The poor stability of RuO_(2)electrocatalysts has been the primary obstacles for their practical application in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers.To dramatically enhance the durability of RuO_(2)to construct ...The poor stability of RuO_(2)electrocatalysts has been the primary obstacles for their practical application in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers.To dramatically enhance the durability of RuO_(2)to construct activity-stability trade-off model is full of significance but challenging.Herein,a single atom Zn stabilized RuO_(2)with enriched oxygen vacancies(SA Zn-RuO_(2))is developed as a promising alternative to iridium oxide for acidic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Compared with commercial RuO_(2),the enhanced Ru–O bond strength of SA Zn-RuO_(2)by forming Zn-O-Ru local structure motif is favorable to stabilize surface Ru,while the electrons transferred from Zn single atoms to adjacent Ru atoms protects the Ru active sites from overoxidation.Simultaneously,the optimized surrounding electronic structure of Ru sites in SA ZnRuO_(2)decreases the adsorption energies of OER intermediates to reduce the reaction barrier.As a result,the representative SA Zn-RuO_(2)exhibits a low overpotential of 210 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^(-2)and a greatly enhanced durability than commercial RuO_(2).This work provides a promising dual-engineering strategy by coupling single atom doping and vacancy for the tradeoff of high activity and catalytic stability toward acidic OER.展开更多
Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial yet challenging due to their sluggish kinetics and potential deactivation in harsh acidic environments.Herein,...Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial yet challenging due to their sluggish kinetics and potential deactivation in harsh acidic environments.Herein,we propose an electronic regulation approach involving the incorporation of trace Pt into SrIrO_(3) perovskite to improve its activity and longevity for OER in acidic media.Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that trace Pt incorporation effectively regulates the electronic structure of SrIrO_(3),lowering the energy barrier of OER and mitigating the Ir overoxidation.The optimized 2%PtSrIrO_(3) electrocatalyst demonstrates an ultralow overpotential of 228 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and maintains stable over 50 h in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),rivaling most reported iridate perovskites.As a demonstration,the 2%Pt-SrIrO_(3)||Pt/C based electrolytic cell exhibits high electrochemical performance and robustness for practical acidic water splitting.This protocol offers an attractive strategy for electronic structure manipulation in electrocatalysts towards electrocatalytic applications.展开更多
Zinc-ion batteries are promising for large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems,which still suffer from interfacial issues,e.g.,hydrogen evolution side reaction(HER),self-corrosion,and uncontrollable dendritic...Zinc-ion batteries are promising for large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems,which still suffer from interfacial issues,e.g.,hydrogen evolution side reaction(HER),self-corrosion,and uncontrollable dendritic Zn electrodeposition.Although the regulation of electric double layer(EDL)has been verified for interfacial issues,the principle to select the additive as the regulator is still misted.Here,several typical amino acids with different characteristics were examined to reveal the interfacial behaviors in regulated EDL on the Zn anode.Negative charged acidic polarity(NCAP)has been unveiled as the guideline for selecting additive to reconstruct EDL with an inner zincophilic H_(2)O-poor layer and to replace H_(2)O molecules of hydrated Zn^(2+)with NCAP glutamate.Taking the synergistic effects of EDL regulation,the uncontrollable interface is significantly stabilized from the suppressed HER and anti-self-corrosion with uniform electrodeposition.Consequently,by adding NCAP glutamate,a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.83%of Zn metal is achieved in Zn|Cu asymmetrical cell for over 2000 cycles,and NH4V4O10|Zn full cell exhibits a high-capacity retention of 82.1%after 3000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1).Recapitulating,the NCAP principle posted here can quicken the design of trailblazing electrolyte additives for aqueous Zn-based electrochemical energy storage systems.展开更多
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified...This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Br?nsted acidic deep eutectic solvents(BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents(LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.展开更多
The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To ...The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To achieve the massive application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production from water splitting drives the pursuit of competent precious-metal-free electrocatalysts in acidic media, where the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is more facilitated. However, the development of high-efficient and acid-stable OER electrocatalysts, which are robust to function stably at high oxidation potentials in the acidic electrolyte, remains a great challenge. This article contributes a focused, perceptive review of the up-to-date approaches toward this emerging research field. The OER reaction mechanism and fundamental requirements for oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid are introduced. Then the progress and new discoveries of precious-metal-free active materials and design concepts with regard to the improvement of the intrinsic OER activity are discussed. Finally, the existing scientific challenges and the outlooks for future research directions to the fabrication of emerging, earth-abundant OER electrocatalysts in acid are pointed out.展开更多
The molecular transformations of carboxylic acids in heavy acidic SL crude before and after true boiling point distillation were examined by ultra-high resolution negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI) Fourier tran...The molecular transformations of carboxylic acids in heavy acidic SL crude before and after true boiling point distillation were examined by ultra-high resolution negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS). The acid class(heteroatom number), type(z numbers) and carbon number distributions were positively characterized. It was found out that the total acid number(TAN) of SL crude decreased after true boiling point distillation, and the abundance of O2 class in mass spectra was also found to be reduced from 67.6% to 34.5% in SL TBP mixed crude as measured by MS spectra, indicating to a potential carboxylic acid decomposition. However, it was interesting that the carboxylic acids type distribution in both oils was almost the same although their relative abundance in SL TBP mixed crude turned to be much lower, suggesting that various petroleum carboxylic acid types have the similar thermal decomposition reaction behavior. Furthermore, for each O2 type of acids in SL TBP mixed crude, the abundance of carboxylic acids with carbon number higher than 35 was reduced greatly, especially for those with carbon number higher than 60, the mass peaks of which were nearly totally removed, indicating that the large carboxylic acid molecules in heavy fractions decomposed more significantly because of longer heating time during the true boiling point distillation process. As a result, the reduction of TAN may be caused by the thermal decomposition of carboxylic acids especially those with high carbon number, suggesting that quick distillation or much lower pressure is required to avoid the thermal decomposition.展开更多
Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via two-electron pathway is a promising approach to decentralized and on-site hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)) production beyond the traditional anthraquinone process.In ...Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via two-electron pathway is a promising approach to decentralized and on-site hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)) production beyond the traditional anthraquinone process.In recent years,electrochemical H_(2)O_(2) production in acidic media has attracted increasing attention owing to its stronger oxidizing capacity,superior stability,and higher compatibility with various applications.Here,recent advances of H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis in acidic media are summarized.Specifically,fundamental aspects of two-electron ORR mechanism are firstly presented with an emphasis on the pH effect on catalytic performance.Major categories of promising electrocatalysts are then reviewed,including noble-metal-based materials,non-noble-metal single-atom catalysts,non-noblemetal compounds,and metal-free carbon-based materials.The innovative development of electrochemical devices and in situ/on-site application of electrogenerated H_(2)O_(2) are also highlighted to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale fundamental research and practically relevant H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis.Finally,critical perspectives on present challenges and promising opportunities for future research are provided.展开更多
Since the discovery in 2011,MXenes have become the rising star in the field of two-dimensional materials.Benefiting from the metallic-level conductivity,large and adjustable gallery spacing,low ion diffusion barrier,r...Since the discovery in 2011,MXenes have become the rising star in the field of two-dimensional materials.Benefiting from the metallic-level conductivity,large and adjustable gallery spacing,low ion diffusion barrier,rich surface chemistry,superior mechanical strength,MXenes exhibit great application prospects in energy storage and conversion,sensors,optoelectronics,electromagnetic interference shielding and biomedicine.Nevertheless,two issues seriously deteriorate the further development of MXenes.One is the high experimental risk of common preparation methods such as HF etching,and the other is the difficulty in obtaining MXenes with controllable surface groups.Recently,Lewis acidic etching,as a brand-new preparation strategy for MXenes,has attracted intensive attention due to its high safety and the ability to endow MXenes with uniform terminations.However,a comprehensive review of Lewis acidic etching method has not been reported yet.Herein,we first introduce the Lewis acidic etching from the following four aspects:etching mechanism,terminations regulation,in-situ formed metals and delamination of multi-layered MXenes.Further,the applications of MXenes and MXene-based hybrids obtained by Lewis acidic etching route in energy storage and conversion,sensors and microwave absorption are carefully summarized.Finally,some challenges and opportunities of Lewis acidic etching strategy are also presented.展开更多
Acidic poly(ionic liquid)s(PILs)with swelling ability were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of N-vinylimidazolium ionic liquids,divinylbenzene(DVB)and sodium acrylate(NaAA),and further acidification by sul...Acidic poly(ionic liquid)s(PILs)with swelling ability were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of N-vinylimidazolium ionic liquids,divinylbenzene(DVB)and sodium acrylate(NaAA),and further acidification by sulfuric acid.The swelling ability of acidic PILs was greatly affected by cross-linker content and chain length of 3-alkyl-substituents on imidazolium.Cross-linked network structures could be observed from the cryogenic scanning electron microscopy(cryo-SEM)images of the swollen acidic PILs in formic acid.Acidic PILs with network structures in swollen state exhibited excellent activities in the esterification of cyclohexene and formic acid,and the catalytic activities were in positive correlation with their swelling abilities.Acidic PIL with 3-octyl-substituent and 2.5 mol%DVB(PIL-C8-2.5DVB-HSO4)had the highest swelling ability in formic acid and exhibited comparable catalytic activities with homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.展开更多
Developing high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is crucial for the commercialization of fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,doped carbon-based materials only sh...Developing high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is crucial for the commercialization of fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,doped carbon-based materials only show good ORR activity in alkaline medium,and become less effective in acidic environment.We believe that an appropriate combination of both ionic and electronic transport path,and well dopant distribution of doped carbon-based materials would help to realize high ORR performance un-der both acidic and alkaline cond让ions.Accordingly,a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon framework with hierarchical through-hole structure is fabricated by morphology-controlled solid-state pyrolysis of poly(aniline-co-2-ami no thiophenol)foam.The uniform high concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur,high intrinsic conductivity,and integrated three dimensional ionic and electronic transfer passageways of the 3D porous structure lead to synergistic effects in catalyzing ORR.As a result,the limiting current density of the carbonized poly(aniline-co-2-aminothiophenol)foam is equivalent to commercial Pt/C in acidic environment,and twice the latter in alkaline medium.展开更多
Water electrolysis using proton-exchange membranes is one of the most promising technologies for carbon-neutral and sustainable energy production.Generally,the overall efficiency of water splitting is limited by the o...Water electrolysis using proton-exchange membranes is one of the most promising technologies for carbon-neutral and sustainable energy production.Generally,the overall efficiency of water splitting is limited by the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Nevertheless,a trade-off between activity and stability exists for most electrocatalytic materials in strong acids and oxidizing media,and the development of efficient and stable catalytic materials has been an important focus of research.In this view,gaining in-depth insights into the OER system,particularly the interactions between reaction intermediates and active sites,is significantly important.To this end,this review introduces the fundamentals of the OER over Ru-based materials,including the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism,lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism,and oxide path mechanism.Moreover,the up-to-date progress of representative modifications for improving OER performance is further discussed with reference to specific mechanisms,such as tuning of geometric,electronic structures,incorporation of proton acceptors,and optimization of metal-oxygen covalency.Finally,some valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for OER electrocatalysts are provided with the aim to promote the development of next-generation catalysts with high activity and excellent stability.展开更多
Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic media are vital for the applications of renewable energy electrolyzers.However,the low mass activity of noble Pt urgently ne...Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic media are vital for the applications of renewable energy electrolyzers.However,the low mass activity of noble Pt urgently needs to be improved due to the strong binding energetics of oxygen species(*O)with Pt sites.Here we report fine PtxSr alloy(-2 nm)supported on N-doped carb on(NC)pyrolyzing from ZIF-8 as bifunctional electrocatalysts toward ORR and HER in acidic media.The representative Pt_(2)Sr/NC exhibits an onset potential of 0.94 V vs.RHE and half-wave potential of 0.84 V toward ORR,and a low over-potential of 27 mV(10 mA cm^(-2))toward HER,respectively.Significantly,the mass activities of Pt_(2)Sr/NC are 6.2 and 2.6 times higher than that of Pt/C toward ORR(at 0.9 V)and HER(at-30 mV),respectively.Simultaneously,Pt_(2)Sr/NC possesses a retention rate of 90.97%toward acidic ORR after 35000 s of continuous operation.Through density functional theory(DFT)calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis,the incorporation of Sr into Pt forming Pt_(2)Sr alloy redistributes the electronic structures of Pt-Pt bonds,changing the rate-determining step for the ORR on Pt sites from the formation of*OH from*O to the generation of*OOH along with decreasing the energy barrier,which is also confirmed by the downshift of d band center.Meanwhile,the downshift of d band center also leads to the optimization of the adsorption energy(H*)with Pt,significantly improving Pt_(2)Sr/NC toward HER.展开更多
Simultaneously realizing improved activity and stability of acidic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) electrocatalysts is highly promising for developing cost-effective sustainable energy in the splitting of water techniq...Simultaneously realizing improved activity and stability of acidic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) electrocatalysts is highly promising for developing cost-effective sustainable energy in the splitting of water technique.Herein,we report iridium nanocrystals embedded into 3D conductive clothes(Ir-NCT/CC) as a low iridium electrocatalyst realizing ultrahigh acidic OER activity and robust stability.The well-designed Ir-NCT/CC requires a low overpotential of 202 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)with a high mass activity of 1754 A g^(-1).Importantly,in acidic overall water splitting,Ir-NCT/CC merely delivers a cell voltage of 1.469 V at a typical current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and also maintains robust durability under continuous operation.We identify that a low working voltage drives the formation of a highly stable amorphous IrOxactive phase over the surface of Ir nanocrystals(surface heterojunction IrOx/Ir-NCT) during operating conditions,which contributes to an effective and durable OER process.展开更多
Based on the semi-quantitative approach, four environmental factors of sites (i.e. bedrock lithology, soil type, land use, and rainfall) were categorized, weighted and combined to determine and assess the relative sen...Based on the semi-quantitative approach, four environmental factors of sites (i.e. bedrock lithology, soil type, land use, and rainfall) were categorized, weighted and combined to determine and assess the relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian Province. Then the factors have been digitized and combined to assign an overall value for each mesh square (16.77 km×18.39 km) by using the geographic information system (GIS) The results indicated that the most sensitive area in Fujian was mainly located in the southeast, and the least: ensitive area was distributed sporadically in the east along the coast. Due to slow weathering rate of siliceous rocks, acid to weakly acid reactions of the soils, along with the greater percent of coniferous forests, more than 80 percent of the total area exhibits higher sensitivity classes (4–7).展开更多
Heteroatoms doped Fe-N-C electrocatalysts have been widely acknowledged as one of the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based materials for electrocatalyzing oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).However,the complicate...Heteroatoms doped Fe-N-C electrocatalysts have been widely acknowledged as one of the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based materials for electrocatalyzing oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).However,the complicated synthesis method and controversial catalytic mechanism represent a substantial impediment as of today.Herein,a very facile strategy to prepare Fe-N/S-C hybrid through pyrolyzing Zn and Fe bimetallic MOFs is rationally designed.The electrocatalytic ORR performance shows a volcanotype curve with the increment of added Fe content.The half-wave potential(E1/2) for ORR at optimized Fe-N/S-C-10%(10%=n(Fe)/(n(Fe)+n(Zn)),n(Fe) and n(Zn) represent the moles of Fe2+ and Zn2+ in the precursors,respectively) shifts significantly to the positive direction of 19.6 mV with respect to that of Pt/C in acidic media,as well as a high 4 e selectivity and methanol tolerance.After 10,000 potential cycles,E1/2 exhibits a small negative shift of-27.5 mV at Fe-N/S-C-10% compared favorably with Pt/C(~141.0 mV).This can be attributed to:(ⅰ) large specific surface area(849 m^(2)/g) and hierarchically porous structure are favorable for the rapid mass transfer and active sites exposure;(ⅱ) the embedded Fecontaining nanoparticles in porous carbon are difficult to be moved and further agglomerated during the electrochemical accelerated aging test,further improving its stability;(ⅲ) there exist small Fecontaining nanoparticles,uniformly doped N and S,abundant Fe-N as efficiently active sites.This work represents a breakthrough in the development of high-efficient non-precious-metal catalysts(NPMCs)to address the current Pt-based electrocatalysts challenges.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is the basis of various sustainable energy conversion and storage techniques,especially hydrogen production by water electrolysis.To realize the practical application of hydrogen ene...The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is the basis of various sustainable energy conversion and storage techniques,especially hydrogen production by water electrolysis.To realize the practical application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production via water electrolysis,several obstacles,such as the multi-electron transfer OER process with sluggish kinetics and overall high reaction barrier,should be overcome.Manganese oxide-based(MnOx) materials,especially MnO_(2),have emerged as promising non-noble electrocatalysts for water electro-oxidation under acidic conditions due to their wellbalanced properties between catalytic activity and stability.This review introduces the fundamental understanding of the catalytic OER process on MnOx-based materials,including the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism(AEM) and emerging lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism(LOM).The rational screening and prediction of MnOx-based catalysts that can stably catalyze OER in acid are summarized based on Pourbaix diagram analysis and thermodynamic density functional theory(DFT) calculations.Then,the up-to-date progress of upgrading the OER catalytic performance of MnOx-based catalysts by composite construction is reviewed.Afterward,feasible strategies to improve the electrocatalytic activity and lifetime of MnOx-based catalysts are systemically discussed in terms of crystal structure control,reasonable setting of working potential and electrolyte environment,optimal selection of acid-stable conductive supports,and self-healing engineering.Finally,future scientific challenges and research directions are outlined to guide the construction of advanced MnOx-based electrocatalysts for OER in acid.展开更多
Through the long development processes of reservoir sedimentation and diagenesis, acidic and alkaline fluids play key roles in controlling deep reservoir development. However, the ways in which deep fluids control and...Through the long development processes of reservoir sedimentation and diagenesis, acidic and alkaline fluids play key roles in controlling deep reservoir development. However, the ways in which deep fluids control and transform the reservoir under complex fault conditions remain unclear. In this study, a 2D model was established based on a typical sub-salt to intra-salt vertical profile in the Qaidam Basin, China. Based on measured data, multiphase flow reaction and solute transport simulation technology were used to analyze fluids flow and migration in the intra-salt and sub-salt reservoirs, determine the mineral dissolution, precipitation, and transformation in the reservoir caused by the deep fluids, and calculate the changes in reservoir porosity. Results show that deep fluid migrates preferentially along dominant channels and triggers a series of fluid–rock chemical reactions. In the first stage, a large amount of anhydrite precipitated in the fault as a result of upward migration of deep saline fluid, resulting in the formation of anhydrite veins and blockage at the base of the fault. In the second stage, organic acids caused minerals dissolution and a vertical channel was opened in previously blocked area, which promoted continuous upward migration of organic acids and the formation of secondary pores. This study clarifies the transformative effects of deep alkaline and acidic fluids on the reservoir. Moreover, the important fluid transport role of faults and their effect on reservoir development were determined.展开更多
Replacing platinum for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） in acidic medium remains great chal- lenges. Herein, we prepared few-layered MoS2 by ball milling as an efficient catalyst for HER in acidic medium...Replacing platinum for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） in acidic medium remains great chal- lenges. Herein, we prepared few-layered MoS2 by ball milling as an efficient catalyst for HER in acidic medium, The activity of as-prepared MoS2 had a strong dependence on the ball milling time, Furthermore, Ketjen Black EC 300J was added into the ball-milled MoS2 followed by a second ball milling, and the resultant MoS2/carbon black hybrid material showed a much higher HER activity than MoS2 and carbon black alone. The enhanced activity of the MoS2/carbon black hybrid material was attributed to the increased abundance of catalytic edge sites of MoS） and excellent electrical coupling to the underlving carbon network.展开更多
Polymers play an important role in hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which involves both a polymer and low-salinity water. Because the polymer commonly used for low-salinity polymer flooding (LSPF) is strongly sensi...Polymers play an important role in hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which involves both a polymer and low-salinity water. Because the polymer commonly used for low-salinity polymer flooding (LSPF) is strongly sensitive to brine pH, its efficiency can deteriorate in carbonate reservoirs containing highly acidic formation water. In this study, polymer efficiency in an acidic carbonate reservoir was investigated experimentally for different salinity levels and SO42− concentrations. Results indicated that lowering salinity improved polymer stability, resulting in less polymer adsorption, greater wettability alteration, and ultimately, higher oil recovery. However, low salinity may not be desirable for LSPF if the injected fluid does not contain a sufficient number of sulfate (SO42−) ions. Analysis of polymer efficiency showed that more oil can be produced with the same polymer concentration by adjusting the SO42− content. Therefore, when river water, which is relatively easily available in onshore fields, is designed to be injected into an acidic carbonate reservoir, the LSPF method proposed in this study can be a reliable and environmentally friendly method with addition of a sufficient number of SO42− ions to river water.展开更多
This work explores the possibility of plasma acid as acid catalyst in organic reactions. Plasma acidic water was prepared by dielectric barrier discharge and used to catalyze esterification of n-heptanioc acid with et...This work explores the possibility of plasma acid as acid catalyst in organic reactions. Plasma acidic water was prepared by dielectric barrier discharge and used to catalyze esterification of n-heptanioc acid with ethanol. It is found that the plasma acidic water has a stable and better performance than sulfuric acid, meaning that it is an excellent acid catalyst. The plasma acidic water would be a promising alternative for classic mineral acid as a more environment friendly acid.展开更多
基金supported by the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province,China (tsqn202211162)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22102079)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (ZR2021YQ10,ZR2022QB163)。
文摘The poor stability of RuO_(2)electrocatalysts has been the primary obstacles for their practical application in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers.To dramatically enhance the durability of RuO_(2)to construct activity-stability trade-off model is full of significance but challenging.Herein,a single atom Zn stabilized RuO_(2)with enriched oxygen vacancies(SA Zn-RuO_(2))is developed as a promising alternative to iridium oxide for acidic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Compared with commercial RuO_(2),the enhanced Ru–O bond strength of SA Zn-RuO_(2)by forming Zn-O-Ru local structure motif is favorable to stabilize surface Ru,while the electrons transferred from Zn single atoms to adjacent Ru atoms protects the Ru active sites from overoxidation.Simultaneously,the optimized surrounding electronic structure of Ru sites in SA ZnRuO_(2)decreases the adsorption energies of OER intermediates to reduce the reaction barrier.As a result,the representative SA Zn-RuO_(2)exhibits a low overpotential of 210 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^(-2)and a greatly enhanced durability than commercial RuO_(2).This work provides a promising dual-engineering strategy by coupling single atom doping and vacancy for the tradeoff of high activity and catalytic stability toward acidic OER.
基金supported by the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22075256&No. 21975229&No. 12262011)the Hainan Provincial Science and Technology Special Found (No. ZDYF2022SHFZ299)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No.2024A1515012235)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (No. JCYJ20220530162403008)。
文摘Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial yet challenging due to their sluggish kinetics and potential deactivation in harsh acidic environments.Herein,we propose an electronic regulation approach involving the incorporation of trace Pt into SrIrO_(3) perovskite to improve its activity and longevity for OER in acidic media.Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that trace Pt incorporation effectively regulates the electronic structure of SrIrO_(3),lowering the energy barrier of OER and mitigating the Ir overoxidation.The optimized 2%PtSrIrO_(3) electrocatalyst demonstrates an ultralow overpotential of 228 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and maintains stable over 50 h in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),rivaling most reported iridate perovskites.As a demonstration,the 2%Pt-SrIrO_(3)||Pt/C based electrolytic cell exhibits high electrochemical performance and robustness for practical acidic water splitting.This protocol offers an attractive strategy for electronic structure manipulation in electrocatalysts towards electrocatalytic applications.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21B2057,12102328,and 52372252)the Newly Introduced Scientific Research Start-up Funds for Hightech Talents(DD11409024).
文摘Zinc-ion batteries are promising for large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems,which still suffer from interfacial issues,e.g.,hydrogen evolution side reaction(HER),self-corrosion,and uncontrollable dendritic Zn electrodeposition.Although the regulation of electric double layer(EDL)has been verified for interfacial issues,the principle to select the additive as the regulator is still misted.Here,several typical amino acids with different characteristics were examined to reveal the interfacial behaviors in regulated EDL on the Zn anode.Negative charged acidic polarity(NCAP)has been unveiled as the guideline for selecting additive to reconstruct EDL with an inner zincophilic H_(2)O-poor layer and to replace H_(2)O molecules of hydrated Zn^(2+)with NCAP glutamate.Taking the synergistic effects of EDL regulation,the uncontrollable interface is significantly stabilized from the suppressed HER and anti-self-corrosion with uniform electrodeposition.Consequently,by adding NCAP glutamate,a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.83%of Zn metal is achieved in Zn|Cu asymmetrical cell for over 2000 cycles,and NH4V4O10|Zn full cell exhibits a high-capacity retention of 82.1%after 3000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1).Recapitulating,the NCAP principle posted here can quicken the design of trailblazing electrolyte additives for aqueous Zn-based electrochemical energy storage systems.
基金The financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776074,21576081,and 2181101120)is greatly acknowledged
文摘This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Br?nsted acidic deep eutectic solvents(BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents(LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21962008, 51464028)Candidate Talents Training Fund of Yunnan Province (2017PY269SQ, 2018HB007)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talents Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2018-346)。
文摘The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To achieve the massive application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production from water splitting drives the pursuit of competent precious-metal-free electrocatalysts in acidic media, where the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is more facilitated. However, the development of high-efficient and acid-stable OER electrocatalysts, which are robust to function stably at high oxidation potentials in the acidic electrolyte, remains a great challenge. This article contributes a focused, perceptive review of the up-to-date approaches toward this emerging research field. The OER reaction mechanism and fundamental requirements for oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid are introduced. Then the progress and new discoveries of precious-metal-free active materials and design concepts with regard to the improvement of the intrinsic OER activity are discussed. Finally, the existing scientific challenges and the outlooks for future research directions to the fabrication of emerging, earth-abundant OER electrocatalysts in acid are pointed out.
基金financially supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Program "973" Project (2006CB202501)
文摘The molecular transformations of carboxylic acids in heavy acidic SL crude before and after true boiling point distillation were examined by ultra-high resolution negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS). The acid class(heteroatom number), type(z numbers) and carbon number distributions were positively characterized. It was found out that the total acid number(TAN) of SL crude decreased after true boiling point distillation, and the abundance of O2 class in mass spectra was also found to be reduced from 67.6% to 34.5% in SL TBP mixed crude as measured by MS spectra, indicating to a potential carboxylic acid decomposition. However, it was interesting that the carboxylic acids type distribution in both oils was almost the same although their relative abundance in SL TBP mixed crude turned to be much lower, suggesting that various petroleum carboxylic acid types have the similar thermal decomposition reaction behavior. Furthermore, for each O2 type of acids in SL TBP mixed crude, the abundance of carboxylic acids with carbon number higher than 35 was reduced greatly, especially for those with carbon number higher than 60, the mass peaks of which were nearly totally removed, indicating that the large carboxylic acid molecules in heavy fractions decomposed more significantly because of longer heating time during the true boiling point distillation process. As a result, the reduction of TAN may be caused by the thermal decomposition of carboxylic acids especially those with high carbon number, suggesting that quick distillation or much lower pressure is required to avoid the thermal decomposition.
基金The University of Adelaide for Early Career Researcher Seed Funding(15128587)the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(UESTC)for Startup funding(A1098531023601264)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 22102018 and 52171201)。
文摘Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via two-electron pathway is a promising approach to decentralized and on-site hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)) production beyond the traditional anthraquinone process.In recent years,electrochemical H_(2)O_(2) production in acidic media has attracted increasing attention owing to its stronger oxidizing capacity,superior stability,and higher compatibility with various applications.Here,recent advances of H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis in acidic media are summarized.Specifically,fundamental aspects of two-electron ORR mechanism are firstly presented with an emphasis on the pH effect on catalytic performance.Major categories of promising electrocatalysts are then reviewed,including noble-metal-based materials,non-noble-metal single-atom catalysts,non-noblemetal compounds,and metal-free carbon-based materials.The innovative development of electrochemical devices and in situ/on-site application of electrogenerated H_(2)O_(2) are also highlighted to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale fundamental research and practically relevant H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis.Finally,critical perspectives on present challenges and promising opportunities for future research are provided.
基金supported by the Highstar Corporation HSD20210118Taihu Electric Corporation 0001。
文摘Since the discovery in 2011,MXenes have become the rising star in the field of two-dimensional materials.Benefiting from the metallic-level conductivity,large and adjustable gallery spacing,low ion diffusion barrier,rich surface chemistry,superior mechanical strength,MXenes exhibit great application prospects in energy storage and conversion,sensors,optoelectronics,electromagnetic interference shielding and biomedicine.Nevertheless,two issues seriously deteriorate the further development of MXenes.One is the high experimental risk of common preparation methods such as HF etching,and the other is the difficulty in obtaining MXenes with controllable surface groups.Recently,Lewis acidic etching,as a brand-new preparation strategy for MXenes,has attracted intensive attention due to its high safety and the ability to endow MXenes with uniform terminations.However,a comprehensive review of Lewis acidic etching method has not been reported yet.Herein,we first introduce the Lewis acidic etching from the following four aspects:etching mechanism,terminations regulation,in-situ formed metals and delamination of multi-layered MXenes.Further,the applications of MXenes and MXene-based hybrids obtained by Lewis acidic etching route in energy storage and conversion,sensors and microwave absorption are carefully summarized.Finally,some challenges and opportunities of Lewis acidic etching strategy are also presented.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21773068,21811530273,21573072)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0403102)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(B409).
文摘Acidic poly(ionic liquid)s(PILs)with swelling ability were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of N-vinylimidazolium ionic liquids,divinylbenzene(DVB)and sodium acrylate(NaAA),and further acidification by sulfuric acid.The swelling ability of acidic PILs was greatly affected by cross-linker content and chain length of 3-alkyl-substituents on imidazolium.Cross-linked network structures could be observed from the cryogenic scanning electron microscopy(cryo-SEM)images of the swollen acidic PILs in formic acid.Acidic PILs with network structures in swollen state exhibited excellent activities in the esterification of cyclohexene and formic acid,and the catalytic activities were in positive correlation with their swelling abilities.Acidic PIL with 3-octyl-substituent and 2.5 mol%DVB(PIL-C8-2.5DVB-HSO4)had the highest swelling ability in formic acid and exhibited comparable catalytic activities with homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant: 51333008)Young Teacher Training Program of Sun Yat-sen University (Grant: 17lgpy86)
文摘Developing high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is crucial for the commercialization of fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,doped carbon-based materials only show good ORR activity in alkaline medium,and become less effective in acidic environment.We believe that an appropriate combination of both ionic and electronic transport path,and well dopant distribution of doped carbon-based materials would help to realize high ORR performance un-der both acidic and alkaline cond让ions.Accordingly,a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon framework with hierarchical through-hole structure is fabricated by morphology-controlled solid-state pyrolysis of poly(aniline-co-2-ami no thiophenol)foam.The uniform high concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur,high intrinsic conductivity,and integrated three dimensional ionic and electronic transfer passageways of the 3D porous structure lead to synergistic effects in catalyzing ORR.As a result,the limiting current density of the carbonized poly(aniline-co-2-aminothiophenol)foam is equivalent to commercial Pt/C in acidic environment,and twice the latter in alkaline medium.
基金partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFCs,52202050,52122308,21905253,51973200)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0286)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(202300410372)。
文摘Water electrolysis using proton-exchange membranes is one of the most promising technologies for carbon-neutral and sustainable energy production.Generally,the overall efficiency of water splitting is limited by the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Nevertheless,a trade-off between activity and stability exists for most electrocatalytic materials in strong acids and oxidizing media,and the development of efficient and stable catalytic materials has been an important focus of research.In this view,gaining in-depth insights into the OER system,particularly the interactions between reaction intermediates and active sites,is significantly important.To this end,this review introduces the fundamentals of the OER over Ru-based materials,including the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism,lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism,and oxide path mechanism.Moreover,the up-to-date progress of representative modifications for improving OER performance is further discussed with reference to specific mechanisms,such as tuning of geometric,electronic structures,incorporation of proton acceptors,and optimization of metal-oxygen covalency.Finally,some valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for OER electrocatalysts are provided with the aim to promote the development of next-generation catalysts with high activity and excellent stability.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020XZZX002-07)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21776248, 21676246)supported by Major Scientific Project of Zhejiang Lab, Grant/Award Numbers: 2020MC0AD01.
文摘Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic media are vital for the applications of renewable energy electrolyzers.However,the low mass activity of noble Pt urgently needs to be improved due to the strong binding energetics of oxygen species(*O)with Pt sites.Here we report fine PtxSr alloy(-2 nm)supported on N-doped carb on(NC)pyrolyzing from ZIF-8 as bifunctional electrocatalysts toward ORR and HER in acidic media.The representative Pt_(2)Sr/NC exhibits an onset potential of 0.94 V vs.RHE and half-wave potential of 0.84 V toward ORR,and a low over-potential of 27 mV(10 mA cm^(-2))toward HER,respectively.Significantly,the mass activities of Pt_(2)Sr/NC are 6.2 and 2.6 times higher than that of Pt/C toward ORR(at 0.9 V)and HER(at-30 mV),respectively.Simultaneously,Pt_(2)Sr/NC possesses a retention rate of 90.97%toward acidic ORR after 35000 s of continuous operation.Through density functional theory(DFT)calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis,the incorporation of Sr into Pt forming Pt_(2)Sr alloy redistributes the electronic structures of Pt-Pt bonds,changing the rate-determining step for the ORR on Pt sites from the formation of*OH from*O to the generation of*OOH along with decreasing the energy barrier,which is also confirmed by the downshift of d band center.Meanwhile,the downshift of d band center also leads to the optimization of the adsorption energy(H*)with Pt,significantly improving Pt_(2)Sr/NC toward HER.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12205300 and 12135012)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2208085QA28 and 2208085J01)。
文摘Simultaneously realizing improved activity and stability of acidic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) electrocatalysts is highly promising for developing cost-effective sustainable energy in the splitting of water technique.Herein,we report iridium nanocrystals embedded into 3D conductive clothes(Ir-NCT/CC) as a low iridium electrocatalyst realizing ultrahigh acidic OER activity and robust stability.The well-designed Ir-NCT/CC requires a low overpotential of 202 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)with a high mass activity of 1754 A g^(-1).Importantly,in acidic overall water splitting,Ir-NCT/CC merely delivers a cell voltage of 1.469 V at a typical current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and also maintains robust durability under continuous operation.We identify that a low working voltage drives the formation of a highly stable amorphous IrOxactive phase over the surface of Ir nanocrystals(surface heterojunction IrOx/Ir-NCT) during operating conditions,which contributes to an effective and durable OER process.
文摘Based on the semi-quantitative approach, four environmental factors of sites (i.e. bedrock lithology, soil type, land use, and rainfall) were categorized, weighted and combined to determine and assess the relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian Province. Then the factors have been digitized and combined to assign an overall value for each mesh square (16.77 km×18.39 km) by using the geographic information system (GIS) The results indicated that the most sensitive area in Fujian was mainly located in the southeast, and the least: ensitive area was distributed sporadically in the east along the coast. Due to slow weathering rate of siliceous rocks, acid to weakly acid reactions of the soils, along with the greater percent of coniferous forests, more than 80 percent of the total area exhibits higher sensitivity classes (4–7).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21978331, 21975292, 21905311)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Program No. 2016YFB0101200 (2016YFB0101204))+5 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020A1515010343)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (201707010079)the fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (No. 19lgpy136, 19lgpy116)the Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program (No. 2016TQ03N322) for financial supportthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (No. 2019M653142)the support of the startup grant of “Hundred Talents Program” in Sun Yat-sen University (No. 76110-18841219)。
文摘Heteroatoms doped Fe-N-C electrocatalysts have been widely acknowledged as one of the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based materials for electrocatalyzing oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).However,the complicated synthesis method and controversial catalytic mechanism represent a substantial impediment as of today.Herein,a very facile strategy to prepare Fe-N/S-C hybrid through pyrolyzing Zn and Fe bimetallic MOFs is rationally designed.The electrocatalytic ORR performance shows a volcanotype curve with the increment of added Fe content.The half-wave potential(E1/2) for ORR at optimized Fe-N/S-C-10%(10%=n(Fe)/(n(Fe)+n(Zn)),n(Fe) and n(Zn) represent the moles of Fe2+ and Zn2+ in the precursors,respectively) shifts significantly to the positive direction of 19.6 mV with respect to that of Pt/C in acidic media,as well as a high 4 e selectivity and methanol tolerance.After 10,000 potential cycles,E1/2 exhibits a small negative shift of-27.5 mV at Fe-N/S-C-10% compared favorably with Pt/C(~141.0 mV).This can be attributed to:(ⅰ) large specific surface area(849 m^(2)/g) and hierarchically porous structure are favorable for the rapid mass transfer and active sites exposure;(ⅱ) the embedded Fecontaining nanoparticles in porous carbon are difficult to be moved and further agglomerated during the electrochemical accelerated aging test,further improving its stability;(ⅲ) there exist small Fecontaining nanoparticles,uniformly doped N and S,abundant Fe-N as efficiently active sites.This work represents a breakthrough in the development of high-efficient non-precious-metal catalysts(NPMCs)to address the current Pt-based electrocatalysts challenges.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21962008)the Yunnan Province Excellent Youth Fund Project(202001AW070005)the Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talents Project(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-346)。
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is the basis of various sustainable energy conversion and storage techniques,especially hydrogen production by water electrolysis.To realize the practical application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production via water electrolysis,several obstacles,such as the multi-electron transfer OER process with sluggish kinetics and overall high reaction barrier,should be overcome.Manganese oxide-based(MnOx) materials,especially MnO_(2),have emerged as promising non-noble electrocatalysts for water electro-oxidation under acidic conditions due to their wellbalanced properties between catalytic activity and stability.This review introduces the fundamental understanding of the catalytic OER process on MnOx-based materials,including the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism(AEM) and emerging lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism(LOM).The rational screening and prediction of MnOx-based catalysts that can stably catalyze OER in acid are summarized based on Pourbaix diagram analysis and thermodynamic density functional theory(DFT) calculations.Then,the up-to-date progress of upgrading the OER catalytic performance of MnOx-based catalysts by composite construction is reviewed.Afterward,feasible strategies to improve the electrocatalytic activity and lifetime of MnOx-based catalysts are systemically discussed in terms of crystal structure control,reasonable setting of working potential and electrolyte environment,optimal selection of acid-stable conductive supports,and self-healing engineering.Finally,future scientific challenges and research directions are outlined to guide the construction of advanced MnOx-based electrocatalysts for OER in acid.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41902045,41702249)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDA14010401.
文摘Through the long development processes of reservoir sedimentation and diagenesis, acidic and alkaline fluids play key roles in controlling deep reservoir development. However, the ways in which deep fluids control and transform the reservoir under complex fault conditions remain unclear. In this study, a 2D model was established based on a typical sub-salt to intra-salt vertical profile in the Qaidam Basin, China. Based on measured data, multiphase flow reaction and solute transport simulation technology were used to analyze fluids flow and migration in the intra-salt and sub-salt reservoirs, determine the mineral dissolution, precipitation, and transformation in the reservoir caused by the deep fluids, and calculate the changes in reservoir porosity. Results show that deep fluid migrates preferentially along dominant channels and triggers a series of fluid–rock chemical reactions. In the first stage, a large amount of anhydrite precipitated in the fault as a result of upward migration of deep saline fluid, resulting in the formation of anhydrite veins and blockage at the base of the fault. In the second stage, organic acids caused minerals dissolution and a vertical channel was opened in previously blocked area, which promoted continuous upward migration of organic acids and the formation of secondary pores. This study clarifies the transformative effects of deep alkaline and acidic fluids on the reservoir. Moreover, the important fluid transport role of faults and their effect on reservoir development were determined.
基金the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grants 2012CB215500 and 2013CB933100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 21573222 and 21103178)
文摘Replacing platinum for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） in acidic medium remains great chal- lenges. Herein, we prepared few-layered MoS2 by ball milling as an efficient catalyst for HER in acidic medium, The activity of as-prepared MoS2 had a strong dependence on the ball milling time, Furthermore, Ketjen Black EC 300J was added into the ball-milled MoS2 followed by a second ball milling, and the resultant MoS2/carbon black hybrid material showed a much higher HER activity than MoS2 and carbon black alone. The enhanced activity of the MoS2/carbon black hybrid material was attributed to the increased abundance of catalytic edge sites of MoS） and excellent electrical coupling to the underlving carbon network.
基金supported by the Energy Efficiency&Resources(No.20212010200010)the“Development of Intelligential Diagnosis,Abandonment Process and Management Technology for Decrepit Oil and Gas Wells”(No.20216110100010)of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology EvaluationPlanning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korean Government Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy.
文摘Polymers play an important role in hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which involves both a polymer and low-salinity water. Because the polymer commonly used for low-salinity polymer flooding (LSPF) is strongly sensitive to brine pH, its efficiency can deteriorate in carbonate reservoirs containing highly acidic formation water. In this study, polymer efficiency in an acidic carbonate reservoir was investigated experimentally for different salinity levels and SO42− concentrations. Results indicated that lowering salinity improved polymer stability, resulting in less polymer adsorption, greater wettability alteration, and ultimately, higher oil recovery. However, low salinity may not be desirable for LSPF if the injected fluid does not contain a sufficient number of sulfate (SO42−) ions. Analysis of polymer efficiency showed that more oil can be produced with the same polymer concentration by adjusting the SO42− content. Therefore, when river water, which is relatively easily available in onshore fields, is designed to be injected into an acidic carbonate reservoir, the LSPF method proposed in this study can be a reliable and environmentally friendly method with addition of a sufficient number of SO42− ions to river water.
文摘This work explores the possibility of plasma acid as acid catalyst in organic reactions. Plasma acidic water was prepared by dielectric barrier discharge and used to catalyze esterification of n-heptanioc acid with ethanol. It is found that the plasma acidic water has a stable and better performance than sulfuric acid, meaning that it is an excellent acid catalyst. The plasma acidic water would be a promising alternative for classic mineral acid as a more environment friendly acid.
