We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Kamataka covering different age groups （11-36 years）,...We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Kamataka covering different age groups （11-36 years）, density （516-2061 trees/ha） and sites. From these planta- tions, a total of 130 trees were felled for estimating the yield and bark content in relation to diameter at breast height （DBH）, age and density. Bark content ranged from 22.2%-54.3%. Heartwood and sapwood con- tent were analyzed by sampling five trees each from two different planta- tions, one 30 years old at 553 trees.ha-1 and the other 32 years old at 911 trees.ha-1. The highest heartwood proportion of stem wood volume （over-bark） was 56.3% and the lowest was 37.1%.展开更多
Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic t...Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic to severely acidic in southern China. But, there are no available and specific evidence-based nutrient management techniques. To better recognize and understand the relationship between teak tree growth and nutrient content in the foliage and soil and establish nutrient norms are critical to optimally manage these young plantations. We studied the foliar nutrient and soil chemistry in 19 representative teak plantations aged 5-8 years. Regression analysis indicated that the mean annual increment of teak volume was linearly and positively correlated with foliar N, Ca, Fe and B concentrations, with soil base saturation percentage, available P and Zn concentrations, and negatively correlated with soil Al concentration. Only if the Ca and Mg contents in soil were enhanced, could the increase in soil base saturation percentage benefit teak growth. A revised classification of low-and high-yielding stands was established by using a sorting method of principal components over 6 foliar macro and 8 micro elements in a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System （DRIS）. Specific DRIS norms for teak plantations in acid soils were derived. The nutrient balance of N, P, K Ca, Mg, Zn, B with Fe or A1, Ca with Mg, and Fe with AI provided a key to promote the growth of teak in acid soils. Meanwhile, soil Zn was also found as a primary trace element that affected teak growth in this study.展开更多
Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is a popular hardwood species native to South and South-East Asia. The possible association of ampli- fied fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） marker with morphological variables of ele...Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is a popular hardwood species native to South and South-East Asia. The possible association of ampli- fied fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） marker with morphological variables of eleven important characters viz. girth at breast height （GBH）, height of tree, bole height, branch knots, presence of fluting, spiral stem, leaf hair, leaf length/breadth ratio, branching pattern, bark colour and petiole shape for nine natural populations comprising 180 genotypes of teak （9 populations x 20 trees）. The phenogram constructed using Euclidean distances for the eleven morphological characters showed that the populations were not grouped according to their geographical origin. The Mantel＇s test for pairwise correlation between Euclidean distances of different morphological variables and genetic distances from AFLP data revealed that only petiole character （r =0.269; p =0.046） and height of tree （r =0,200; p =0.001） were significantly correlated with that of AFLP data matrix. The nine populations in this study covered a geographic area of about 1000 km stretch along the Western Ghat of South India. A test of correlation between genetic and geographic distance matrices revealed a significant positive correlation （r =0.475; p =0.009）. The lack of perfect congruence between morphological and molecular data except for geo-graphic distance, tree height and petiole character suggested that the morphological system might be useful for the morphotypes management but not appropriate to study the genetic structure of the teak populations.展开更多
Akram MUHAMMAD, Aftab FAHEEM＊Abstract In this presentation, we report on de novo and axillary shoot regeneration and rooting of shoots maintained over a long term, from cultures of Tectona grandis L. Shoot-tips of te...Akram MUHAMMAD, Aftab FAHEEM＊Abstract In this presentation, we report on de novo and axillary shoot regeneration and rooting of shoots maintained over a long term, from cultures of Tectona grandis L. Shoot-tips of teak shoots forced from epicormic buds were used as the starting material for axenie shoot-culture establishment. Long term maintenance of such axenic shoot cultures was carried out by regular sub-culturing on MS media supplemented with N6-benzyleadenine （BA, 8.8 μmol·L^-1） and indole-3-butyric acid （IBA, 2 μmol·L ^1） for 24 months. Vigorously growing shoot tips （2-3 cm long） were inoculated on the MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations （0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 p.mol-L-~） of either [BA or a-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） for rooting. Axillary and de novo shoots were de- veloped from axillary and cut basal ends of shoots, respectively. Shoots growing on auxins were further sub-cultured （every 15 days） and maintained for 45 days. The greatest number of de novo （5.06） as well as axillary shoots （2.85） was observed on the MS medium supplemented with 10 μmol-L^-1 NAA or 8 μmol·L^-1 IBA, respectively, after 45 days. The combinations of both IBA （μmol·L^-1） ＋ NAA （μmol·L^-1） were tested at different concentrations （4 ＋ 4, 6 ＋ 6, 8 ＋ 8） supplemented to a half strength MS basal medium with 0.1% activated charcoal for rooting of decapitated and non-decapitated de novo and axillary shoots. Rooting from non-decapitated de novo shoots was highest （93.33%） with a mean number of roots of 4.61 on this medium, supplemented with 6 μmol·L^-1 IBA ＋ 6 gmol.L l NAA, after 36 days of initial culture. Individual auxin, however, was not effective for root induction. Rooted shoots were acclimatized in a green house and after four weeks plantlets were transferred to the field.展开更多
We compared morphological and genetic attributes of prog- eny obtained from three seed production areas （SPAs） and three corre- sponding unimproved stands （UIS） of teak （Tectona grandis L.f） at three broad teak ...We compared morphological and genetic attributes of prog- eny obtained from three seed production areas （SPAs） and three corre- sponding unimproved stands （UIS） of teak （Tectona grandis L.f） at three broad teak growing regions in the state of Karnataka, India. In general, seed morphological parameters such as seed weight, seed size and seed emptiness were significantly superior in SPAs compared to UISs. Seed germination percentage was also higher in seeds from SPAs. Seedling performance measured at two monthly intervals for six months was ob- served to be superior in SPAs at two of the three regions compared. Although the genetic diversity of progeny of SPAs was lower than UIS at all regions, the values were moderately high. Germination percent was positively correlated with fruit weight and kernel weight per seed, while diversity indices were negatively correlated with fruit weight, fruit di- ameter and kernel weight per seed. SPAs proved important as a source of moderately improved planting material with no severe threat to the ge- netic diversity of future plantations.展开更多
Teak plantations date back to 1871 in Bangladesh. This study was designed to assess how teak monoculture has impacted the soil properties in Bangladesh. Multiple linear regression and correlation matrices were estimat...Teak plantations date back to 1871 in Bangladesh. This study was designed to assess how teak monoculture has impacted the soil properties in Bangladesh. Multiple linear regression and correlation matrices were estimated to evaluate these impacts. The means of soil physicochemical properties were compared across various attributes of the plantations. Older plantations accumulated more organic carbon in the soils than the younger plantations. Excessive removal of litter from the forest floor resulted in reduced levels of N, P, K, and other nutrients in the soils. Since bulk density was continuously decreasing deeper into the soil, the penetration of mineral nutrients into the soil was low. Furthermore, moisture content in the topsoil was significantly lower than that in the bottom layers due to the exposed and dry condition of the forest floor under teak plantations. For improving depleted teak plantation soils, teak could be planted with other tree species rather than just in monocultures. In addition, the forest floor could be enriched with leguminous herbs and shrubs to improve soil health in these plantations.展开更多
To elucidate the development of heartwood,bark,sapwood,pith and specific gravity of wood in fastgrowing teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in Costa Rica,we sampled three trees in each of 55 plantations and modelled each...To elucidate the development of heartwood,bark,sapwood,pith and specific gravity of wood in fastgrowing teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in Costa Rica,we sampled three trees in each of 55 plantations and modelled each variable with age,site and different tree heights.Age and stand density of plantations were significant correlated with stem diameter at breast height and total height of the tree.Formation of heartwood was initiated at the age of 4-year-old and increased in direct proportion with age.The age of plantation had a significant relationship with stem diameter at breast height,heartwood percentage,sapwood thickness,sapwood percentage,percentage of bark,pith diameter and percentage,and specify gravity.The model for these tree parameters was model with these parameters as dependent variable and in relation to age as independent variable.展开更多
Leaf area index（LAI） of Teak（Tectona grandis） and Bamboo（Dendrocalamus strictus） grown in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary of Narmada District,Gujarat,India was obtained by destructive sampling,photo-grid metho...Leaf area index（LAI） of Teak（Tectona grandis） and Bamboo（Dendrocalamus strictus） grown in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary of Narmada District,Gujarat,India was obtained by destructive sampling,photo-grid method and by litter trap method.An allometric equation（between leaf area by litter trap method and canopy spread area） was developed for the determination of LAI.Results show that LAI value calculated by the developed allometric equation was similar to that estimated by destructive sampling and photo-grid method,with Root Mean Square Error（RMSE） of 0.90 and 1.15 for Teak,and 0.38 and 0.46 for Bamboo,respectively.There was a perfect match in both the LAI values（estimated and calculated）,indicating the accuracy of the developed equations for both the species.In conclusion,canopy spread is a better and sensitive parameter to estimate leaf area of trees.The developed equations can be used for estimating LAI of Teak and Bamboo in tropics.展开更多
文摘We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Kamataka covering different age groups （11-36 years）, density （516-2061 trees/ha） and sites. From these planta- tions, a total of 130 trees were felled for estimating the yield and bark content in relation to diameter at breast height （DBH）, age and density. Bark content ranged from 22.2%-54.3%. Heartwood and sapwood con- tent were analyzed by sampling five trees each from two different planta- tions, one 30 years old at 553 trees.ha-1 and the other 32 years old at 911 trees.ha-1. The highest heartwood proportion of stem wood volume （over-bark） was 56.3% and the lowest was 37.1%.
基金funded by the research and demonstration project of teak cultivation of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(2012BAD21B01)
文摘Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic to severely acidic in southern China. But, there are no available and specific evidence-based nutrient management techniques. To better recognize and understand the relationship between teak tree growth and nutrient content in the foliage and soil and establish nutrient norms are critical to optimally manage these young plantations. We studied the foliar nutrient and soil chemistry in 19 representative teak plantations aged 5-8 years. Regression analysis indicated that the mean annual increment of teak volume was linearly and positively correlated with foliar N, Ca, Fe and B concentrations, with soil base saturation percentage, available P and Zn concentrations, and negatively correlated with soil Al concentration. Only if the Ca and Mg contents in soil were enhanced, could the increase in soil base saturation percentage benefit teak growth. A revised classification of low-and high-yielding stands was established by using a sorting method of principal components over 6 foliar macro and 8 micro elements in a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System （DRIS）. Specific DRIS norms for teak plantations in acid soils were derived. The nutrient balance of N, P, K Ca, Mg, Zn, B with Fe or A1, Ca with Mg, and Fe with AI provided a key to promote the growth of teak in acid soils. Meanwhile, soil Zn was also found as a primary trace element that affected teak growth in this study.
基金financially supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India(S.O.No.BT/PR/2302/AGR/08/161/2000)
文摘Teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） is a popular hardwood species native to South and South-East Asia. The possible association of ampli- fied fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） marker with morphological variables of eleven important characters viz. girth at breast height （GBH）, height of tree, bole height, branch knots, presence of fluting, spiral stem, leaf hair, leaf length/breadth ratio, branching pattern, bark colour and petiole shape for nine natural populations comprising 180 genotypes of teak （9 populations x 20 trees）. The phenogram constructed using Euclidean distances for the eleven morphological characters showed that the populations were not grouped according to their geographical origin. The Mantel＇s test for pairwise correlation between Euclidean distances of different morphological variables and genetic distances from AFLP data revealed that only petiole character （r =0.269; p =0.046） and height of tree （r =0,200; p =0.001） were significantly correlated with that of AFLP data matrix. The nine populations in this study covered a geographic area of about 1000 km stretch along the Western Ghat of South India. A test of correlation between genetic and geographic distance matrices revealed a significant positive correlation （r =0.475; p =0.009）. The lack of perfect congruence between morphological and molecular data except for geo-graphic distance, tree height and petiole character suggested that the morphological system might be useful for the morphotypes management but not appropriate to study the genetic structure of the teak populations.
基金the provision of funds in the form of a research project(No.20-1155/R&D/07)awarded to FA
文摘Akram MUHAMMAD, Aftab FAHEEM＊Abstract In this presentation, we report on de novo and axillary shoot regeneration and rooting of shoots maintained over a long term, from cultures of Tectona grandis L. Shoot-tips of teak shoots forced from epicormic buds were used as the starting material for axenie shoot-culture establishment. Long term maintenance of such axenic shoot cultures was carried out by regular sub-culturing on MS media supplemented with N6-benzyleadenine （BA, 8.8 μmol·L^-1） and indole-3-butyric acid （IBA, 2 μmol·L ^1） for 24 months. Vigorously growing shoot tips （2-3 cm long） were inoculated on the MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations （0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 p.mol-L-~） of either [BA or a-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） for rooting. Axillary and de novo shoots were de- veloped from axillary and cut basal ends of shoots, respectively. Shoots growing on auxins were further sub-cultured （every 15 days） and maintained for 45 days. The greatest number of de novo （5.06） as well as axillary shoots （2.85） was observed on the MS medium supplemented with 10 μmol-L^-1 NAA or 8 μmol·L^-1 IBA, respectively, after 45 days. The combinations of both IBA （μmol·L^-1） ＋ NAA （μmol·L^-1） were tested at different concentrations （4 ＋ 4, 6 ＋ 6, 8 ＋ 8） supplemented to a half strength MS basal medium with 0.1% activated charcoal for rooting of decapitated and non-decapitated de novo and axillary shoots. Rooting from non-decapitated de novo shoots was highest （93.33%） with a mean number of roots of 4.61 on this medium, supplemented with 6 μmol·L^-1 IBA ＋ 6 gmol.L l NAA, after 36 days of initial culture. Individual auxin, however, was not effective for root induction. Rooted shoots were acclimatized in a green house and after four weeks plantlets were transferred to the field.
文摘We compared morphological and genetic attributes of prog- eny obtained from three seed production areas （SPAs） and three corre- sponding unimproved stands （UIS） of teak （Tectona grandis L.f） at three broad teak growing regions in the state of Karnataka, India. In general, seed morphological parameters such as seed weight, seed size and seed emptiness were significantly superior in SPAs compared to UISs. Seed germination percentage was also higher in seeds from SPAs. Seedling performance measured at two monthly intervals for six months was ob- served to be superior in SPAs at two of the three regions compared. Although the genetic diversity of progeny of SPAs was lower than UIS at all regions, the values were moderately high. Germination percent was positively correlated with fruit weight and kernel weight per seed, while diversity indices were negatively correlated with fruit weight, fruit di- ameter and kernel weight per seed. SPAs proved important as a source of moderately improved planting material with no severe threat to the ge- netic diversity of future plantations.
文摘Teak plantations date back to 1871 in Bangladesh. This study was designed to assess how teak monoculture has impacted the soil properties in Bangladesh. Multiple linear regression and correlation matrices were estimated to evaluate these impacts. The means of soil physicochemical properties were compared across various attributes of the plantations. Older plantations accumulated more organic carbon in the soils than the younger plantations. Excessive removal of litter from the forest floor resulted in reduced levels of N, P, K, and other nutrients in the soils. Since bulk density was continuously decreasing deeper into the soil, the penetration of mineral nutrients into the soil was low. Furthermore, moisture content in the topsoil was significantly lower than that in the bottom layers due to the exposed and dry condition of the forest floor under teak plantations. For improving depleted teak plantation soils, teak could be planted with other tree species rather than just in monocultures. In addition, the forest floor could be enriched with leguminous herbs and shrubs to improve soil health in these plantations.
文摘To elucidate the development of heartwood,bark,sapwood,pith and specific gravity of wood in fastgrowing teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in Costa Rica,we sampled three trees in each of 55 plantations and modelled each variable with age,site and different tree heights.Age and stand density of plantations were significant correlated with stem diameter at breast height and total height of the tree.Formation of heartwood was initiated at the age of 4-year-old and increased in direct proportion with age.The age of plantation had a significant relationship with stem diameter at breast height,heartwood percentage,sapwood thickness,sapwood percentage,percentage of bark,pith diameter and percentage,and specify gravity.The model for these tree parameters was model with these parameters as dependent variable and in relation to age as independent variable.
基金supported by ISRO-SAC,Ahmeda-bad,and DST,New Delhi through SSS programme (Project No SR/S4/ES-21/Baroda window P2)
文摘Leaf area index（LAI） of Teak（Tectona grandis） and Bamboo（Dendrocalamus strictus） grown in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary of Narmada District,Gujarat,India was obtained by destructive sampling,photo-grid method and by litter trap method.An allometric equation（between leaf area by litter trap method and canopy spread area） was developed for the determination of LAI.Results show that LAI value calculated by the developed allometric equation was similar to that estimated by destructive sampling and photo-grid method,with Root Mean Square Error（RMSE） of 0.90 and 1.15 for Teak,and 0.38 and 0.46 for Bamboo,respectively.There was a perfect match in both the LAI values（estimated and calculated）,indicating the accuracy of the developed equations for both the species.In conclusion,canopy spread is a better and sensitive parameter to estimate leaf area of trees.The developed equations can be used for estimating LAI of Teak and Bamboo in tropics.
