answers the regional hypothesis and establishes the new linguistic system for the Chinese language in different regions.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233,71971213,71901214)。
文摘Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a viewpoint in DoDAF2.0,the operational viewpoint(OV)describes operational activities,nodes,and resource flows.The OV models are important for SoS architecture development.However,as the SoS complexity increases,constructing OV models with traditional methods exposes shortcomings,such as inefficient data collection and low modeling standards.Therefore,we propose an intelligent modeling method for five OV models,including operational resource flow OV-2,organizational relationships OV-4,operational activity hierarchy OV-5a,operational activities model OV-5b,and operational activity sequences OV-6c.The main idea of the method is to extract OV architecture data from text and generate interoperable OV models.First,we construct the OV meta model based on the DoDAF2.0 meta model(DM2).Second,OV architecture named entities is recognized from text based on the bidirectional long short-term memory and conditional random field(BiLSTM-CRF)model.And OV architecture relationships are collected with relationship extraction rules.Finally,we define the generation rules for OV models and develop an OV modeling tool.We use unmanned surface vehicles(USV)swarm target defense SoS architecture as a case to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the intelligent modeling method.
基金Project(60763001) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010GZS0072) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,ChinaProject(GJJ12271) supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Provincial Education Department of Jiangxi Province,China
文摘Category-based statistic language model is an important method to solve the problem of sparse data.But there are two bottlenecks:1) The problem of word clustering.It is hard to find a suitable clustering method with good performance and less computation.2) Class-based method always loses the prediction ability to adapt the text in different domains.In order to solve above problems,a definition of word similarity by utilizing mutual information was presented.Based on word similarity,the definition of word set similarity was given.Experiments show that word clustering algorithm based on similarity is better than conventional greedy clustering method in speed and performance,and the perplexity is reduced from 283 to 218.At the same time,an absolute weighted difference method was presented and was used to construct vari-gram language model which has good prediction ability.The perplexity of vari-gram model is reduced from 234.65 to 219.14 on Chinese corpora,and is reduced from 195.56 to 184.25 on English corpora compared with category-based model.
文摘Language is a special social phenomenon and is always on the changing process with the development of society. During the evolving process of language, new language varieties will continuously emerge due to the changes of some social and cultural factors. Cyber language is universally accepted as one type of the social language varieties. Basically, cyber language can be treated as a complex adaptive system which is influenced by the interaction between users’ cognition, social culture and the surrounding environments. Thus it is safe to say that cyber language is always undergoing a dynamic evolving process. With the usage-based language model as the theoretical foundation, this paper proposes a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) approach to analyze the expression of Appreciation to explore the complex, dynamic and nonlinear development of cyber language from the angle of meaning construction, grammaticalization and functional adaption respectively. It is found that the expression of Appreciation is experiencing adaptively a semantic connotations development and a process of grammatical functions expansion as well. This paper suggests that the emergence and development of cyber language is a novel and trendy social language phenomenon. Network language can achieve its process and evolution under the huge impact of social changes and social promotions. When faced with the changing surroundings, cyber language itself enjoys a timely adaption and responsive development to keep up with the new environments, which reflects the basic principle of language development, namely, language changes with the development of society.
文摘The dynamic variations in demand patterns and produ ct mix, driven by unpredictable changes in a global market, are placing manufactur ing systems under significant pressure. In order to remain competitive, manu facturing organisations must satisfy demands timely. This implies that companies must increase product varieties, reduce time-to-market, shorten product-life cycles and at the same time maintain good quality and reduce investment costs. Conventional methodologies for planning and control have been found to be inadeq uate in meeting these challenges. Agile manufacturing is the state-of-the-art concept that provides enterprises with the opportunity to react rapidly and cos t-effectively to changes that occur in their environment. Several paradigms suc h as Holonic Manufacturing Systems (HMS), Bionic Manufacturing Systems (BMS) and Fractal Factory have been developed to enable manufacturing systems achieve agi lity by integrating manufacturing activities into a coordinated framework. Despi te the differences in their origin (HMS from social organisation, BMS from biolo gy and Fractal Factory from Mathematics), these paradigms have overlapping conce pts and one of the most important is hierarchical organisational structure. This paper presents a conceptual hierarchically structured multi-agent architec ture for manufacturing systems’ modelling. Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) provide su itable techniques for implementing the above concepts and as a branch of Distrib uted Artificial Intelligence (DAI), have characteristics that have been explored in various applications. Such characteristics include self-organisation, flexi bility, scalability, and robustness. The proposed architecture provides a suit able decision-making framework where each agent represents a node in the hier archic tree of manufacturing systems such as the company as whole, each plant wi thin the company, each cell or line within the plant, each machine in a cell or line. Each agent has the ability to perceive and evaluate changes that occur in the manufacturing environment, interact with other agents in the system in order to reach an optimal decision, and act based on that decision. In other words, agents respond timely to unexpected changes by continuously co-ordinating t heir activities, and allocating manufacturing resources dynamically based on act ual shop-floor situation. The flexibility of this architecture also lies in its ability to accommodate both homogenous and heterogeneous agents, and its capabi lity for the dynamic addition and removal of agents using a conceptual intellige nt communication mechanism similar to the blackboard messaging system. A Bidding -Based Scheme (BBS) would be used to generate and evaluate alternative scenario at run-time. In addition, this architecture can be extended to meet the requir ements of enterprise integration.
基金the staged achievement of the national social science fund project--the Empirical Studies of Whether Foreign Language Learning is the Earlier the Better(CHA140176)
文摘There are hot arguments on foreign language learning "the sooner the better" and it is critical to children' s foreign language education policies.This study combs series of empirical studies and models to analyze disadvantages of the belief of foreign language education "the sooner the better" in China.The findings are:1.Age is not the key factor to foreign language achievement,learning strategies,language distance and mother language proficiency are important factors that can not be ignored;2.The results in external foreign language studies can not be used directly to guide domestic foreign language education policies,for practical demands must be taken in consideration.
文摘The capability requirements of the command, control, communication, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance （C41SR） systems are full of uncertain and vague information, which makes it difficult to model the C41SR architecture. The paper presents an approach to modeling the capability requirements with the fuzzy unified modeling language （UML） and building domain ontologies with fuzzy description logic （DL）. The UML modeling constructs are extended according to the meta model of Depart- ment of Defense Architecture Framework to improve their domain applicability, the fuzzy modeling mechanism is introduced to model the fuzzy efficiency features of capabilities, and the capability requirement models are converted into ontologies formalized in fuzzy DL so that the model consistency and reasonability can be checked with a DL reasoning system. Finally, a case study of C41SR capability requirements model checking is provided to demonstrate the availability and applicability of the method.
文摘需求获取和建模是需求工程中的关键步骤,影响后续系统设计与实现.传统的需求获取和建模方法通常由需求提供者、需求分析师等多类干系人共同协作、反复迭代完成,需要耗费大量的人力.如何减轻需求提供者与需求分析师的负担、提高获取和建模的效率有着重要意义.现有工作中有的使用知识库来提供更多知识,以辅助获取或者建模,有的利用自然语言处理等技术对获取或者建模过程进行自动化,但是它们并没有减轻需求提供者的负担.利用大语言模型(large language models,LLMs)的生成能力,提供了一种人机协作的迭代式需求获取和建模框架ChatModeler.具体来说,根据真实世界中需求团队的分工及协作关系,将部分需求提供者、需求分析师等角色的工作由大语言模型承担,而需求提供者只需要进行确认.为大语言模型扮演的各种角色进行了提示词设计,该提示词会随需求的元模型而变化.ChatModeler在7个需求案例上与3种需求模型的自动建模方法进行了14组对比实验,证明了ChatModeler在降低需求提供者的负担和生成高质量需求模型2个方面上的优越性.
文摘Nowadays an increasing number of workflow products and research prototypes begin to adopt XML for representing workflow models owing to its easy use and well understanding for people and machines. However, most of workflow products and research prototypes provide the few supports for the verification of XML-based workflow model, such as free-deadlock properties, which is essential to successful application of workflow technology. In this paper, we tackle this problem by mapping the XML-based workflow model into Petri-net, a kind of well-known formalism for modeling, analyzing and verifying system. As a result, the XML-based workflow model can be automatically verified with the help of general Petri-net tools, such as DANAMICS. The presented approach not only enables end users to represent workflow model with XML-based modeling language, but also the correctness of model can be ensured, thus satisfying the needs of business processes.
基金the staged achievement of 2014 social sciences funded program of Guangzhou-On the Influence of the Chinese Language in the Popular Era(14YYA24)
文摘It is necessary that each era has its own value orientation of the language civilization,which forms the motivation,model and pragmatic hypothesis.As for the Chinese language,it is the Chinese philosophical semantics.Language and civilization integrate into each other,so when analyzing linguistics,we shall separate the lexeme on the basis of context.Pragmatics establishes the context for the Chinese language,the basis of which is boosting the education of the Chinese language.As result,pragmatics is not only a branch of linguistics but also the construction of popular linguistics.The Chinese language course is only the concrete implementation of pragmatics and the basic project for the language context in a popular and globalizational style.
文摘Linguistic civilization orientation is a necessity for all eras,with which the motivation,viable model and pragmatic hypothesis of the language can be formed."Chinese character— Chinese language"takes on different cultures in different regions, embodying the integration of language and civilization. As a result, in order to analyze linguistics, it is necessary for us to compare the Chinese language at home and abroad, and it is the linguistic construction based on the public. The modern Chinese language inherits the cultural connotation of the Chinese linguistics and answers the regional hypothesis and establishes the new linguistic system for the Chinese language in different regions.
