As pointed out in College English Curriculum Requirements, the main objective of College English teaching and learning in military academies is to"develop cadets' ability to use English in a well-rounded way,...As pointed out in College English Curriculum Requirements, the main objective of College English teaching and learning in military academies is to"develop cadets' ability to use English in a well-rounded way, especially in their listening and speaking abilities, so that in their future studies and careers they will be able to communicate effectively, and at the same time enhance their ability to study independently and improve their comprehensive cultural quality so as to meet the needs of PLA's modernization."This paper focuses on some effective strategies which may be of some practical use for the teaching and learning of the English language.展开更多
Purpose： This study aims to establish a new framework for evaluating science and technology （S＆T） competitiveness that is appropriate to meet the needs of provincial academies of sciences （PASs） in China.Design/...Purpose： This study aims to establish a new framework for evaluating science and technology （S＆T） competitiveness that is appropriate to meet the needs of provincial academies of sciences （PASs） in China.Design/methodology/approaches： An evaluation index, including such assessing indicators as research strength, research impact, research development and trends, and regional contributions, is developed for China＇s PASs. Taking the Jiangxi Academy of Sciences （JXAS） as an example, we first explain how to apply this framework to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of PASs in China. Then, we compare the results of all 17 PASs in order to get a comprehensive understanding of their competitiveness.Findings： Our results show the development path, current status, innovation advantages, and weaknesses of JXAS very clearly. Based on our comparative analysis, we ranked the 17 PASs from the perspective of different dimensions, by which their competitiveness strengths and weaknesses can be highlighted for improvement.Research limitations： In this analysis, we did not take S＆T policies, S＆T systems, or historical factors into consideration. Thus, we may have ignored the influence of the soft individual differences of different PASs in China..Practical implications： The evaluation index developed in this paper provides a useful insight into an analytical method that can be used by PASs or other provincial research institutions （PRIs） to assess their competitiveness.Originality/value： Compared with existing evaluation frameworks, our method has two main characteristics： First, we added three new dimensions, including the PASs＇ applicable research outputs, regional contributions, and comparative advantages; second, we conducted a comparative analysis of local research institutes in their different advantaged industrial areas, which makes our analytical method more comprehensive for local research institutions.展开更多
Motivation is one of the critical factors that affect foreign language learning. This study attempts to explore the factors that affect motivation in English learning of non-English major cadets. An investigation is c...Motivation is one of the critical factors that affect foreign language learning. This study attempts to explore the factors that affect motivation in English learning of non-English major cadets. An investigation is conducted in a military academy in southwest China, in which a Likert scale questionnaire is adopted. Through data analysis, eight factors are found to affect cadets' English learning motivation. Moreover, suggestions are provided to shed light on English teaching and learning in military academies.展开更多
Purpose： This paper documents an exploration of an innovative approach to the sharing of documents and information among the members of the National Alliance of Academies of Sciences （NAAS） in China, based on the p...Purpose： This paper documents an exploration of an innovative approach to the sharing of documents and information among the members of the National Alliance of Academies of Sciences （NAAS） in China, based on the practice initiated by the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （NSLC）.Design/methodology/approach： Through interviews and user surveys, we analyzed the general information demands of users from provincial academies of sciences （PASs） and problems of their document and information service teams. Based on our findings, we designed targeted services to help Alliance members support their document resources, information services for science and technology （S＆T） decisions, and their knowledge transfer achievements. Furthermore, we offered training courses for provincial service teams, researchers, and administrators, to improve their information skills. These activities represent a new collaborative model for professional library consortia.Findings： To date, our service has been extended to all Alliance members, covering 19 provinces in China, and the NSLC service covers all aspects of knowledge services of Alliance members, from basic document delivery services to subject information analyses.Research limitations： Different PASs have different understandings of the role of the document and information services in the process of scientific research. These differences limit information service sharing of the NSLC with the PASs, and affect the service performance. For the sake of convenience, the original survey was conducted in only three provinces, which may not fully reflect the information needs of users in each Alliance institution. In addition, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been limited by the coverage of the sample.Practical implications： Document and information sharing has not only taken advantage of the NSLC knowledge service system and cooperation model, it has also enhanced the range of services of the NAAS in China.Originality/value： Based on knowledge service enhancements, the NAAS in China has formed a new kind of library consortium, which has broken the traditional library alliance model that was based mainly on the sharing of resources and services.展开更多
Focusing on the reform initiatives of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) in medical scientific and technological innovation from perspectives of deepening the reform and...Focusing on the reform initiatives of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) in medical scientific and technological innovation from perspectives of deepening the reform and optimizing the ecosystem of science and technology innovation,this article summarizes the highlights of CAMS & PUMC’s efforts in safeguarding people’ s health and promoting the Healthy China 2030 strategy through scientific and technological innovation in the fields including basic research,disease prevention and treatment,and medical technology in the past ten years.These achievements embody the endeavors and responsibility of CAMS& PUMC in realizing self-reliance and self-improvement of Chinese medical science and technology and highlight its contributions to the development of medical science and technology of China.展开更多
Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to show that international peer review can work in China’s context with satisfactory outcomes. Moreover, this paper also provides a reference for the practice of science and te...Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to show that international peer review can work in China’s context with satisfactory outcomes. Moreover, this paper also provides a reference for the practice of science and technology management.Design/methodology/approach: This paper starts with a discussion of two critical questions about the significance and design of international peer review. A case study of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is further analyzed. Findings: International peer review may provide a solution to address the problem of quantitative oriented research evaluation in China. The case study of research evaluation of CAS Centers for Excellence shows that it is possible and feasible to conduct an international peer review in China’s context. When applying this approach to other scenarios, there are still many issues to consider including individualized design of international peer review combined with practical demands, and further improvement of theories and methods of international peer review. Research limitation: 1) Only the case of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is analyzed;2) A relatively small number of respondents were surveyed in the questionnaire. Practical implications: The work presented in this study can be used as a reference for future studies.Originality/value: Currently, there are no similarly detailed studies exploring the significance and methodology of international peer review in China.展开更多
This paper introduces the current practice of building a network of institutional repositories(IRs) at Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), which is named CAS IR Grid.National Science Library(NSL) of CAS plays a leading ...This paper introduces the current practice of building a network of institutional repositories(IRs) at Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), which is named CAS IR Grid.National Science Library(NSL) of CAS plays a leading role in the construction, promotion and implementation of CAS IR Grid. It aims to promote each institute of CAS to build IR of its own, and finally form the IR network of CAS institutes. NSL's experience is introduced in coordinating and supporting institutes' building of their respective IRs and promoting IR services by adopting collaborative and progressive development strategies. Achievements made during the development of CAS IR Grid are described and challenges for its future development are discussed. The authors aim to provide best practices for developing a network of institutional repositories in research institute settings, which can serve as a practical reference to other institutions engaged in the similar task.展开更多
Chinese Medical Sciences Journal (Chin Med Sci J)[ISSN 1001-9294 (Print)] is a peer-reviewed journal, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Peking Union Medical College. Chin Med Sci J publish ...Chinese Medical Sciences Journal (Chin Med Sci J)[ISSN 1001-9294 (Print)] is a peer-reviewed journal, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Peking Union Medical College. Chin Med Sci J publish high-quality original research articles, editorials, reviews, and case reports in broad fields of medicine, including experimental and clinical medicine, pharmacology, stomatology, preventive medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine. The journal has been indexed and abstracted by many databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed/Index Medicus, Sciencedirect, Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS.展开更多
A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by c...A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by collaborating with the Xinxing Coal Chemical Co., Ltd. of Shaanxi Province and the Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Co. of the SINOPEC Group, operated successfully a 50t（methanol）/d unit for the conversion of methanol to lower olefins, with a methanol conversion of close to 100%, and a selectivity to lower olefins（ethylene, propylene and butylenes） of higher than 90%. On 23rd August, the industrial test project has passed a state appraisal. The experts of the Appraisal Group, headed by Prof. YUAN Qingtang, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, drew the conclusions that the DMTO process, by utilizing a proprietary SAPO-34 catalyst system and a recycling fluidized bed reaction system for the production of lower olefins from methanol, is the first unit in the world having a capacity of producing nearly ten thousand tons lower olefins per year. The technological level of the industrial test is at a leading position internationally. This accomplishment will provide a sound base for the subsequent commercialization of the DMTO process.展开更多
ongratuations to Wanming Zhai, Ph.D., associate Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Modem Transportation （JMT）, who was among the 51 newly elected academi-clans announced by Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） on Dec. 9, ...ongratuations to Wanming Zhai, Ph.D., associate Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Modem Transportation （JMT）, who was among the 51 newly elected academi-clans announced by Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） on Dec. 9, 2011. Dr. Zhai is a professor at Southwest Jiaotong University, deputy director of Traction Power State Key Laboratory, and director of Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Engineering.展开更多
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP） /Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journa/of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2...Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP） /Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journa/of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier＇s EI Compendex.展开更多
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）/Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2...Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）/Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier＇s EI Compendex.展开更多
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) /Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry (JNGC) on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, ...Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) /Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry (JNGC) on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC’s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier’s EI Compendex.展开更多
Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ov...Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.展开更多
For needed changes to occur, we need to do gender in higher education and tenure differently. The way that tenure is established and reviews for tenure are conducted need to be based more on a system that allows for t...For needed changes to occur, we need to do gender in higher education and tenure differently. The way that tenure is established and reviews for tenure are conducted need to be based more on a system that allows for the development of the whole individual. The future health of academia rests on the development and refinement of a system that creates a healthy environment for all members of that system. All faculty members cannot and should not be held to standards that were created in another time, which constructed the academic role as a gendered role. Individuals need to consider how we do gender, and how that creates an impact on our organization, academia. A process for equitable review of all participants in the system requires that all individuals be involved in the process of defining the standards for a tenurable professor. Then all voices should and must be represented when we construct how we do tenure so that even minority voices still have their chance to speak. There is a better way to perform the roles we take in academia, there is a better way to perform our gender in this setting, and from recognizing this we can then move to a better way to do all this that is academia.展开更多
文摘As pointed out in College English Curriculum Requirements, the main objective of College English teaching and learning in military academies is to"develop cadets' ability to use English in a well-rounded way, especially in their listening and speaking abilities, so that in their future studies and careers they will be able to communicate effectively, and at the same time enhance their ability to study independently and improve their comprehensive cultural quality so as to meet the needs of PLA's modernization."This paper focuses on some effective strategies which may be of some practical use for the teaching and learning of the English language.
基金supported by the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.:Y130181001)
文摘Purpose： This study aims to establish a new framework for evaluating science and technology （S＆T） competitiveness that is appropriate to meet the needs of provincial academies of sciences （PASs） in China.Design/methodology/approaches： An evaluation index, including such assessing indicators as research strength, research impact, research development and trends, and regional contributions, is developed for China＇s PASs. Taking the Jiangxi Academy of Sciences （JXAS） as an example, we first explain how to apply this framework to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of PASs in China. Then, we compare the results of all 17 PASs in order to get a comprehensive understanding of their competitiveness.Findings： Our results show the development path, current status, innovation advantages, and weaknesses of JXAS very clearly. Based on our comparative analysis, we ranked the 17 PASs from the perspective of different dimensions, by which their competitiveness strengths and weaknesses can be highlighted for improvement.Research limitations： In this analysis, we did not take S＆T policies, S＆T systems, or historical factors into consideration. Thus, we may have ignored the influence of the soft individual differences of different PASs in China..Practical implications： The evaluation index developed in this paper provides a useful insight into an analytical method that can be used by PASs or other provincial research institutions （PRIs） to assess their competitiveness.Originality/value： Compared with existing evaluation frameworks, our method has two main characteristics： First, we added three new dimensions, including the PASs＇ applicable research outputs, regional contributions, and comparative advantages; second, we conducted a comparative analysis of local research institutes in their different advantaged industrial areas, which makes our analytical method more comprehensive for local research institutions.
文摘Motivation is one of the critical factors that affect foreign language learning. This study attempts to explore the factors that affect motivation in English learning of non-English major cadets. An investigation is conducted in a military academy in southwest China, in which a Likert scale questionnaire is adopted. Through data analysis, eight factors are found to affect cadets' English learning motivation. Moreover, suggestions are provided to shed light on English teaching and learning in military academies.
基金jointly supported by the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Bureau of Development and Planning of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Purpose： This paper documents an exploration of an innovative approach to the sharing of documents and information among the members of the National Alliance of Academies of Sciences （NAAS） in China, based on the practice initiated by the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （NSLC）.Design/methodology/approach： Through interviews and user surveys, we analyzed the general information demands of users from provincial academies of sciences （PASs） and problems of their document and information service teams. Based on our findings, we designed targeted services to help Alliance members support their document resources, information services for science and technology （S＆T） decisions, and their knowledge transfer achievements. Furthermore, we offered training courses for provincial service teams, researchers, and administrators, to improve their information skills. These activities represent a new collaborative model for professional library consortia.Findings： To date, our service has been extended to all Alliance members, covering 19 provinces in China, and the NSLC service covers all aspects of knowledge services of Alliance members, from basic document delivery services to subject information analyses.Research limitations： Different PASs have different understandings of the role of the document and information services in the process of scientific research. These differences limit information service sharing of the NSLC with the PASs, and affect the service performance. For the sake of convenience, the original survey was conducted in only three provinces, which may not fully reflect the information needs of users in each Alliance institution. In addition, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been limited by the coverage of the sample.Practical implications： Document and information sharing has not only taken advantage of the NSLC knowledge service system and cooperation model, it has also enhanced the range of services of the NAAS in China.Originality/value： Based on knowledge service enhancements, the NAAS in China has formed a new kind of library consortium, which has broken the traditional library alliance model that was based mainly on the sharing of resources and services.
文摘Focusing on the reform initiatives of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) in medical scientific and technological innovation from perspectives of deepening the reform and optimizing the ecosystem of science and technology innovation,this article summarizes the highlights of CAMS & PUMC’s efforts in safeguarding people’ s health and promoting the Healthy China 2030 strategy through scientific and technological innovation in the fields including basic research,disease prevention and treatment,and medical technology in the past ten years.These achievements embody the endeavors and responsibility of CAMS& PUMC in realizing self-reliance and self-improvement of Chinese medical science and technology and highlight its contributions to the development of medical science and technology of China.
基金funded by NSFC grant(71771205)CASISD presidential fund(Y8X1171Q01)CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association fund(Y9J0361601)
文摘Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to show that international peer review can work in China’s context with satisfactory outcomes. Moreover, this paper also provides a reference for the practice of science and technology management.Design/methodology/approach: This paper starts with a discussion of two critical questions about the significance and design of international peer review. A case study of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is further analyzed. Findings: International peer review may provide a solution to address the problem of quantitative oriented research evaluation in China. The case study of research evaluation of CAS Centers for Excellence shows that it is possible and feasible to conduct an international peer review in China’s context. When applying this approach to other scenarios, there are still many issues to consider including individualized design of international peer review combined with practical demands, and further improvement of theories and methods of international peer review. Research limitation: 1) Only the case of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is analyzed;2) A relatively small number of respondents were surveyed in the questionnaire. Practical implications: The work presented in this study can be used as a reference for future studies.Originality/value: Currently, there are no similarly detailed studies exploring the significance and methodology of international peer review in China.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the West Light Foundation of CAS
文摘This paper introduces the current practice of building a network of institutional repositories(IRs) at Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), which is named CAS IR Grid.National Science Library(NSL) of CAS plays a leading role in the construction, promotion and implementation of CAS IR Grid. It aims to promote each institute of CAS to build IR of its own, and finally form the IR network of CAS institutes. NSL's experience is introduced in coordinating and supporting institutes' building of their respective IRs and promoting IR services by adopting collaborative and progressive development strategies. Achievements made during the development of CAS IR Grid are described and challenges for its future development are discussed. The authors aim to provide best practices for developing a network of institutional repositories in research institute settings, which can serve as a practical reference to other institutions engaged in the similar task.
文摘Chinese Medical Sciences Journal (Chin Med Sci J)[ISSN 1001-9294 (Print)] is a peer-reviewed journal, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Peking Union Medical College. Chin Med Sci J publish high-quality original research articles, editorials, reviews, and case reports in broad fields of medicine, including experimental and clinical medicine, pharmacology, stomatology, preventive medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine. The journal has been indexed and abstracted by many databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed/Index Medicus, Sciencedirect, Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS.
文摘A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by collaborating with the Xinxing Coal Chemical Co., Ltd. of Shaanxi Province and the Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Co. of the SINOPEC Group, operated successfully a 50t（methanol）/d unit for the conversion of methanol to lower olefins, with a methanol conversion of close to 100%, and a selectivity to lower olefins（ethylene, propylene and butylenes） of higher than 90%. On 23rd August, the industrial test project has passed a state appraisal. The experts of the Appraisal Group, headed by Prof. YUAN Qingtang, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, drew the conclusions that the DMTO process, by utilizing a proprietary SAPO-34 catalyst system and a recycling fluidized bed reaction system for the production of lower olefins from methanol, is the first unit in the world having a capacity of producing nearly ten thousand tons lower olefins per year. The technological level of the industrial test is at a leading position internationally. This accomplishment will provide a sound base for the subsequent commercialization of the DMTO process.
文摘ongratuations to Wanming Zhai, Ph.D., associate Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Modem Transportation （JMT）, who was among the 51 newly elected academi-clans announced by Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） on Dec. 9, 2011. Dr. Zhai is a professor at Southwest Jiaotong University, deputy director of Traction Power State Key Laboratory, and director of Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Engineering.
文摘Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP） /Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journa/of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier＇s EI Compendex.
文摘Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）/Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry （JNGC） on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier＇s EI Compendex.
文摘Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) /Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Elsevier have concluded a publishing agreement for the Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry (JNGC) on June 07, 2005. Beginning from 2006, Elsevier will publish JNGC on ScienceDirect, the online full text and bibliographic information resource, and take care of JNGC’s international institutional print subscriptions. JNGC will also be covered in Elsevier’s EI Compendex.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Research Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-105)
文摘Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.
文摘For needed changes to occur, we need to do gender in higher education and tenure differently. The way that tenure is established and reviews for tenure are conducted need to be based more on a system that allows for the development of the whole individual. The future health of academia rests on the development and refinement of a system that creates a healthy environment for all members of that system. All faculty members cannot and should not be held to standards that were created in another time, which constructed the academic role as a gendered role. Individuals need to consider how we do gender, and how that creates an impact on our organization, academia. A process for equitable review of all participants in the system requires that all individuals be involved in the process of defining the standards for a tenurable professor. Then all voices should and must be represented when we construct how we do tenure so that even minority voices still have their chance to speak. There is a better way to perform the roles we take in academia, there is a better way to perform our gender in this setting, and from recognizing this we can then move to a better way to do all this that is academia.
