Objective:Active and passive smoking are common environmental risk factors,but there is no definite conclusion about their effects on relapse and disability progression in multiple sclerosis(MS)and neuromyelitis optic...Objective:Active and passive smoking are common environmental risk factors,but there is no definite conclusion about their effects on relapse and disability progression in multiple sclerosis(MS)and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD).Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study.Patients were included from four centers.Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the clinical database,while data involving environmental exposures during daily life,relapse,and disability progression were obtained through telephone follow-up interviews.Determinants of relapse were assessed by Cox proportional models,and disability progression was assessed by linear regression.Kaplan‒Meier survival was used to estimate relapse within five years after the first attack.Results:A total of 130 MS patients and 318 NMOSD patients were included in this study,and females accounted for 60%and 79.6%,respectively.MS patients with an active smoking history had a higher risk of relapse,for which the association became borderline significant after accounting for covariates(aHR=1.52,95%CI=1.00,2.31;p=0.052).The relapse risk between ever-smokers who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day and smokers who smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day was not significantly different(aHR=0.96,95%CI=0.63,1.47;p=0.859).However,exposure to passive smoking was associated with a reduced risk of MS relapse(aHR=0.75,95%CI=0.56,1.00;p=0.044)compared with never-exposed patients.No associations were observed between active smoking/passive smoking and the risk of NMOSD relapse,but patients with a history of smoking were associated with a lower annual progression rate by Expanded Disability Status Scale(EDSS)(aβ=−0.20,95%CI=−0.38,−0.01;p=0.036)and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score(MSSS)(aβ=−0.23,95%CI=−0.44,−0.03;p=0.028).Conclusion:Our research shows that active smoking increases the relapse risk of MS and has a negative impact on disability progression;thus,smoking cessation should be encouraged.展开更多
Objective This study analyzed a large single-center sample in China to explain the impact of smoking state at baseline on long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who received percutaneous coronar...Objective This study analyzed a large single-center sample in China to explain the impact of smoking state at baseline on long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).展开更多
Objective Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 C(CACNA1C)gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel.This subunit forms the pore through which calcium ions pass into the cell and pla...Objective Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 C(CACNA1C)gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel.This subunit forms the pore through which calcium ions pass into the cell and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure.Smoking habit has been proven become the risk factor of hypertension.This study aimed to investigate the interaction of variants in CACNA1C gene with smoke in blood pressure(BP)responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention.展开更多
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors(nAChRs)are widely distributed ligand gated ion channels throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems of mammals.There are 16 different n AChR subunits,α1-α7,α9,α10 andβ1...Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors(nAChRs)are widely distributed ligand gated ion channels throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems of mammals.There are 16 different n AChR subunits,α1-α7,α9,α10 andβ1-β4,as well asγ,δ,andε,which assemble into pentamers to form different nAChR subtypes with distinct pharmacological properties in mammals.Among themα6β2*(*designates other possible subunit),α3β4 andα4β2 nAChR subtypes are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of addiction.However,various n AChR subtypes are very difficult to pharmacologically distinguish from each other.Theα6*n AChRs are expressed by dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system,which modulate the release of dopamine and are believed to be important in mediating tobacco,morphine,cocaine and ethanol addiction.Theα3β4 nAChRs present in the medial habenula with important role in influencing nicotine addiction.Blockage ofα3β4 nAChRs in the medial habenula decreased the dose of nicotine that rodents would self-administer.Thus,new antagonists ofα6β2*orα3β4 nA ChR subtypes are of considerable interest,which would give strategies to selectively modulateα6β2*orα3β4 nA ChR function.We characterized anα-conotoxin(α-CTx)TxIB with 16 amino acids and anα-CTx TxID with 15 amino acids from Conus textile.The sequence of TxIB is GCCSDPPCRNKHPDLCamide.The sequence of TxID is GCCSHPVCSAMSPIC with C-terminal amidation too.Both peptides with aⅠ-ⅢandⅡ-Ⅳdisulfide con-nectivity were chemically synthesized.The residues between Cys-Ⅱand Cys-Ⅲand Cys-Ⅲand Cys-Ⅳofα-CTx are commonly referred to as loops 1 and 2,respectively.The number of residues in each of these loops is used to further classify theα-CTx.So TxIB is classified as a 4/7α-CTx,whereas theα-CTx TxIB has a 4/6 spacing.Both peptides were tested on rat nAChRs heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.Theα-CTx TxIB blockedα6/α3β2β3 nAChR with an IC50 of 28 nmol·L^(-1),which showed little or no block of all the other tested subtypes at concentrations up to 10μmol·L^(-1).TxIB blockingα6/α3β2β3 nAChR is rapidly reversed after toxin washout.The ability ofα-CTx TxIB to discriminate betweenα6/α3β2β3 and the other nAChR receptors is unique.There are no small molecules have this selectivity profile.Previously describedα-CTx that potently blockα6/α3β2β3 nA ChR s also block eitherα6/α3β4 nAChRs,α3β2 nAChRs and(or)other nAChRs subtypes.TxID was the very potentα3β4 nAChR antagonists blocking ratα3β4 n AChRs with an IC-50 of 12.5 nmol·L1.However,TxID also blocked the closely relatedα6/α3β4 with an IC50 of 94 nmol·L^(-1).In fact,the expression profile ofα3β4 nAChRs andα6/α3β4 nAChRs overlap in a variety of tissues.So TxI D can′t differentiateα3β4 nA ChR fromα6/α3β4 nA ChR effectively.To distinguish between these two close subtypes,positional-scanning mutagenesis of TxID was performed to identify critical residues that confer potency forα3β4 nAChRs,and hope to obtain more selective mutant to discriminate between these two close subtypes.The effects of 15 analogues and TxID were tested on bothα3β4 andα6/α3β4 nAChRs.An analogue,ie[S9 A]TxID had46-fold greater potency forα3β4 versusα6/α3β4 nAChRs,which showed significantly improved selectivity forα3β4 versusα6/α3β4 nAChRs.Both TxI D and[S9 A]TxI D had little activity on other nA ChR subtypes.The three-dimensional solution structures of TxIB,TxID and[S9 A]TxID were determined using NMR spectroscopy.α-CTx TxI B,TxID and[S9 A]TxID represent uniquely selective ligand for probing the structure and function ofα6β2*andα3β4 nA ChR s respectively.It is known about20%people have used drugs recreationally resulting in a substance use disorder finally.Therefore,structural insights derived from these ligands may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for addiction involvingα6β2*andα3β4 nA ChR s.展开更多
In this paper,effect of tobacco additives on the chemical compounds change in cigarette smoke was studied by the metabonomics method.The samples with different additives were grouped by the fragment ions of mass spect...In this paper,effect of tobacco additives on the chemical compounds change in cigarette smoke was studied by the metabonomics method.The samples with different additives were grouped by the fragment ions of mass spectrometry,and the compounds,which markedly effecting the cigarette smoking,were obtained.This afforded a theoretical basis and guidance for the use of additive in cigarette produce.展开更多
This paper discussed 378 cases of lung cancer which were identified pathologically in the thoracic department of China Medical University from 1980～1986. The sections were stained with H.E., PAS-ab and Keratin, and c...This paper discussed 378 cases of lung cancer which were identified pathologically in the thoracic department of China Medical University from 1980～1986. The sections were stained with H.E., PAS-ab and Keratin, and compared with sections of 131 cases of lung cancer being confirmed beforehand from 1978～1984. Chinese cases showed epidermoid carcinoma 165 (male 146), adenocarcinoma 136(male 82), small cell carcinoma 29 (male 21), large cell carcinoma 19 (male 15) and the others 29 (male 27); Japanese cases were 59(50), 53(25), 3 (2), 11(10), 3(0) respectively. The cases under 40 years of age were 23(6.1%) in China, 3(2.3%)in Japan. Both of them have similar character of histology. But the incidence of lung cancer in youth is higher in China.展开更多
·Safer＇chemsex＇：GPs＇role in harm reduction for emerging forms of recreational drug use安全＂chemsex＂：全科医生在减少新兴形式毒品伤害方面的作用·Managing older people＇s alcohol misuse in primary care初...·Safer＇chemsex＇：GPs＇role in harm reduction for emerging forms of recreational drug use安全＂chemsex＂：全科医生在减少新兴形式毒品伤害方面的作用·Managing older people＇s alcohol misuse in primary care初级医疗对老年人乙醇滥用的管理·The role of general practice in following up patients with trauma全科医生在创伤患者随访中的作用·Rhetoric and reality in person-centred care：introducing the House of Care framework以人为中心护理的修辞和现实：展开更多
近日,柳叶刀杂志发表了题为'Public smoking regulation in China:no more hot air'的评论,肯定了我国在控烟方面所做出的努力,并客观评价了其效果。中国是世界上吸烟人口最多的国家,每年约有上百万人口死于吸烟。为保护居民免...近日,柳叶刀杂志发表了题为'Public smoking regulation in China:no more hot air'的评论,肯定了我国在控烟方面所做出的努力,并客观评价了其效果。中国是世界上吸烟人口最多的国家,每年约有上百万人口死于吸烟。为保护居民免受二次烟暴露的危害,中国政府颁布了多条禁烟条令,在公共场所全面禁烟,但由于缺乏具体的执行细则和处罚措施,再加上烟草税收是政府财政收入的重要来源之一,导致禁烟效果并不明显。该评论认为,下一阶段中国政府应加强立法,颁布全国层面的禁烟令,通过上调烟草税来控制烟草流行,并加强禁烟的健康宣传教育。展开更多
In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investi...In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments.展开更多
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(LC-MS/MS)method was developed for analysis of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke.The cigarette smoke was collected using a Cambridge filter treated with a...A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(LC-MS/MS)method was developed for analysis of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke.The cigarette smoke was collected using a Cambridge filter treated with acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,then extracted with acetonitrile.The extract was diluted with acetonitrile-water and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in negative electro-spray ionization mode.Formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acetone,acrolein,propionaldehyde,methyl ethyl ketone,butyraldehyde and crotonaldehyde in mainstream cigarette smoke were analyzed with the recovery at the range of 83% to 103%.The minimum detectable quantity for the carbonyls ranged from 0.08 to 0.28 μg/L,and relative standard deviations were below 6%.This new method had higher selectivity and sensitivity compared to conventional methods.5 kinds of foreign and domestic cigarette were analyzed.展开更多
A series of Ag,Cu and Co-doped manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves(OMS-2) were synthesized and evaluated to remove nitrogen oxides(NOx) from cigarette mainstream smoke.The three kinds of catalysts were added t...A series of Ag,Cu and Co-doped manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves(OMS-2) were synthesized and evaluated to remove nitrogen oxides(NOx) from cigarette mainstream smoke.The three kinds of catalysts were added to cigarettes for studying the capabilities of reducing NOx from cigarette mainstream smoke.The catalysis and reduction of NO in laboratory were studied.A mechanism for NOx catalytic reduction from burning cigarettes with the catalysts adding to cigarettes was described.The catalysts show excellent catalytic activity for NOx removal,especially the Ag-doped OMS-2 catalyst.0.5%(mass fraction) Ag-doped OMS-2 catalyst has the best ability to remove NOx from cigarette mainstream smoke.The use of Ag-doped OMS-2 as catalyst for removing carcinogenic compounds from cigarette smoke will be an effective strategy to protect the environment and public health.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a leading cause of death,where inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis.Vitamin E isoformγ-tocotrienol possess...OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a leading cause of death,where inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis.Vitamin E isoformγ-tocotrienol possesses both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.We hypothesized thatγ-tocotrienol may have protective effects against COPD.METHODS BALB/c mice were exposedto cigarette smoke daily for 2 weeks with oralγ-tocotrienol treatment in the second week.Bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)fluid was assessed for total and differential cell counts,oxidative damage biomarkers,and cytokine levels.Lung tissues were examined for the expression of antioxidants and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.In order to measure changes in lung functions in COPD,another set of mice was exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 months with oralγ-tocotrienol treatment in the last 2 weeks.RESULTSγ-Tocotrienol dose-dependently abated cigarette smoke-induced elevation of BAL fluid total and neutrophil cell counts,cytokine and chemokine(IL-1β,IL-6,IL-17,LIX,G-CSF,KC,RANTES and VEGF)levels,as well as oxidative/nitrosative damage biomarker(advanced oxidation of protein products,8-isoprostane,8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine)levels.γ-Tocotrienol promoted total lung antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase.More importantly,γ-tocotrienol markedly restored work of breathing and lung functions(total lung capacity,static compliance and FEV100/FVC)in chronic experimental COPD.Furthermore,γ-tocotrienol demonstrated better anti-oxidative,anti-inflammatory,and restoration of lung functions in COPD than prednisolone.CONCLUSION We have shown for the first time the efficacy of vitamin E isomerγ-tocotrienol in protection against cigarette smoke-induced COPD by direct neutralization of free radicals,abating oxidative damage,and restoring antioxidants activities,coupled with anti-inflammatory actions in the inflamed airways.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To develop a 2-week cigarette smoke(CS)acute lung injury model exacerbated by haemophilus influenzae(NTHi)and study the protective effect of andrographolide in this COPD model.METHODS Female BALB/c mice,6-8-...OBJECTIVE To develop a 2-week cigarette smoke(CS)acute lung injury model exacerbated by haemophilus influenzae(NTHi)and study the protective effect of andrographolide in this COPD model.METHODS Female BALB/c mice,6-8-week-old,were exposed to 4% 3R4 FCS delivered using aperistaltic pump daily for 2 weeks to induce an acute lung injury model.After 2 weeks of smoking,mice were inoculated intratracheally with NTHi to induce exacerbation on the model.Mice were sacrificed 48 h after last bacteria challenge and lung samples were collected for various analyses.RESULTS After developing a 2-week CS acute lung injury model exacerbated by NTHi,the CS+NTHi group was shown to have a higher inflammatory response,higher bacterial clearance,an upregulation of MMP12 mRNA levels and decrease in TIMP1 mRNA levels in the lungs.Administration of Andrographolide suppressed BALF lung cellular infiltrates,TNF-α,CXCL1/KC,IL-1βand 8-OHdG protein levels,together with increased HO-1 and GR mRNA levels and decreased MMP-8 and MMP-9 mRNA levels.Andrographolide was able to ameliorate lung histopathology as observed with H&E staining and inflammation scoring.Andrographolide was also shown to reduce Keap-1 level in lungs without affecting DJ-1 level.CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the protective effect of andrographolide in a novel 2-week CS acute lung injury model exacerbated by NTHi and presents it as a potential therapeutic for COPD.展开更多
The contradiction between flammability and packing density is the technical bottleneck for combustible smoke agent.Herein,polyurethane(PU)foams with flammability and resilience were prepared with polyol and isocyanate...The contradiction between flammability and packing density is the technical bottleneck for combustible smoke agent.Herein,polyurethane(PU)foams with flammability and resilience were prepared with polyol and isocyanate as raw materials by chemical foaming method,then compounded with metal powders,polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),phthalic annychide(PA),etc.in a certain proportion and pressed into pyrotechnic grain to obtain eco-friendly combustion aerosols with compact density of about1.15 g/cm^(3).The resulting combustion smoke agent combined the advantages of PU foam and pyrotechnic with easy ignition,large smoke production,long duration and low environmental pollution.The transmittance of aerosols for 532 nm and 1064 nm lasers was close to 0,and the EMI SE reached up to65 d B and 35 d B in GPS band and X band,respectively.In addition,the resulting pyrotechnic grains exhibited good mechanical strength and elasticity for sample 1:25,with a compressive strength of22 MPa and an elastic modulus of 195 MPa.The resulting combustion smoke agent is expected to play a potential role in the field of electromagnetic damage and protection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20357)Program for Innovative Research Team of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC。
文摘Objective:Active and passive smoking are common environmental risk factors,but there is no definite conclusion about their effects on relapse and disability progression in multiple sclerosis(MS)and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD).Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study.Patients were included from four centers.Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the clinical database,while data involving environmental exposures during daily life,relapse,and disability progression were obtained through telephone follow-up interviews.Determinants of relapse were assessed by Cox proportional models,and disability progression was assessed by linear regression.Kaplan‒Meier survival was used to estimate relapse within five years after the first attack.Results:A total of 130 MS patients and 318 NMOSD patients were included in this study,and females accounted for 60%and 79.6%,respectively.MS patients with an active smoking history had a higher risk of relapse,for which the association became borderline significant after accounting for covariates(aHR=1.52,95%CI=1.00,2.31;p=0.052).The relapse risk between ever-smokers who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day and smokers who smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day was not significantly different(aHR=0.96,95%CI=0.63,1.47;p=0.859).However,exposure to passive smoking was associated with a reduced risk of MS relapse(aHR=0.75,95%CI=0.56,1.00;p=0.044)compared with never-exposed patients.No associations were observed between active smoking/passive smoking and the risk of NMOSD relapse,but patients with a history of smoking were associated with a lower annual progression rate by Expanded Disability Status Scale(EDSS)(aβ=−0.20,95%CI=−0.38,−0.01;p=0.036)and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score(MSSS)(aβ=−0.23,95%CI=−0.44,−0.03;p=0.028).Conclusion:Our research shows that active smoking increases the relapse risk of MS and has a negative impact on disability progression;thus,smoking cessation should be encouraged.
文摘Objective This study analyzed a large single-center sample in China to explain the impact of smoking state at baseline on long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
文摘Objective Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 C(CACNA1C)gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel.This subunit forms the pore through which calcium ions pass into the cell and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure.Smoking habit has been proven become the risk factor of hypertension.This study aimed to investigate the interaction of variants in CACNA1C gene with smoke in blood pressure(BP)responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention.
文摘Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors(nAChRs)are widely distributed ligand gated ion channels throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems of mammals.There are 16 different n AChR subunits,α1-α7,α9,α10 andβ1-β4,as well asγ,δ,andε,which assemble into pentamers to form different nAChR subtypes with distinct pharmacological properties in mammals.Among themα6β2*(*designates other possible subunit),α3β4 andα4β2 nAChR subtypes are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of addiction.However,various n AChR subtypes are very difficult to pharmacologically distinguish from each other.Theα6*n AChRs are expressed by dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system,which modulate the release of dopamine and are believed to be important in mediating tobacco,morphine,cocaine and ethanol addiction.Theα3β4 nAChRs present in the medial habenula with important role in influencing nicotine addiction.Blockage ofα3β4 nAChRs in the medial habenula decreased the dose of nicotine that rodents would self-administer.Thus,new antagonists ofα6β2*orα3β4 nA ChR subtypes are of considerable interest,which would give strategies to selectively modulateα6β2*orα3β4 nA ChR function.We characterized anα-conotoxin(α-CTx)TxIB with 16 amino acids and anα-CTx TxID with 15 amino acids from Conus textile.The sequence of TxIB is GCCSDPPCRNKHPDLCamide.The sequence of TxID is GCCSHPVCSAMSPIC with C-terminal amidation too.Both peptides with aⅠ-ⅢandⅡ-Ⅳdisulfide con-nectivity were chemically synthesized.The residues between Cys-Ⅱand Cys-Ⅲand Cys-Ⅲand Cys-Ⅳofα-CTx are commonly referred to as loops 1 and 2,respectively.The number of residues in each of these loops is used to further classify theα-CTx.So TxIB is classified as a 4/7α-CTx,whereas theα-CTx TxIB has a 4/6 spacing.Both peptides were tested on rat nAChRs heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.Theα-CTx TxIB blockedα6/α3β2β3 nAChR with an IC50 of 28 nmol·L^(-1),which showed little or no block of all the other tested subtypes at concentrations up to 10μmol·L^(-1).TxIB blockingα6/α3β2β3 nAChR is rapidly reversed after toxin washout.The ability ofα-CTx TxIB to discriminate betweenα6/α3β2β3 and the other nAChR receptors is unique.There are no small molecules have this selectivity profile.Previously describedα-CTx that potently blockα6/α3β2β3 nA ChR s also block eitherα6/α3β4 nAChRs,α3β2 nAChRs and(or)other nAChRs subtypes.TxID was the very potentα3β4 nAChR antagonists blocking ratα3β4 n AChRs with an IC-50 of 12.5 nmol·L1.However,TxID also blocked the closely relatedα6/α3β4 with an IC50 of 94 nmol·L^(-1).In fact,the expression profile ofα3β4 nAChRs andα6/α3β4 nAChRs overlap in a variety of tissues.So TxI D can′t differentiateα3β4 nA ChR fromα6/α3β4 nA ChR effectively.To distinguish between these two close subtypes,positional-scanning mutagenesis of TxID was performed to identify critical residues that confer potency forα3β4 nAChRs,and hope to obtain more selective mutant to discriminate between these two close subtypes.The effects of 15 analogues and TxID were tested on bothα3β4 andα6/α3β4 nAChRs.An analogue,ie[S9 A]TxID had46-fold greater potency forα3β4 versusα6/α3β4 nAChRs,which showed significantly improved selectivity forα3β4 versusα6/α3β4 nAChRs.Both TxI D and[S9 A]TxI D had little activity on other nA ChR subtypes.The three-dimensional solution structures of TxIB,TxID and[S9 A]TxID were determined using NMR spectroscopy.α-CTx TxI B,TxID and[S9 A]TxID represent uniquely selective ligand for probing the structure and function ofα6β2*andα3β4 nA ChR s respectively.It is known about20%people have used drugs recreationally resulting in a substance use disorder finally.Therefore,structural insights derived from these ligands may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for addiction involvingα6β2*andα3β4 nA ChR s.
文摘In this paper,effect of tobacco additives on the chemical compounds change in cigarette smoke was studied by the metabonomics method.The samples with different additives were grouped by the fragment ions of mass spectrometry,and the compounds,which markedly effecting the cigarette smoking,were obtained.This afforded a theoretical basis and guidance for the use of additive in cigarette produce.
文摘This paper discussed 378 cases of lung cancer which were identified pathologically in the thoracic department of China Medical University from 1980～1986. The sections were stained with H.E., PAS-ab and Keratin, and compared with sections of 131 cases of lung cancer being confirmed beforehand from 1978～1984. Chinese cases showed epidermoid carcinoma 165 (male 146), adenocarcinoma 136(male 82), small cell carcinoma 29 (male 21), large cell carcinoma 19 (male 15) and the others 29 (male 27); Japanese cases were 59(50), 53(25), 3 (2), 11(10), 3(0) respectively. The cases under 40 years of age were 23(6.1%) in China, 3(2.3%)in Japan. Both of them have similar character of histology. But the incidence of lung cancer in youth is higher in China.
文摘·Safer＇chemsex＇：GPs＇role in harm reduction for emerging forms of recreational drug use安全＂chemsex＂：全科医生在减少新兴形式毒品伤害方面的作用·Managing older people＇s alcohol misuse in primary care初级医疗对老年人乙醇滥用的管理·The role of general practice in following up patients with trauma全科医生在创伤患者随访中的作用·Rhetoric and reality in person-centred care：introducing the House of Care framework以人为中心护理的修辞和现实：
文摘近日,柳叶刀杂志发表了题为'Public smoking regulation in China:no more hot air'的评论,肯定了我国在控烟方面所做出的努力,并客观评价了其效果。中国是世界上吸烟人口最多的国家,每年约有上百万人口死于吸烟。为保护居民免受二次烟暴露的危害,中国政府颁布了多条禁烟条令,在公共场所全面禁烟,但由于缺乏具体的执行细则和处罚措施,再加上烟草税收是政府财政收入的重要来源之一,导致禁烟效果并不明显。该评论认为,下一阶段中国政府应加强立法,颁布全国层面的禁烟令,通过上调烟草税来控制烟草流行,并加强禁烟的健康宣传教育。
基金the Central University Special Funding for Basic Scientific Research(Grant No.30918012201)the Foundation of JWKJW Field(Grant 2020-JCJQ-JJ-392)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX20_0315).
文摘In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments.
文摘A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(LC-MS/MS)method was developed for analysis of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke.The cigarette smoke was collected using a Cambridge filter treated with acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,then extracted with acetonitrile.The extract was diluted with acetonitrile-water and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in negative electro-spray ionization mode.Formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acetone,acrolein,propionaldehyde,methyl ethyl ketone,butyraldehyde and crotonaldehyde in mainstream cigarette smoke were analyzed with the recovery at the range of 83% to 103%.The minimum detectable quantity for the carbonyls ranged from 0.08 to 0.28 μg/L,and relative standard deviations were below 6%.This new method had higher selectivity and sensitivity compared to conventional methods.5 kinds of foreign and domestic cigarette were analyzed.
文摘A series of Ag,Cu and Co-doped manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves(OMS-2) were synthesized and evaluated to remove nitrogen oxides(NOx) from cigarette mainstream smoke.The three kinds of catalysts were added to cigarettes for studying the capabilities of reducing NOx from cigarette mainstream smoke.The catalysis and reduction of NO in laboratory were studied.A mechanism for NOx catalytic reduction from burning cigarettes with the catalysts adding to cigarettes was described.The catalysts show excellent catalytic activity for NOx removal,especially the Ag-doped OMS-2 catalyst.0.5%(mass fraction) Ag-doped OMS-2 catalyst has the best ability to remove NOx from cigarette mainstream smoke.The use of Ag-doped OMS-2 as catalyst for removing carcinogenic compounds from cigarette smoke will be an effective strategy to protect the environment and public health.
基金The project supported in part by NMRC/CBRG/0027/2012from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore and by NUHS Seed Fund R-184-000-238-112
文摘OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a leading cause of death,where inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis.Vitamin E isoformγ-tocotrienol possesses both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.We hypothesized thatγ-tocotrienol may have protective effects against COPD.METHODS BALB/c mice were exposedto cigarette smoke daily for 2 weeks with oralγ-tocotrienol treatment in the second week.Bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)fluid was assessed for total and differential cell counts,oxidative damage biomarkers,and cytokine levels.Lung tissues were examined for the expression of antioxidants and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.In order to measure changes in lung functions in COPD,another set of mice was exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 months with oralγ-tocotrienol treatment in the last 2 weeks.RESULTSγ-Tocotrienol dose-dependently abated cigarette smoke-induced elevation of BAL fluid total and neutrophil cell counts,cytokine and chemokine(IL-1β,IL-6,IL-17,LIX,G-CSF,KC,RANTES and VEGF)levels,as well as oxidative/nitrosative damage biomarker(advanced oxidation of protein products,8-isoprostane,8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine)levels.γ-Tocotrienol promoted total lung antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase.More importantly,γ-tocotrienol markedly restored work of breathing and lung functions(total lung capacity,static compliance and FEV100/FVC)in chronic experimental COPD.Furthermore,γ-tocotrienol demonstrated better anti-oxidative,anti-inflammatory,and restoration of lung functions in COPD than prednisolone.CONCLUSION We have shown for the first time the efficacy of vitamin E isomerγ-tocotrienol in protection against cigarette smoke-induced COPD by direct neutralization of free radicals,abating oxidative damage,and restoring antioxidants activities,coupled with anti-inflammatory actions in the inflamed airways.
基金The project supported by National Medical Research Council(NMRC/CBRG/0027/2012)
文摘OBJECTIVE To develop a 2-week cigarette smoke(CS)acute lung injury model exacerbated by haemophilus influenzae(NTHi)and study the protective effect of andrographolide in this COPD model.METHODS Female BALB/c mice,6-8-week-old,were exposed to 4% 3R4 FCS delivered using aperistaltic pump daily for 2 weeks to induce an acute lung injury model.After 2 weeks of smoking,mice were inoculated intratracheally with NTHi to induce exacerbation on the model.Mice were sacrificed 48 h after last bacteria challenge and lung samples were collected for various analyses.RESULTS After developing a 2-week CS acute lung injury model exacerbated by NTHi,the CS+NTHi group was shown to have a higher inflammatory response,higher bacterial clearance,an upregulation of MMP12 mRNA levels and decrease in TIMP1 mRNA levels in the lungs.Administration of Andrographolide suppressed BALF lung cellular infiltrates,TNF-α,CXCL1/KC,IL-1βand 8-OHdG protein levels,together with increased HO-1 and GR mRNA levels and decreased MMP-8 and MMP-9 mRNA levels.Andrographolide was able to ameliorate lung histopathology as observed with H&E staining and inflammation scoring.Andrographolide was also shown to reduce Keap-1 level in lungs without affecting DJ-1 level.CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the protective effect of andrographolide in a novel 2-week CS acute lung injury model exacerbated by NTHi and presents it as a potential therapeutic for COPD.
基金financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3090011182152)。
文摘The contradiction between flammability and packing density is the technical bottleneck for combustible smoke agent.Herein,polyurethane(PU)foams with flammability and resilience were prepared with polyol and isocyanate as raw materials by chemical foaming method,then compounded with metal powders,polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),phthalic annychide(PA),etc.in a certain proportion and pressed into pyrotechnic grain to obtain eco-friendly combustion aerosols with compact density of about1.15 g/cm^(3).The resulting combustion smoke agent combined the advantages of PU foam and pyrotechnic with easy ignition,large smoke production,long duration and low environmental pollution.The transmittance of aerosols for 532 nm and 1064 nm lasers was close to 0,and the EMI SE reached up to65 d B and 35 d B in GPS band and X band,respectively.In addition,the resulting pyrotechnic grains exhibited good mechanical strength and elasticity for sample 1:25,with a compressive strength of22 MPa and an elastic modulus of 195 MPa.The resulting combustion smoke agent is expected to play a potential role in the field of electromagnetic damage and protection.
