The research of groundwater vulnerability is the basic work to protect the groundwater. For utilizing groundwater resource continuably, groundwater vulnerability evaluation is necessary. Useful reference to protect, e...The research of groundwater vulnerability is the basic work to protect the groundwater. For utilizing groundwater resource continuably, groundwater vulnerability evaluation is necessary. Useful reference to protect, exploit and utilize on groundwater resource are provided rationally. According to the real condition of Sanjiang Plain, the indexes system is established based on the traditional DRASTIC model. The new system includes the following seven indexes： Depth of Water, Net Recharge, Aquifer Media, Soil Media, Conductivity of the Aquifer, Land Utilizing Ratio and Populace Density. The related analysis appears that the system is rather reasonable. Because traditional methods, such as analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics theory, can＇t be avoided human interference in selection of weights, they could lead to an imprecise result. In order to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability reasonably, entropy weight coefficient method is applied for the first time, which provides a new way to groundwater vulnerability evaluation. The method is a model whose weights are insured by the calculation process, so the artificial disturb can be avoided. It has been used to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability in Sanjiang Plain. The satisfied result is acquired. Comparably, the same result is acquired by the other method named projection pursuit evaluation based on real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm. It shows that entropy weight coefficient method is applicable on groundwater vulnerability evaluation. The evaluation result can provide reference on the decision-making departments.展开更多
目的:探讨体重校正腰围指数(weight-adjusted waist index,WWI)与美国成人急性、亚急性、慢性疼痛之间的相关性。方法:采用横断面研究,提取1999—2004年美国国家卫生和营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,N...目的:探讨体重校正腰围指数(weight-adjusted waist index,WWI)与美国成人急性、亚急性、慢性疼痛之间的相关性。方法:采用横断面研究,提取1999—2004年美国国家卫生和营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库中关于成人腰围、体质量和疼痛等变量,及性别、年龄、种族、婚姻状况、教育水平、家庭收入、体力活动情况、饮酒、吸烟和糖尿病患病状况等协变量数据。采用多分类Logistic回归分析构建3种模型,评估WWI与急性、亚急性和慢性疼痛之间的相关性。模型1未对协变量进行校正,模型2对年龄、性别、种族、婚姻状况、教育水平和家庭收入情况进行校正,模型3进一步校正了体力活动、饮酒、吸烟和糖尿病患病情况等所有协变量。结果:共纳入12694例参与者,平均年龄为(50.8±18.7)岁,其中9614例(75.74%)未出现超过24 h的疼痛,870例(6.85%)出现急性疼痛,354例(2.79%)出现亚急性疼痛,1856例(14.62%)出现慢性疼痛。所有参与者的WWI为(10.95±0.85)cm/√kg,根据WWI的四分位数分为4组:Q1组为(7.90~10.36)cm/√kg,Q2组为(10.37~10.94)cm/√kg,Q3组为(10.95~11.53)cm/√kg,Q4组为(11.54~15.20)cm/√kg。随着WWI的增加,参与者的急性、慢性疼痛状态的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。模型1中,与Q1组相比,Q2组和Q4组的急性疼痛风险降低(Q2组:OR=0.765,95%CI:0.615~0.953,P=0.017;Q4组:OR=0.648,95%CI:0.503~0.835,P<0.001);与Q1组相比,Q2组、Q3组和Q4组的慢性疼痛风险均增加(Q2组:OR=1.365,95%CI:1.149~1.622,P<0.001;Q3组:OR=1.291,95%CI:1.082~1.541,P=0.005;Q4组:OR=1.874,95%CI:1.579~2.224,P<0.001)。模型2中,与Q1组相比,其他3组慢性疼痛风险增加(Q2组:OR=1.359,95%CI:1.137~1.624,P=0.001;Q3组:OR=1.260,95%CI:1.039~1.528,P=0.019;Q4组:OR=1.735,95%CI:1.413~2.132,P<0.001)。模型3中与Q1组相比,Q4组的慢性疼痛风险增加49.2%(OR=1.492,95%CI:1.208~1.842,P<0.001)。在模型2和模型3中,急性疼痛与WWI未见相关性(均P>0.05);3个模型均未发现亚急性疼痛与WWI存在相关性(均P>0.05)。结论:WWI与美国成人急性疼痛、亚急性疼痛之间未见明显相关性,但随着WWI的增加,慢性疼痛风险增加,所以有必要通过大规模前瞻性研究进一步验证这一结论。展开更多
南水入冀新水情下,百泉泉域地下水环境发生改变,岩溶地下水地球化学过程有待查明。综合利用数值模拟、机器学习(自组织聚类)和同位素(δD和δ^(18)O)等方法系统揭示了矿业活动与南水入冀下百泉泉域岩溶地下水地球化学过程,并基于熵变权...南水入冀新水情下,百泉泉域地下水环境发生改变,岩溶地下水地球化学过程有待查明。综合利用数值模拟、机器学习(自组织聚类)和同位素(δD和δ^(18)O)等方法系统揭示了矿业活动与南水入冀下百泉泉域岩溶地下水地球化学过程,并基于熵变权水质指数(Entropy-weighted water quality index,EWQI)进行了水质分级评价。南水入冀后,百泉泉域岩溶地下水位整体抬升。时间上,呈现出既有年际动态变化又有年内季节变化特征。空间上,补给区表现为剧变型,而径流、排泄区呈缓变型。地下水降落漏斗主要分布在泉域东南部的煤、铁矿密集区。泉域岩溶地下水呈弱碱性,水化学类型以Ca-HCO_(3)型和Ca-SO_(4)型为主导。主要阴阳离子质量浓度遵循ρ(HCO_(3)^(-))>ρ(SO_(4)^(2-))>ρ(Cl^(-))和ρ(Ca^(2+))>ρ(Mg^(2+))>ρ(Na^(+))>ρ(K^(+))的顺序。各离子沿着径流路径呈现出逐渐增大的空间分布特征。岩溶地下水化学成分主要受岩石(方解石、白云石和石膏)风化溶解和反向阳离子交换作用主导。人为活动对泉域岩溶地下水系统中的SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)质量浓度有一定程度影响。岩溶地下水来源于大气降水,并且在入渗前发生了二次蒸发作用,氘盈余值在径流过程中有所降低。水质评价结果表明,岩溶地下水质量整体优于第四系地下水,分别有50%的岩溶水和37.5%的第四系水样满足饮用目的。TDS、ρ(SO_(4)^(2-))和ρ(NO_(3)^(-))是影响泉域地下水水质的关键指标。引起泉域岩溶地下水系统水质恶化的潜在人类活动主要包括矿山排水、农业灌溉和城市污水排放。通过水质分级评价,提出了泉域地下水环境保护措施。研究结果将有助于为百泉泉域岩溶地下水资源的供水安全和地下水环境保护治理提供参考。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30400275)the Tackle Key Problems of Heilongjiang Province(the Hobbledehoy Science Fund of Heilongjiang Province)(QC04C28)
文摘The research of groundwater vulnerability is the basic work to protect the groundwater. For utilizing groundwater resource continuably, groundwater vulnerability evaluation is necessary. Useful reference to protect, exploit and utilize on groundwater resource are provided rationally. According to the real condition of Sanjiang Plain, the indexes system is established based on the traditional DRASTIC model. The new system includes the following seven indexes： Depth of Water, Net Recharge, Aquifer Media, Soil Media, Conductivity of the Aquifer, Land Utilizing Ratio and Populace Density. The related analysis appears that the system is rather reasonable. Because traditional methods, such as analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics theory, can＇t be avoided human interference in selection of weights, they could lead to an imprecise result. In order to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability reasonably, entropy weight coefficient method is applied for the first time, which provides a new way to groundwater vulnerability evaluation. The method is a model whose weights are insured by the calculation process, so the artificial disturb can be avoided. It has been used to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability in Sanjiang Plain. The satisfied result is acquired. Comparably, the same result is acquired by the other method named projection pursuit evaluation based on real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm. It shows that entropy weight coefficient method is applicable on groundwater vulnerability evaluation. The evaluation result can provide reference on the decision-making departments.
文摘目的:探讨体重校正腰围指数(weight-adjusted waist index,WWI)与美国成人急性、亚急性、慢性疼痛之间的相关性。方法:采用横断面研究,提取1999—2004年美国国家卫生和营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库中关于成人腰围、体质量和疼痛等变量,及性别、年龄、种族、婚姻状况、教育水平、家庭收入、体力活动情况、饮酒、吸烟和糖尿病患病状况等协变量数据。采用多分类Logistic回归分析构建3种模型,评估WWI与急性、亚急性和慢性疼痛之间的相关性。模型1未对协变量进行校正,模型2对年龄、性别、种族、婚姻状况、教育水平和家庭收入情况进行校正,模型3进一步校正了体力活动、饮酒、吸烟和糖尿病患病情况等所有协变量。结果:共纳入12694例参与者,平均年龄为(50.8±18.7)岁,其中9614例(75.74%)未出现超过24 h的疼痛,870例(6.85%)出现急性疼痛,354例(2.79%)出现亚急性疼痛,1856例(14.62%)出现慢性疼痛。所有参与者的WWI为(10.95±0.85)cm/√kg,根据WWI的四分位数分为4组:Q1组为(7.90~10.36)cm/√kg,Q2组为(10.37~10.94)cm/√kg,Q3组为(10.95~11.53)cm/√kg,Q4组为(11.54~15.20)cm/√kg。随着WWI的增加,参与者的急性、慢性疼痛状态的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。模型1中,与Q1组相比,Q2组和Q4组的急性疼痛风险降低(Q2组:OR=0.765,95%CI:0.615~0.953,P=0.017;Q4组:OR=0.648,95%CI:0.503~0.835,P<0.001);与Q1组相比,Q2组、Q3组和Q4组的慢性疼痛风险均增加(Q2组:OR=1.365,95%CI:1.149~1.622,P<0.001;Q3组:OR=1.291,95%CI:1.082~1.541,P=0.005;Q4组:OR=1.874,95%CI:1.579~2.224,P<0.001)。模型2中,与Q1组相比,其他3组慢性疼痛风险增加(Q2组:OR=1.359,95%CI:1.137~1.624,P=0.001;Q3组:OR=1.260,95%CI:1.039~1.528,P=0.019;Q4组:OR=1.735,95%CI:1.413~2.132,P<0.001)。模型3中与Q1组相比,Q4组的慢性疼痛风险增加49.2%(OR=1.492,95%CI:1.208~1.842,P<0.001)。在模型2和模型3中,急性疼痛与WWI未见相关性(均P>0.05);3个模型均未发现亚急性疼痛与WWI存在相关性(均P>0.05)。结论:WWI与美国成人急性疼痛、亚急性疼痛之间未见明显相关性,但随着WWI的增加,慢性疼痛风险增加,所以有必要通过大规模前瞻性研究进一步验证这一结论。
文摘南水入冀新水情下,百泉泉域地下水环境发生改变,岩溶地下水地球化学过程有待查明。综合利用数值模拟、机器学习(自组织聚类)和同位素(δD和δ^(18)O)等方法系统揭示了矿业活动与南水入冀下百泉泉域岩溶地下水地球化学过程,并基于熵变权水质指数(Entropy-weighted water quality index,EWQI)进行了水质分级评价。南水入冀后,百泉泉域岩溶地下水位整体抬升。时间上,呈现出既有年际动态变化又有年内季节变化特征。空间上,补给区表现为剧变型,而径流、排泄区呈缓变型。地下水降落漏斗主要分布在泉域东南部的煤、铁矿密集区。泉域岩溶地下水呈弱碱性,水化学类型以Ca-HCO_(3)型和Ca-SO_(4)型为主导。主要阴阳离子质量浓度遵循ρ(HCO_(3)^(-))>ρ(SO_(4)^(2-))>ρ(Cl^(-))和ρ(Ca^(2+))>ρ(Mg^(2+))>ρ(Na^(+))>ρ(K^(+))的顺序。各离子沿着径流路径呈现出逐渐增大的空间分布特征。岩溶地下水化学成分主要受岩石(方解石、白云石和石膏)风化溶解和反向阳离子交换作用主导。人为活动对泉域岩溶地下水系统中的SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)质量浓度有一定程度影响。岩溶地下水来源于大气降水,并且在入渗前发生了二次蒸发作用,氘盈余值在径流过程中有所降低。水质评价结果表明,岩溶地下水质量整体优于第四系地下水,分别有50%的岩溶水和37.5%的第四系水样满足饮用目的。TDS、ρ(SO_(4)^(2-))和ρ(NO_(3)^(-))是影响泉域地下水水质的关键指标。引起泉域岩溶地下水系统水质恶化的潜在人类活动主要包括矿山排水、农业灌溉和城市污水排放。通过水质分级评价,提出了泉域地下水环境保护措施。研究结果将有助于为百泉泉域岩溶地下水资源的供水安全和地下水环境保护治理提供参考。
