This study investigates the paradoxical detonation behavior of TKX-50,a nitrogen-rich energetic material,exhibiting higher detonation velocities but lower metal acceleration ability compared to HMX.Through experimenta...This study investigates the paradoxical detonation behavior of TKX-50,a nitrogen-rich energetic material,exhibiting higher detonation velocities but lower metal acceleration ability compared to HMX.Through experimental measurements and theoretical calculations,we propose a novel three-factor competition mechanism to explain this phenomenon.TKX-50-based PBX formulations achieved detonation velocities up to 9100 m/s,surpassing HMX-based counterparts.However,cylinder expansion tests revealed a 15%reduction in metal acceleration ability.Thermochemical measurements showed lower detonation heat for TKX-50(4900 J/g)versus HMX(5645 J/g).Our mechanism involves:(1)compositional effects prevailing at high pressures;(2)Energy release becoming essential as pressure drops;(3)Pressure-dependent product composition evolution functioning at low pressure.VLW code calculations unveiled a"crossover"in Hugoniot curves,lending support to this mechanism.This study furnishes a new framework for comprehending the performance of nitrogen-rich energetic materials,with significant implications for the design and optimization of future high-energy density materials.展开更多
为降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的感度,通过溶剂-非溶剂法制备了CL-20和1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50)共晶炸药;通过Materials Studio 5.0软件分析了CL-20和TKX-50分子的表面静电势,并预测了共晶分子间可能的非共价键...为降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的感度,通过溶剂-非溶剂法制备了CL-20和1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50)共晶炸药;通过Materials Studio 5.0软件分析了CL-20和TKX-50分子的表面静电势,并预测了共晶分子间可能的非共价键作用;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对其形貌和结构进行了表征;采用DSC测试了其热性能,并测试了其撞击感度,预测了其爆轰性能。结果表明,制备的CL-20/TKX-50共晶呈扁平的片状形貌;XRD、IR和Raman谱图中出现峰的生成、消失、偏移和强度的改变,证明有新的晶格结构形成;升温速率8℃/min下,CL-20/TKX-50共晶的主要热分解峰温为222.8℃,与CL-20、TKX-50的热分解峰温240.3、234.9℃相比,分别提前了17.5℃和12.1℃,明显区别于具有两个放热过程的CL-20/TKX-50混合物的热分解行为;CL-20/TKX-50共晶炸药的感度显著低于原料CL-20,同时也优于β-HMX,说明其具有良好的安全性能;CL-20/TKX-50共晶的预测爆速和爆压分别为9264m/s和43.8GPa,较CL-20均略微下降,但和β-HMX相比,爆轰性能明显提高。表面静电势能和建模分析均表明,CL-20中—NO2的O与TKX-50中—NH+3的H之间易于形成氢键。展开更多
对比HTPB/RDX/AP/Al推进剂研究了TKX-50对HTPB推进剂的能量性能的影响,BSFФ165 mm发动机试车结果表明,含TKX-50配方的比冲及比冲效率均低于含RDX的配方,与早期文献报道结果不一致。对该结果进行了试验分析,TKX-50标准生成焓实测结果为2...对比HTPB/RDX/AP/Al推进剂研究了TKX-50对HTPB推进剂的能量性能的影响,BSFФ165 mm发动机试车结果表明,含TKX-50配方的比冲及比冲效率均低于含RDX的配方,与早期文献报道结果不一致。对该结果进行了试验分析,TKX-50标准生成焓实测结果为210 k J/mol,与最初文献报道结果(446.6 k J/mol)不一致;依据实测的生成焓结果,对配方的能量性能进行了复算,复算结果与试验结果比较吻合,表明TKX-50标准生成焓偏低是其能量性能不佳的主要原因。展开更多
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12102405)the Presidential Foundation of CAEP(Grant No.YZJJZQ2023008).
文摘This study investigates the paradoxical detonation behavior of TKX-50,a nitrogen-rich energetic material,exhibiting higher detonation velocities but lower metal acceleration ability compared to HMX.Through experimental measurements and theoretical calculations,we propose a novel three-factor competition mechanism to explain this phenomenon.TKX-50-based PBX formulations achieved detonation velocities up to 9100 m/s,surpassing HMX-based counterparts.However,cylinder expansion tests revealed a 15%reduction in metal acceleration ability.Thermochemical measurements showed lower detonation heat for TKX-50(4900 J/g)versus HMX(5645 J/g).Our mechanism involves:(1)compositional effects prevailing at high pressures;(2)Energy release becoming essential as pressure drops;(3)Pressure-dependent product composition evolution functioning at low pressure.VLW code calculations unveiled a"crossover"in Hugoniot curves,lending support to this mechanism.This study furnishes a new framework for comprehending the performance of nitrogen-rich energetic materials,with significant implications for the design and optimization of future high-energy density materials.
文摘为降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的感度,通过溶剂-非溶剂法制备了CL-20和1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50)共晶炸药;通过Materials Studio 5.0软件分析了CL-20和TKX-50分子的表面静电势,并预测了共晶分子间可能的非共价键作用;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对其形貌和结构进行了表征;采用DSC测试了其热性能,并测试了其撞击感度,预测了其爆轰性能。结果表明,制备的CL-20/TKX-50共晶呈扁平的片状形貌;XRD、IR和Raman谱图中出现峰的生成、消失、偏移和强度的改变,证明有新的晶格结构形成;升温速率8℃/min下,CL-20/TKX-50共晶的主要热分解峰温为222.8℃,与CL-20、TKX-50的热分解峰温240.3、234.9℃相比,分别提前了17.5℃和12.1℃,明显区别于具有两个放热过程的CL-20/TKX-50混合物的热分解行为;CL-20/TKX-50共晶炸药的感度显著低于原料CL-20,同时也优于β-HMX,说明其具有良好的安全性能;CL-20/TKX-50共晶的预测爆速和爆压分别为9264m/s和43.8GPa,较CL-20均略微下降,但和β-HMX相比,爆轰性能明显提高。表面静电势能和建模分析均表明,CL-20中—NO2的O与TKX-50中—NH+3的H之间易于形成氢键。
文摘对比HTPB/RDX/AP/Al推进剂研究了TKX-50对HTPB推进剂的能量性能的影响,BSFФ165 mm发动机试车结果表明,含TKX-50配方的比冲及比冲效率均低于含RDX的配方,与早期文献报道结果不一致。对该结果进行了试验分析,TKX-50标准生成焓实测结果为210 k J/mol,与最初文献报道结果(446.6 k J/mol)不一致;依据实测的生成焓结果,对配方的能量性能进行了复算,复算结果与试验结果比较吻合,表明TKX-50标准生成焓偏低是其能量性能不佳的主要原因。
