In its upper and middle course, the Kali Gandaki river in Western Nepal flows across the Himalayan ranges more or less following tectonic lineaments (NNE—SSW). In this paper we focus our attention on certain slope de...In its upper and middle course, the Kali Gandaki river in Western Nepal flows across the Himalayan ranges more or less following tectonic lineaments (NNE—SSW). In this paper we focus our attention on certain slope deformations along the valley flanks of the middle course, especially on very narrow sections of this large transverse valley. Although the valley experienced several Pleistocene periods of strong glaciations and the powerful river flowing through it currently ranks as the second largest in Nepal we find a number of those amazing valley constrictions in the studied area which should not be ascribed to differences in rock resistance against erosion or to active tectonic control. It can best be explained by deep\|seated rock creep (Chigira,1992), a process which is frequently connected with landslides or rockfalls and must have developed during late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. since the valley was deglaciated. In order to prove this thesis we shall describe the situation by means of three case studies between the villages of Rukse (upstream) and Beni (downstream). Another fourth example of gravitational slope deformation described in this paper is located downstream of the reach of previous valley glaciations. Here, too, deep\|seated rock creep is considered to be responsible for the observed mass movements and thus for slope deformation.展开更多
Making the use of ventilation technology may decrease building energy consumption,improve indoor thermal environment,and ameliorate indoor air quality. Combining with the meteorological characteristics in the Changjia...Making the use of ventilation technology may decrease building energy consumption,improve indoor thermal environment,and ameliorate indoor air quality. Combining with the meteorological characteristics in the Changjiang river valley and focusing on Chongqing,this work makes an applied analysis of the feasibility of intermittent mechanical ventilation. By comparison of various ventilation modes,it gives a summary of the suitable ventilation ways for different weather conditions with the combination of testing data and experimental data.展开更多
The Arun mega\|antiform, a large N—S structure transversal to the tectonic trend of the E Nepal Himalaya, is a tectonic window offering a complete section of the Himalayan nappe pile, from the Lesser Himalayan zone t...The Arun mega\|antiform, a large N—S structure transversal to the tectonic trend of the E Nepal Himalaya, is a tectonic window offering a complete section of the Himalayan nappe pile, from the Lesser Himalayan zone to the Tethyan Himalaya. At the northern end of the Arun tectonic window (ATW), the Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri range of south Tibet exposes a section of that portion of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone and Lesser Himalayan Crystallines (LHC) which elsewhere in Nepal is concealed below the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) nappe (Fig. 1). As throughout the Himalaya at the structural level of the MCT, the ATW is characterized by an inverted metamorphic field gradient characterized by a progression from chlorite to sillimanite grade from low to high structural levels of the nappe pile. Metamorphic peak temperatures rise from circa 400℃ in the pelitic and psammitic Precambrian metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan Tumlingtar Unit, to 550～620℃ in the overlying LHC, to over 700℃ in the muscovite\|free Barun Gneiss, the lowermost HHC unit in the Arun valley.展开更多
The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the ...The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the basis of new data. According to the estimation, the developable water energy resources of the whole valley is 257 627.60 MW with an annual energy output of 1 195.142 billion kW·h - respectively amounting to 120.6% and 116.3% of the General Investigation result in 1980. The proportion of economically developable volume in the technically developable volume ranges the medium level in the world. According to the 3-step plan for the national economic and social development, the economic situation of our country will come up to the standard of medium-developed countries in the mid of the 21st century. Calculation reports from related departments show that the national electric power requirement in the Year 2050 will be 6 200 billion kW·h (basic scheme) ～11 600 billion kW·h (ideal scheme) while the electric power requirement of the South-west, Central and East areas of the nation within the Changjiang River Valley will amount to 44% ～ 50 %. In order to satisfy the electric power requirement of the national economic and social development, the development and utilization of the hydraulic energy in the Changjiang River Valley should be speeded up by stressing its strategic position and taking effective measures. The structure of the electric energy components of the three areas will be improved with the increasing proportion of the hydroelectricity. The hydroelectricity should be mainly developed in the South-west area; both the hydroelectric and fossil-fired power should be developed in the Central China; the fossil-fired power should be mainly developed in the combination of hydropower while nuclear power will be properly developed in the East China. In the Year 2050, the development of the economically developable hydraulic energy in the whole valley will be basically completed and the proportion of the hydropower in the electric energy components will be 40%.展开更多
Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling,well logging and seismic data,core observations and geochemical analysis,it is recognized that Triassic sedimentary facies in the Tahe area of Tarim Basin include brai...Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling,well logging and seismic data,core observations and geochemical analysis,it is recognized that Triassic sedimentary facies in the Tahe area of Tarim Basin include braided river deposits filling erosional valleys,and sublacustrine fan,canyon and delta facies.Braided river deposits filling erosional valleys are dominated by coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone with oblique bedding,and represent the most important sedimentation type of sandstone in the study area.Sublacustrine fan and canyon facies are mainly distributed in the Middle Oil Member.Most delta sediments are deposited in highstand system tract(HST),Because of frequent changes in base level,delta sediments are commonly eroded and rarely preserved.Sedimentary cycles are clearly reflected by lithology,sedimentary structures and well logging data,and are closely related to the changes in lacustrine level.In accordance with the basic principle of sequence subdivision,seven type-I boundaries can be recognized in Triassic strata and six type-I sequences are subdivided correspondingly.In general,lowstand system tract(LST) is well developed within stratigraphic sequences and forms the main body of reservoir sandstone in this area;highstand system tract(HST) and transgressive system tract(TST) are often eroded by upper sequences or missed,Although various factors have different influences on terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,the classical sequence stratigraphy theory proposed by VAIL can be applied to terrestrial strata.展开更多
Reservoir impoundment is related to several hydraulic engineering concerns,including irreversible valley contractions,landslides and reservoir-induced earthquakes.However,these phenomena,such as valley contractions,ar...Reservoir impoundment is related to several hydraulic engineering concerns,including irreversible valley contractions,landslides and reservoir-induced earthquakes.However,these phenomena,such as valley contractions,are hardly to be explained by the conventional method.The scientific understanding of water effects during impoundment and their hazards to hydraulic structure are needed.The effective stress law for fissured rock masses is introduced in the elasto-plastic model employing the Drucker-Prager criterion and implemented in the three dimension(3D)nonlinear finite element method(FEM)program Three-dimensional FINite Element(TFINE).The slope deforms towards river-way during impoundment since the increasing pore pressure in fissures changes stress state and leads to additional plastic deformation in the rock materials.The value of Biot coefficient and the influence of water on rock materials are discussed in detail.Thus,the mechanism of slope deformation during the impoundment of Jinping-I arch dam is revealed,and the deformation is accurately measured.The application of the effective stress law provides a method to consider stress assessment,deformation evaluation and stability estimate of hydraulic structures during the impoundment process.This is a beneficial exploration and an improvement of hydraulic engineering design.展开更多
Main factors, which should be considered in the classification of dyke foundation, are discussed in this paper. Engineering conditions should be taken into account when the levee safety is appraised based on engineeri...Main factors, which should be considered in the classification of dyke foundation, are discussed in this paper. Engineering conditions should be taken into account when the levee safety is appraised based on engineering geologic appraisement and classification. On the basis of safety appraisement, dyke foundation may be classified with regard of suitable reinforcement measures. Examples are presented to illustrate the instructive significance of dyke foundation classification to dyke reinforcement design.展开更多
Heavy metal pollution of soil is one of serious problems of environment.Not easy to break down, heavy metal was enriched and became the pollutants. It would not only destroy the normal function of soil and impede the ...Heavy metal pollution of soil is one of serious problems of environment.Not easy to break down, heavy metal was enriched and became the pollutants. It would not only destroy the normal function of soil and impede the growth of crops,but also through the food chain cause the harm to human health.By the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil,the vegetation is also very easy to be contaminated.When the vegetation has been contaminated,its internal structure,展开更多
The Arun Tectonic Window (ATW) and its inverted metamorphic zonation were first described by Bordet (1961) and Hagen (1969) in their regional surveys of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. The ATW is centred on the Arun antif...The Arun Tectonic Window (ATW) and its inverted metamorphic zonation were first described by Bordet (1961) and Hagen (1969) in their regional surveys of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. The ATW is centred on the Arun antiform (“ trans\|anticlinal de l’Arun”, Bordet, 1961), a major late structure, c. 100km long, which strikes north to north\|northeast, transversely to the E—W tectonic trend of the eastern Himalaya from the lower Arun valley to southern Tibet. From south to north, i.e. from the core of the window upwards in the nappe pile, the tectonic units exposed in the ATW are:(1) The Lesser Himalayan Tumlingtar Unit (Nawakot nappes of Hagen,1969), a thick sequence of greenschist\|facies Upper Precambrian metasediments, bounded to the north by a thrust zone (Main Central Thrust 1 of Maruo & Kizaki, 1983; Main Central Thrust Zone of Meyer & Hiltner, 1993). (2) The Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappe (LHC), comprised of staurolite to kyanite grade micaschists and granitic orthogneiss (Kathmandu Nappes of Hagen,1969), lying on top of the low\|grade metasediments. (3) The Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappe (Tibetan Slab of Bordet, 1977), bounded on both side of the ATW by thrust sheets defining a major syn\|metamorphic thrust (Main Central Thrust of Bordet,1961; Main Central Thrust 2 of Maruo & Kizaki, 1983).In this contribution some results of geological investigations in the hitherto unrecognized northern part of the ATW (Kharta region of the Arun—Phung Chu valley and Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri range), are presented. The Kharta region is 30km east of the Everest—Makalu massif and sits in the western limb of the Arun antiform, whereas the Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri Range, to the east of Kharta, is right in the core of the Arun antiform. Here the ATW exposes a section of deep tectonic levels of the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappe and MCT zone which elsewhere in the Nepal Himalaya are concealed below the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappe.展开更多
The geochemical characteristics of keratophyrespilite series inKunyang Rift Valley at Yunnan are studied, including main chemical composition, trace element, REE distribution, and alkalinity. The study shows that its ...The geochemical characteristics of keratophyrespilite series inKunyang Rift Valley at Yunnan are studied, including main chemical composition, trace element, REE distribution, and alkalinity. The study shows that its geochemical characteristics have close relations with copper and iron deposit.展开更多
The dyke experiences very high flood level more and more frequently. The timely issued " The Standard of Dyke Design" has played an important role in the design, measure feasibility study and examination of ...The dyke experiences very high flood level more and more frequently. The timely issued " The Standard of Dyke Design" has played an important role in the design, measure feasibility study and examination of dyke reinforcement. Safety appraisal is required before dyke reinforcement design. But, the conducted item is safety demonstration in the process of dyke reinforcement design at present. This paper suggests that at least 8 aspects should be considered in safety demonstration. The effective water head is considered as the most important factor for dyke safety and reinforcement design. Seepage control measure design is an important part of dyke reinforcement design. Its correct train of thought is discussed in this paper. Some other factors for dyke reinforcement design are also pointed out.展开更多
文摘In its upper and middle course, the Kali Gandaki river in Western Nepal flows across the Himalayan ranges more or less following tectonic lineaments (NNE—SSW). In this paper we focus our attention on certain slope deformations along the valley flanks of the middle course, especially on very narrow sections of this large transverse valley. Although the valley experienced several Pleistocene periods of strong glaciations and the powerful river flowing through it currently ranks as the second largest in Nepal we find a number of those amazing valley constrictions in the studied area which should not be ascribed to differences in rock resistance against erosion or to active tectonic control. It can best be explained by deep\|seated rock creep (Chigira,1992), a process which is frequently connected with landslides or rockfalls and must have developed during late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. since the valley was deglaciated. In order to prove this thesis we shall describe the situation by means of three case studies between the villages of Rukse (upstream) and Beni (downstream). Another fourth example of gravitational slope deformation described in this paper is located downstream of the reach of previous valley glaciations. Here, too, deep\|seated rock creep is considered to be responsible for the observed mass movements and thus for slope deformation.
基金Projects(2006BAJ02A02-052006BAJ01A05-06-04) supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China
文摘Making the use of ventilation technology may decrease building energy consumption,improve indoor thermal environment,and ameliorate indoor air quality. Combining with the meteorological characteristics in the Changjiang river valley and focusing on Chongqing,this work makes an applied analysis of the feasibility of intermittent mechanical ventilation. By comparison of various ventilation modes,it gives a summary of the suitable ventilation ways for different weather conditions with the combination of testing data and experimental data.
文摘The Arun mega\|antiform, a large N—S structure transversal to the tectonic trend of the E Nepal Himalaya, is a tectonic window offering a complete section of the Himalayan nappe pile, from the Lesser Himalayan zone to the Tethyan Himalaya. At the northern end of the Arun tectonic window (ATW), the Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri range of south Tibet exposes a section of that portion of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone and Lesser Himalayan Crystallines (LHC) which elsewhere in Nepal is concealed below the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) nappe (Fig. 1). As throughout the Himalaya at the structural level of the MCT, the ATW is characterized by an inverted metamorphic field gradient characterized by a progression from chlorite to sillimanite grade from low to high structural levels of the nappe pile. Metamorphic peak temperatures rise from circa 400℃ in the pelitic and psammitic Precambrian metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan Tumlingtar Unit, to 550～620℃ in the overlying LHC, to over 700℃ in the muscovite\|free Barun Gneiss, the lowermost HHC unit in the Arun valley.
文摘The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the basis of new data. According to the estimation, the developable water energy resources of the whole valley is 257 627.60 MW with an annual energy output of 1 195.142 billion kW·h - respectively amounting to 120.6% and 116.3% of the General Investigation result in 1980. The proportion of economically developable volume in the technically developable volume ranges the medium level in the world. According to the 3-step plan for the national economic and social development, the economic situation of our country will come up to the standard of medium-developed countries in the mid of the 21st century. Calculation reports from related departments show that the national electric power requirement in the Year 2050 will be 6 200 billion kW·h (basic scheme) ～11 600 billion kW·h (ideal scheme) while the electric power requirement of the South-west, Central and East areas of the nation within the Changjiang River Valley will amount to 44% ～ 50 %. In order to satisfy the electric power requirement of the national economic and social development, the development and utilization of the hydraulic energy in the Changjiang River Valley should be speeded up by stressing its strategic position and taking effective measures. The structure of the electric energy components of the three areas will be improved with the increasing proportion of the hydroelectricity. The hydroelectricity should be mainly developed in the South-west area; both the hydroelectric and fossil-fired power should be developed in the Central China; the fossil-fired power should be mainly developed in the combination of hydropower while nuclear power will be properly developed in the East China. In the Year 2050, the development of the economically developable hydraulic energy in the whole valley will be basically completed and the proportion of the hydropower in the electric energy components will be 40%.
基金Project(2008ZX05002-005) supported by the State Major Special Science and Technology Foundation of China
文摘Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling,well logging and seismic data,core observations and geochemical analysis,it is recognized that Triassic sedimentary facies in the Tahe area of Tarim Basin include braided river deposits filling erosional valleys,and sublacustrine fan,canyon and delta facies.Braided river deposits filling erosional valleys are dominated by coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone with oblique bedding,and represent the most important sedimentation type of sandstone in the study area.Sublacustrine fan and canyon facies are mainly distributed in the Middle Oil Member.Most delta sediments are deposited in highstand system tract(HST),Because of frequent changes in base level,delta sediments are commonly eroded and rarely preserved.Sedimentary cycles are clearly reflected by lithology,sedimentary structures and well logging data,and are closely related to the changes in lacustrine level.In accordance with the basic principle of sequence subdivision,seven type-I boundaries can be recognized in Triassic strata and six type-I sequences are subdivided correspondingly.In general,lowstand system tract(LST) is well developed within stratigraphic sequences and forms the main body of reservoir sandstone in this area;highstand system tract(HST) and transgressive system tract(TST) are often eroded by upper sequences or missed,Although various factors have different influences on terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,the classical sequence stratigraphy theory proposed by VAIL can be applied to terrestrial strata.
基金Projects(51323014,51479097,51279086)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2016-KY-2)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering,China
文摘Reservoir impoundment is related to several hydraulic engineering concerns,including irreversible valley contractions,landslides and reservoir-induced earthquakes.However,these phenomena,such as valley contractions,are hardly to be explained by the conventional method.The scientific understanding of water effects during impoundment and their hazards to hydraulic structure are needed.The effective stress law for fissured rock masses is introduced in the elasto-plastic model employing the Drucker-Prager criterion and implemented in the three dimension(3D)nonlinear finite element method(FEM)program Three-dimensional FINite Element(TFINE).The slope deforms towards river-way during impoundment since the increasing pore pressure in fissures changes stress state and leads to additional plastic deformation in the rock materials.The value of Biot coefficient and the influence of water on rock materials are discussed in detail.Thus,the mechanism of slope deformation during the impoundment of Jinping-I arch dam is revealed,and the deformation is accurately measured.The application of the effective stress law provides a method to consider stress assessment,deformation evaluation and stability estimate of hydraulic structures during the impoundment process.This is a beneficial exploration and an improvement of hydraulic engineering design.
文摘Main factors, which should be considered in the classification of dyke foundation, are discussed in this paper. Engineering conditions should be taken into account when the levee safety is appraised based on engineering geologic appraisement and classification. On the basis of safety appraisement, dyke foundation may be classified with regard of suitable reinforcement measures. Examples are presented to illustrate the instructive significance of dyke foundation classification to dyke reinforcement design.
文摘Heavy metal pollution of soil is one of serious problems of environment.Not easy to break down, heavy metal was enriched and became the pollutants. It would not only destroy the normal function of soil and impede the growth of crops,but also through the food chain cause the harm to human health.By the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil,the vegetation is also very easy to be contaminated.When the vegetation has been contaminated,its internal structure,
文摘The Arun Tectonic Window (ATW) and its inverted metamorphic zonation were first described by Bordet (1961) and Hagen (1969) in their regional surveys of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. The ATW is centred on the Arun antiform (“ trans\|anticlinal de l’Arun”, Bordet, 1961), a major late structure, c. 100km long, which strikes north to north\|northeast, transversely to the E—W tectonic trend of the eastern Himalaya from the lower Arun valley to southern Tibet. From south to north, i.e. from the core of the window upwards in the nappe pile, the tectonic units exposed in the ATW are:(1) The Lesser Himalayan Tumlingtar Unit (Nawakot nappes of Hagen,1969), a thick sequence of greenschist\|facies Upper Precambrian metasediments, bounded to the north by a thrust zone (Main Central Thrust 1 of Maruo & Kizaki, 1983; Main Central Thrust Zone of Meyer & Hiltner, 1993). (2) The Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappe (LHC), comprised of staurolite to kyanite grade micaschists and granitic orthogneiss (Kathmandu Nappes of Hagen,1969), lying on top of the low\|grade metasediments. (3) The Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappe (Tibetan Slab of Bordet, 1977), bounded on both side of the ATW by thrust sheets defining a major syn\|metamorphic thrust (Main Central Thrust of Bordet,1961; Main Central Thrust 2 of Maruo & Kizaki, 1983).In this contribution some results of geological investigations in the hitherto unrecognized northern part of the ATW (Kharta region of the Arun—Phung Chu valley and Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri range), are presented. The Kharta region is 30km east of the Everest—Makalu massif and sits in the western limb of the Arun antiform, whereas the Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri Range, to the east of Kharta, is right in the core of the Arun antiform. Here the ATW exposes a section of deep tectonic levels of the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappe and MCT zone which elsewhere in the Nepal Himalaya are concealed below the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappe.
文摘The geochemical characteristics of keratophyrespilite series inKunyang Rift Valley at Yunnan are studied, including main chemical composition, trace element, REE distribution, and alkalinity. The study shows that its geochemical characteristics have close relations with copper and iron deposit.
文摘The dyke experiences very high flood level more and more frequently. The timely issued " The Standard of Dyke Design" has played an important role in the design, measure feasibility study and examination of dyke reinforcement. Safety appraisal is required before dyke reinforcement design. But, the conducted item is safety demonstration in the process of dyke reinforcement design at present. This paper suggests that at least 8 aspects should be considered in safety demonstration. The effective water head is considered as the most important factor for dyke safety and reinforcement design. Seepage control measure design is an important part of dyke reinforcement design. Its correct train of thought is discussed in this paper. Some other factors for dyke reinforcement design are also pointed out.
