Social interaction with peer pressure is widely studied in social network analysis.Game theory can be utilized to model dynamic social interaction,and one class of game network models assumes that people’s decision p...Social interaction with peer pressure is widely studied in social network analysis.Game theory can be utilized to model dynamic social interaction,and one class of game network models assumes that people’s decision payoff functions hinge on individual covariates and the choices of their friends.However,peer pressure would be misidentified and induce a non-negligible bias when incomplete covariates are involved in the game model.For this reason,we develop a generalized constant peer effects model based on homogeneity structure in dynamic social networks.The new model can effectively avoid bias through homogeneity pursuit and can be applied to a wider range of scenarios.To estimate peer pressure in the model,we first present two algorithms based on the initialize expand merge method and the polynomial-time twostage method to estimate homogeneity parameters.Then we apply the nested pseudo-likelihood method and obtain consistent estimators of peer pressure.Simulation evaluations show that our proposed methodology can achieve desirable and effective results in terms of the community misclassification rate and parameter estimation error.We also illustrate the advantages of our model in the empirical analysis when compared with a benchmark model.展开更多
Since social media increasingly infiltrates the workplace,it may affect employee innovation.However,how so-cial media use(SMU)affects employee innovation performance remains controversial.Therefore,this study explores...Since social media increasingly infiltrates the workplace,it may affect employee innovation.However,how so-cial media use(SMU)affects employee innovation performance remains controversial.Therefore,this study explores the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions in the relationship between SMU and employee innovation performance.The research model was tested through a survey of 221 Chinese employees.The results show that SMU is positively re-lated to employee innovation performance,with work engagement acting as a mediator in this relationship.Employee tra-ditionality positively moderates the positive impact of work-related SMU on work engagement,while traditionality has no moderating effect on the relationship between social-related SMU and work engagement.This study focuses on the rela-tionship between SMU and innovation performance based on conservation of resources theory,offering insights into the intrinsic mechanism by which SMU affects employee innovation.Furthermore,this study considers the moderating effect of employee traditionality based on social cognitive theory,enriching the knowledge of how traditionality influences the impacts of SMU.This study has theoretical implications for future research and practical guidance for enterprises regard-ing the proper use of social media.展开更多
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping,with a long-term vision,has discussed social governance on different occasions in the face of contemporary issues,forming a...Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping,with a long-term vision,has discussed social governance on different occasions in the face of contemporary issues,forming an ideological system with complete structure,rich content,rigorous exposition,and profound thinking.From the perspective of theoretical analysis,these expositions insist on people-centeredness in the value dimension,implement multiple subject participation in the practical dimension,consider promoting the legalization of social governance in the target dimension,draw on the essence of traditional cultural governance in the historical dimension,and focus on diversified governance measures in the method dimension.The important exposition of General Secretary Xi Jinping on social governance is the new development of Chinese Marxist social governance ideas,which will help the steady progress of socialist social governance with Chinese characteristics and the further improvement of socialist governance system with Chinese characteristics.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of depression according to the LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics in the mouse model which exhibits social avoidance state induced by the chronic social defeat stress model(CSDS).METHODS...OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of depression according to the LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics in the mouse model which exhibits social avoidance state induced by the chronic social defeat stress model(CSDS).METHODS Twenty male C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into control group and model group suffering CSDS,and the ICR retired breeder mice were used to attack the model group for 14 d of chronic social defeated stress.The open field test and source preference test were both used to observe depression-like behavior.Besides,the social interaction test is used to observe the social interaction state,especially.After the stress,the serum samples of mice were collected,and the changes of endogenous metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS metabolomics technology,and the pathway analysis of the differential metabolites was performed to explore the pathogenesis of the CSDS induced depressive-like mouse model.RESULTS After the stress of CSDS was completed,the mice in the model group showed a significant slowdown in body weight growth,a reduction in the source preference rate,and a significant reduction in the total distance and the number of rearing in the open field test.Distinctively,the social interaction rate is remarkably decreasing.There are 24 differential metabolites found in the serum of CSDS model mice.CONCLUSION The mouse who suffered CSDS stress would show depressive-like behavior.Based on the LC-MS/MS metabolomics,24 differential metabolites were found in the serum of CSDS model mice.The amino acid metabolism might be significant to the pathogenesis of the CSDS induced depressive-like mouse model.展开更多
Psychedelic is one of psychoac⁃tive drug substances which leads to abnormali⁃ties in thinking,mood and sensory perception via the subtype of 5-HT receptor(5-HT2A receptor).Psychedelic is known to cause schizophrenia-l...Psychedelic is one of psychoac⁃tive drug substances which leads to abnormali⁃ties in thinking,mood and sensory perception via the subtype of 5-HT receptor(5-HT2A receptor).Psychedelic is known to cause schizophrenia-like symptoms or worsen schizophrenia.Mean⁃while it causes abnormalities in neural synchroni⁃zation and oscillations.In recent years,with the prevalence of various new psychedelic drugs and the rising population of young addicts,the clinical effects of psychedelic have been highly concerned.Adolescence is an important period for the formation of neuroplasticity,and it is an important stage in the functional development and maturation of the central nervous system.However,it is currently unclear about the endur⁃ing effects of juvenile exposure to psychedelic on social behavior,and neural network function.OBJECTIVE The chronic exposure model of psy⁃chedelic(2CC-NBOMe,2CC)in rats was used to reveal the enduring effects on social behavior and neural network function in adulthood,which is intended to provide important reference infor⁃mation about the potential enduring effects and clinical applicability of psychedelic.METHODS Repeated exposure of normal saline in adoles⁃cence group(0.1 mL·kg-1,for 14 d),repeated exposure of 2CC group(0.1 mg·kg-1,for 14 d).The duration of adolescent administration was 35-48 d after birth.Adulthood means 9 weeks after birth.Behavioral and somatic neuroelectro⁃physiological experiments were performed 9-12 weeks after birth in the adolescent drug exposure group.RESULTS Psychedelic-exposed animals during adolescence showed a significant decline in social rank and an increase in social willingness.Coherence of theta waves(6-10 Hz)from the hippocampal CA1 to the orbital frontal cortex(Orb)was significantly reduced in the psy⁃chedelic-exposed animals compared to the con⁃trol animals.During the social task,the coher⁃ence of theta waves between CA1 and Orb was significantly reduced in the control animals,but not in the psychedelic-exposed animals.CON⁃CLUSION The altered social function caused by chronic psychedelic exposure during adoles⁃cence is associated with abnormal CA1-Orb theta wave coherence.展开更多
An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant...An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant density and exit width. In addition, the problem of pedestrians selecting exit frequently is solved as follows: not changing to other exits in the affected area of one exit, using the probability of remaining preceding exit and invoking function of exit selection after several simulation steps. Pedestrians in subway station have some special characteristics, such as explicit destinations, different familiarities with subway station. Finally, Beijing Zoo Subway Station is taken as an example and the feasibility of the model results is verified through the comparison of the actual data and simulation data. The simulation results show that the improved model can depict the microscopic behaviors of pedestrians in subway station.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1),an important bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng,has potent neuroprotective effects.The objective of the study is to elucidate the impact of Rb1 treatment on chronic social defeat stre...OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1),an important bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng,has potent neuroprotective effects.The objective of the study is to elucidate the impact of Rb1 treatment on chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and its related mechanism.METHODS AND RE⁃SULTS The daily oral administration of Rb1(35 and 70 mg·kg-1)and imipramine(15 mg·kg-1)for 28 d significantly reversed the social avoidance behavior,anhedonia,and behavioral despair via CSDS exposure,as demonstrated by the consid⁃erable elevation in the time in the zone in social interaction test and consumption of sucrose solu⁃tion in sucrose preference test and decrease of immobility time in forced swim test.Moreover,Rb1 obviously restored the CSDS-induced decrease of BDNF-signaling pathway and hippo⁃campal neurogenesis.Rb1 significantly increased the hippocampal levels of ERK,AKT,and CREB phosphorylation and increased the number of DCX+cells in DG.Importantly,the antidepres⁃sant effects of Rb1 were completely blocked in mice by using K252a(the nonselective tyrosine kinase B inhibitor).CONCLUSION Rb1 exerts promising antidepressant-like effects in mice with CSDS-induced depression,and its effects was facilitated by enhancing the BDNF signaling cas⁃cade and up-regulation of hippocampal neuro⁃genesis.展开更多
Due to people’s increasing dependence on social networks,it is essential to develop a consensus model considering not only their own factors but also the interaction between people.Both external trust relationship am...Due to people’s increasing dependence on social networks,it is essential to develop a consensus model considering not only their own factors but also the interaction between people.Both external trust relationship among experts and the internal reliability of experts are important factors in decision-making.This paper focuses on improving the scientificity and effectiveness of decision-making and presents a consensus model combining trust relationship among experts and expert reliability in social network group decision-making(SN-GDM).A concept named matching degree is proposed to measure expert reliability.Meanwhile,linguistic information is applied to manage the imprecise and vague information.Matching degree is expressed by a 2-tuple linguistic model,and experts’preferences are measured by a probabilistic linguistic term set(PLTS).Subsequently,a hybrid weight is explored to weigh experts’importance in a group.Then a consensus measure is introduced and a feedback mechanism is developed to produce some personalized recommendations with higher group consensus.Finally,a comparative example is provided to prove the scientificity and effectiveness of the proposed consensus model.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Social anxiety disorder,also known as social phobia,is the most common of all anxiety disorders.Despite the seriousness of this disorder,it has rarely been studied and as a consequence,little is known about ...OBJECTIVE Social anxiety disorder,also known as social phobia,is the most common of all anxiety disorders.Despite the seriousness of this disorder,it has rarely been studied and as a consequence,little is known about its underlying neurobiology.Growing evidence suggests that inhibitory neurons dysfunction could affect the balance of neuronal activity in psychotic disorders including anxiety,SAD,etc.Ephrin-B(EB) proteins were previously demonstrated to ensure normal distribution and function of inhibitory interneurons in the brain.We thus proposed that deletion of EB2 in inhibitory neurons might destroy the homeostasis of excitatory neurons and inhibitory neurons,and induce behavioral deficits associated with psychotic diseases.METHODS(1)Mice.We generated conditional EB2 knockout mice as a model of SAD and characterized the behaviors and the biochemical changes in the brains of the knockout mice.We also generated a mouse line with a selective deletion of EB2 from vGAT neurons by breeding a v GAT-Cre line with a loxP-flanked alleles in EB2.For EB2 detection,we crossed vGAT-Cre;EphrinB2 loxp/loxp mice with Rosa26-STOP-tdTomato Cre indicator(Ai9) mice to label the vGAT neurons with tdTomato.Mice were maintained in a mixed CD1/129 genetic background.Al experiments involving mice were carried out in accordance with the Shanghai Jiaotong University.Genotypes were unlocked only after completion of analysis.(2) General procedures for behavioral testing.Open field test:Locomotor activity was measured using an open field test.The size of the open field box was 44 cm×44 cm×44 cm.Each mouse was placed in the corner of the open-field apparatus at the beginning of the test,and allowed to explore it for 15 min.The total distance traveled(in cm) and counts for stereotyped behaviors were recorded and analyzed.The total distance traveled was used as an index of locomotor activity.The percentage of center zone entries was considered as anxiety indexes.EPM test:The elevated plus maze apparatus was made of dark gray plastic and comprised two open arms(30 cm×7 cm×0.25 cm) opposed to two enclosed arms(30 cm × 7 cm × 15 cm) elevated60 cm from the floor.Animals were placed in the central area of the apparatus with their head facing an enclosed arm(test duration,5 min).Digitized video recordings with EthoVision software were used for behavioral analysis.The percentage of time spent in open arms and the percentage of open-arm entries were calculated.Social behaviors:Briefly,a top open acrylic box was divided into three compartments by two clear acrylic glass partitions with an opening in the bottom.Wire mesh cages that are either empty or have social stimulus mouse in it were put in the center of each outer compartment.Unfamiliar naive CD1/129 mice of the same age were used as stimulus mice.Prior to the test,the mouse was introduced into the center chamber for 5 min,with both gates closed.Gates were then open and the test mouse was acclimated to explore the empty three-chambered apparatus freely for another 10 min.After the initial 15 min habituation session,mice were placed in the center compartment and allowed to explore freely all the three compartments.To examine the social contact,the following activities were recorded via a video surveillance for 10 min.The number of entries to each compartment,the time spent in each compartment as well as the time and frequency each mouse spent in sniffing were analyzed with EthoVision XT 8.5(Noldus,Wageningen,Netherlands).RESULTS(1)Social preference assays were performed in WT-vGATCre,EB2-flox,and EB2-vGATCre mice respectively.To evaluate social approach behavior,we used a three-chamber social arena to evaluate animals for their social interaction.The control groups of WTvGATCre,EB2-flox mice showed a significant preference for spending time in the social chamber(P<0.05);whereas the EB2-vGATCre mice did not show this preference and spent roughly equal time in the social and nonsocial chambers.(2)To determine if the decrease in social preference could result from changes in locomotion,we compared locomotor activity in EB2-vG ATCre mice and control mice.We did not observe a significant lower locomotive activity in mice.Hence,EB2 deletion caused a change in social preference but not in locomotion.Taken together,EB2 deletion exerts abnormal psychotogenic activity of social deficits which was often considered as an important feature of SAD.(3) The time spent in the open arms is widely used to measure anxiety in mice,with greater time spent in the open arm being considered as less anxious behavior.To normalize for individual differences in overall activity level,the time spent in the open arms was divided by the total time.The ratio was higher for WT-vGATCre mice and EB2-loxp mice as compared to the EB2-vG ATCre mice(P=0.0112,P=0.0197).Thus,results showed that there was a change in anxiety levels from in EB2-vGATCre mice as compared with control mice.CONCLUSION EB2 may be a candidate risk gene for SAD and that the EB2 conditional knockout model could be a tool for studying the underlying mechanisms in SAD.展开更多
The inherent selfishness of each node for the enhancement of message successful delivery ratio and the network overall performance improvement are reflected in the contradiction relationship of competition and coopera...The inherent selfishness of each node for the enhancement of message successful delivery ratio and the network overall performance improvement are reflected in the contradiction relationship of competition and cooperation in delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN). In particular, the existence of malicious node aggravates this contradiction. To resolve this contradiction, social relationship theory and group theory of social psychology were adopted to do an in-depth analysis. The concrete balancing approach which leveraged Nash equilibrium theory of game theory was proposed to resolve this contradiction in reality. Thus, a new congestion control routing algorithm for security defense based on social psychology and game theory (CRSG) was put forward. Through the experiment, this algorithm proves that it can enhance the message successful delivery ratio by more than 15% and reduce the congestion ratio over 15% as well. This algorithm balances the contradiction relationship between the two key performance targets and made all nodes exhibit strong cooperation relationship in DTN.展开更多
2013年10月"首届国际学习型城市大会"在北京隆重召开。102个国家的500多名代表一致通过了《建设学习型城市北京宣言》。其中有十二项承诺,而第一承诺便是"Empowering Individuals and Promoting Social Cohesion"(...2013年10月"首届国际学习型城市大会"在北京隆重召开。102个国家的500多名代表一致通过了《建设学习型城市北京宣言》。其中有十二项承诺,而第一承诺便是"Empowering Individuals and Promoting Social Cohesion"(促进个体赋权增能和增强社会凝聚)。何谓"赋权增能"和"社会凝聚"不能从简单的汉译来理解,需从词源来准确辨析,更需要从政治学、社会学、法学、心理学等角度领略其深刻的内涵。"赋权增能"与"社会凝聚"有密切的内在联系,其指向目标、目的、效能等核心价值构成完整体系。学习型城市建设与"赋权增能"和"社会凝聚"有着高度的重要关联。在改革开放的今天,践履"第一承诺"已经成为我国唯一选择。怎样践履这一庄严承诺,《北京宣言》指出了基本路向,在表达教育机会、基本能力、社会参与、性别平等、贫富差距、社区建设等兑现承诺的特定语境中,充分揭示了《北京宣言》将"赋权增能"、"社会凝聚"作为第一承诺的理由和重要意义。这应是对《北京宣言》第一承诺的完整理解。展开更多
Typhoons are a category of natural disasters whose annual occurrence causes major life and property loss in the Northwestern Pacific region.During typhoon events,social media serve as an effective tool to transmit and...Typhoons are a category of natural disasters whose annual occurrence causes major life and property loss in the Northwestern Pacific region.During typhoon events,social media serve as an effective tool to transmit and acquire disaster information in real time.Texts and photos from social media can be used as a way of crowd sourcing to extract disaster loss information,analyze human behaviors and formulate responses.The dataset presented here consists of social media-based data collected from"Sina-Weibo"microblogs,"WeChat"articles,and"Baidu"news about the typhoon events in 2017,covering Typhoon"Merbok","Roke","Khanun","Haitang","Mawar","Hato","Nesat"and"Pakhar".We mainly collected text data from these social media platforms and websites,which were then cleaned for redundancy and irrelevance.This dataset can be used for deeper disaster information mining of typhoon events.展开更多
The social organization is the periodic product of the change of social management mode before and after the reform and opening-up. Under the background of governance theory,the status of social organizations must be ...The social organization is the periodic product of the change of social management mode before and after the reform and opening-up. Under the background of governance theory,the status of social organizations must be further enhanced. To realize the modernization of the national governance system, it is necessary to further develop and improve social organizations to meet the needs of The Times when traditional social management changes to modern social governance. The generation of pivotal social organizations should aim at improving the governance of social organizations. The key lies in the implementation of the concept of"separation of politics and society". The construction of pivotal social organization should become the representative of social interests in function,break away from the color of"official office"in main body, and strengthen the cultivation, service and supervision of social organization in behavior.展开更多
Revolutions,typical cases of crucial social transformations,cannot be realized successfully without a large number of activists.Therefore,creating conditions favorable for acquiring enough participants should be an im...Revolutions,typical cases of crucial social transformations,cannot be realized successfully without a large number of activists.Therefore,creating conditions favorable for acquiring enough participants should be an important topic of Marxist social science.In particular,this problem includes the “free-ride,” because the benefits of revolutionaries’ activities are gained not only by the activists but also by all other members.The paper analyzes problems such as this one,applying non-cooperative game theory to social dilemma problems.This leads to some interesting results.In this research,the problem of the workers’ choice between unity or freeride is first defined using numerical examples of the gain structure.It is defined again in a more generalized form using other parameters.In so doing,we express both the cost of participating in the movement and the gains from the concession of the ruling class.Because this analysis focuses on the importance of the number of participants,the concession of the ruling class is framed as a function of the number of participants.The results of this analysis revealed that the economic base and superstructure accurately correspond in some game structures but not in others.In other words,the social dilemma presents either as a case of prisoners’ dilemma or as a chicken game.Furthermore,this paper analyzes the influence of group size,and it was revealed that groups with a large number of members,such as a ruled class,find it particularly difficult to unite.This phenomenon is called the “large group dilemma.” In these ways,this research shows that the aforementioned type of game theory can be used to analyze the difficulties and possibilities of social movements.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(71771201,72531009,71973001)the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(FSSF-A-240202).
文摘Social interaction with peer pressure is widely studied in social network analysis.Game theory can be utilized to model dynamic social interaction,and one class of game network models assumes that people’s decision payoff functions hinge on individual covariates and the choices of their friends.However,peer pressure would be misidentified and induce a non-negligible bias when incomplete covariates are involved in the game model.For this reason,we develop a generalized constant peer effects model based on homogeneity structure in dynamic social networks.The new model can effectively avoid bias through homogeneity pursuit and can be applied to a wider range of scenarios.To estimate peer pressure in the model,we first present two algorithms based on the initialize expand merge method and the polynomial-time twostage method to estimate homogeneity parameters.Then we apply the nested pseudo-likelihood method and obtain consistent estimators of peer pressure.Simulation evaluations show that our proposed methodology can achieve desirable and effective results in terms of the community misclassification rate and parameter estimation error.We also illustrate the advantages of our model in the empirical analysis when compared with a benchmark model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72332007)。
文摘Since social media increasingly infiltrates the workplace,it may affect employee innovation.However,how so-cial media use(SMU)affects employee innovation performance remains controversial.Therefore,this study explores the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions in the relationship between SMU and employee innovation performance.The research model was tested through a survey of 221 Chinese employees.The results show that SMU is positively re-lated to employee innovation performance,with work engagement acting as a mediator in this relationship.Employee tra-ditionality positively moderates the positive impact of work-related SMU on work engagement,while traditionality has no moderating effect on the relationship between social-related SMU and work engagement.This study focuses on the rela-tionship between SMU and innovation performance based on conservation of resources theory,offering insights into the intrinsic mechanism by which SMU affects employee innovation.Furthermore,this study considers the moderating effect of employee traditionality based on social cognitive theory,enriching the knowledge of how traditionality influences the impacts of SMU.This study has theoretical implications for future research and practical guidance for enterprises regard-ing the proper use of social media.
基金funded by the Shandong Social Science Planning Project“A study of the Innovation and Development of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Social Governance in the New Era”(18CXSXJ08)Shandong Humanities and Social Sciences Project in 2019“A study of the Important Exposition of General Secretary Xi Jinping on Collaborative+1 种基金Participatory and Sharing Social Governance”(19-ZX-XS-10)Shandong Province’s Project of Science and Technology Support Plan for Young Innovation in Colleges and Universities“A study of the Internal Logic in Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era”(2019RWB016)。
文摘Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping,with a long-term vision,has discussed social governance on different occasions in the face of contemporary issues,forming an ideological system with complete structure,rich content,rigorous exposition,and profound thinking.From the perspective of theoretical analysis,these expositions insist on people-centeredness in the value dimension,implement multiple subject participation in the practical dimension,consider promoting the legalization of social governance in the target dimension,draw on the essence of traditional cultural governance in the historical dimension,and focus on diversified governance measures in the method dimension.The important exposition of General Secretary Xi Jinping on social governance is the new development of Chinese Marxist social governance ideas,which will help the steady progress of socialist social governance with Chinese characteristics and the further improvement of socialist governance system with Chinese characteristics.
文摘OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of depression according to the LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics in the mouse model which exhibits social avoidance state induced by the chronic social defeat stress model(CSDS).METHODS Twenty male C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into control group and model group suffering CSDS,and the ICR retired breeder mice were used to attack the model group for 14 d of chronic social defeated stress.The open field test and source preference test were both used to observe depression-like behavior.Besides,the social interaction test is used to observe the social interaction state,especially.After the stress,the serum samples of mice were collected,and the changes of endogenous metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS metabolomics technology,and the pathway analysis of the differential metabolites was performed to explore the pathogenesis of the CSDS induced depressive-like mouse model.RESULTS After the stress of CSDS was completed,the mice in the model group showed a significant slowdown in body weight growth,a reduction in the source preference rate,and a significant reduction in the total distance and the number of rearing in the open field test.Distinctively,the social interaction rate is remarkably decreasing.There are 24 differential metabolites found in the serum of CSDS model mice.CONCLUSION The mouse who suffered CSDS stress would show depressive-like behavior.Based on the LC-MS/MS metabolomics,24 differential metabolites were found in the serum of CSDS model mice.The amino acid metabolism might be significant to the pathogenesis of the CSDS induced depressive-like mouse model.
文摘Psychedelic is one of psychoac⁃tive drug substances which leads to abnormali⁃ties in thinking,mood and sensory perception via the subtype of 5-HT receptor(5-HT2A receptor).Psychedelic is known to cause schizophrenia-like symptoms or worsen schizophrenia.Mean⁃while it causes abnormalities in neural synchroni⁃zation and oscillations.In recent years,with the prevalence of various new psychedelic drugs and the rising population of young addicts,the clinical effects of psychedelic have been highly concerned.Adolescence is an important period for the formation of neuroplasticity,and it is an important stage in the functional development and maturation of the central nervous system.However,it is currently unclear about the endur⁃ing effects of juvenile exposure to psychedelic on social behavior,and neural network function.OBJECTIVE The chronic exposure model of psy⁃chedelic(2CC-NBOMe,2CC)in rats was used to reveal the enduring effects on social behavior and neural network function in adulthood,which is intended to provide important reference infor⁃mation about the potential enduring effects and clinical applicability of psychedelic.METHODS Repeated exposure of normal saline in adoles⁃cence group(0.1 mL·kg-1,for 14 d),repeated exposure of 2CC group(0.1 mg·kg-1,for 14 d).The duration of adolescent administration was 35-48 d after birth.Adulthood means 9 weeks after birth.Behavioral and somatic neuroelectro⁃physiological experiments were performed 9-12 weeks after birth in the adolescent drug exposure group.RESULTS Psychedelic-exposed animals during adolescence showed a significant decline in social rank and an increase in social willingness.Coherence of theta waves(6-10 Hz)from the hippocampal CA1 to the orbital frontal cortex(Orb)was significantly reduced in the psy⁃chedelic-exposed animals compared to the con⁃trol animals.During the social task,the coher⁃ence of theta waves between CA1 and Orb was significantly reduced in the control animals,but not in the psychedelic-exposed animals.CON⁃CLUSION The altered social function caused by chronic psychedelic exposure during adoles⁃cence is associated with abnormal CA1-Orb theta wave coherence.
基金Project(T14JB00200)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesChina+2 种基金Projects(RCS2012ZZ002RCS2012ZT003)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and SafetyChina
文摘An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant density and exit width. In addition, the problem of pedestrians selecting exit frequently is solved as follows: not changing to other exits in the affected area of one exit, using the probability of remaining preceding exit and invoking function of exit selection after several simulation steps. Pedestrians in subway station have some special characteristics, such as explicit destinations, different familiarities with subway station. Finally, Beijing Zoo Subway Station is taken as an example and the feasibility of the model results is verified through the comparison of the actual data and simulation data. The simulation results show that the improved model can depict the microscopic behaviors of pedestrians in subway station.
基金Ministry of Science and Tech⁃nology of China(2017ZX09301029)and Space Medical Experiment Project of China Manned Space Program(HYZHXM05003)。
文摘OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1),an important bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng,has potent neuroprotective effects.The objective of the study is to elucidate the impact of Rb1 treatment on chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and its related mechanism.METHODS AND RE⁃SULTS The daily oral administration of Rb1(35 and 70 mg·kg-1)and imipramine(15 mg·kg-1)for 28 d significantly reversed the social avoidance behavior,anhedonia,and behavioral despair via CSDS exposure,as demonstrated by the consid⁃erable elevation in the time in the zone in social interaction test and consumption of sucrose solu⁃tion in sucrose preference test and decrease of immobility time in forced swim test.Moreover,Rb1 obviously restored the CSDS-induced decrease of BDNF-signaling pathway and hippo⁃campal neurogenesis.Rb1 significantly increased the hippocampal levels of ERK,AKT,and CREB phosphorylation and increased the number of DCX+cells in DG.Importantly,the antidepres⁃sant effects of Rb1 were completely blocked in mice by using K252a(the nonselective tyrosine kinase B inhibitor).CONCLUSION Rb1 exerts promising antidepressant-like effects in mice with CSDS-induced depression,and its effects was facilitated by enhancing the BDNF signaling cas⁃cade and up-regulation of hippocampal neuro⁃genesis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71871121).
文摘Due to people’s increasing dependence on social networks,it is essential to develop a consensus model considering not only their own factors but also the interaction between people.Both external trust relationship among experts and the internal reliability of experts are important factors in decision-making.This paper focuses on improving the scientificity and effectiveness of decision-making and presents a consensus model combining trust relationship among experts and expert reliability in social network group decision-making(SN-GDM).A concept named matching degree is proposed to measure expert reliability.Meanwhile,linguistic information is applied to manage the imprecise and vague information.Matching degree is expressed by a 2-tuple linguistic model,and experts’preferences are measured by a probabilistic linguistic term set(PLTS).Subsequently,a hybrid weight is explored to weigh experts’importance in a group.Then a consensus measure is introduced and a feedback mechanism is developed to produce some personalized recommendations with higher group consensus.Finally,a comparative example is provided to prove the scientificity and effectiveness of the proposed consensus model.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (8150115381571326).
文摘OBJECTIVE Social anxiety disorder,also known as social phobia,is the most common of all anxiety disorders.Despite the seriousness of this disorder,it has rarely been studied and as a consequence,little is known about its underlying neurobiology.Growing evidence suggests that inhibitory neurons dysfunction could affect the balance of neuronal activity in psychotic disorders including anxiety,SAD,etc.Ephrin-B(EB) proteins were previously demonstrated to ensure normal distribution and function of inhibitory interneurons in the brain.We thus proposed that deletion of EB2 in inhibitory neurons might destroy the homeostasis of excitatory neurons and inhibitory neurons,and induce behavioral deficits associated with psychotic diseases.METHODS(1)Mice.We generated conditional EB2 knockout mice as a model of SAD and characterized the behaviors and the biochemical changes in the brains of the knockout mice.We also generated a mouse line with a selective deletion of EB2 from vGAT neurons by breeding a v GAT-Cre line with a loxP-flanked alleles in EB2.For EB2 detection,we crossed vGAT-Cre;EphrinB2 loxp/loxp mice with Rosa26-STOP-tdTomato Cre indicator(Ai9) mice to label the vGAT neurons with tdTomato.Mice were maintained in a mixed CD1/129 genetic background.Al experiments involving mice were carried out in accordance with the Shanghai Jiaotong University.Genotypes were unlocked only after completion of analysis.(2) General procedures for behavioral testing.Open field test:Locomotor activity was measured using an open field test.The size of the open field box was 44 cm×44 cm×44 cm.Each mouse was placed in the corner of the open-field apparatus at the beginning of the test,and allowed to explore it for 15 min.The total distance traveled(in cm) and counts for stereotyped behaviors were recorded and analyzed.The total distance traveled was used as an index of locomotor activity.The percentage of center zone entries was considered as anxiety indexes.EPM test:The elevated plus maze apparatus was made of dark gray plastic and comprised two open arms(30 cm×7 cm×0.25 cm) opposed to two enclosed arms(30 cm × 7 cm × 15 cm) elevated60 cm from the floor.Animals were placed in the central area of the apparatus with their head facing an enclosed arm(test duration,5 min).Digitized video recordings with EthoVision software were used for behavioral analysis.The percentage of time spent in open arms and the percentage of open-arm entries were calculated.Social behaviors:Briefly,a top open acrylic box was divided into three compartments by two clear acrylic glass partitions with an opening in the bottom.Wire mesh cages that are either empty or have social stimulus mouse in it were put in the center of each outer compartment.Unfamiliar naive CD1/129 mice of the same age were used as stimulus mice.Prior to the test,the mouse was introduced into the center chamber for 5 min,with both gates closed.Gates were then open and the test mouse was acclimated to explore the empty three-chambered apparatus freely for another 10 min.After the initial 15 min habituation session,mice were placed in the center compartment and allowed to explore freely all the three compartments.To examine the social contact,the following activities were recorded via a video surveillance for 10 min.The number of entries to each compartment,the time spent in each compartment as well as the time and frequency each mouse spent in sniffing were analyzed with EthoVision XT 8.5(Noldus,Wageningen,Netherlands).RESULTS(1)Social preference assays were performed in WT-vGATCre,EB2-flox,and EB2-vGATCre mice respectively.To evaluate social approach behavior,we used a three-chamber social arena to evaluate animals for their social interaction.The control groups of WTvGATCre,EB2-flox mice showed a significant preference for spending time in the social chamber(P<0.05);whereas the EB2-vGATCre mice did not show this preference and spent roughly equal time in the social and nonsocial chambers.(2)To determine if the decrease in social preference could result from changes in locomotion,we compared locomotor activity in EB2-vG ATCre mice and control mice.We did not observe a significant lower locomotive activity in mice.Hence,EB2 deletion caused a change in social preference but not in locomotion.Taken together,EB2 deletion exerts abnormal psychotogenic activity of social deficits which was often considered as an important feature of SAD.(3) The time spent in the open arms is widely used to measure anxiety in mice,with greater time spent in the open arm being considered as less anxious behavior.To normalize for individual differences in overall activity level,the time spent in the open arms was divided by the total time.The ratio was higher for WT-vGATCre mice and EB2-loxp mice as compared to the EB2-vG ATCre mice(P=0.0112,P=0.0197).Thus,results showed that there was a change in anxiety levels from in EB2-vGATCre mice as compared with control mice.CONCLUSION EB2 may be a candidate risk gene for SAD and that the EB2 conditional knockout model could be a tool for studying the underlying mechanisms in SAD.
基金Projects(61202488, 61070199, 61103182) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The inherent selfishness of each node for the enhancement of message successful delivery ratio and the network overall performance improvement are reflected in the contradiction relationship of competition and cooperation in delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN). In particular, the existence of malicious node aggravates this contradiction. To resolve this contradiction, social relationship theory and group theory of social psychology were adopted to do an in-depth analysis. The concrete balancing approach which leveraged Nash equilibrium theory of game theory was proposed to resolve this contradiction in reality. Thus, a new congestion control routing algorithm for security defense based on social psychology and game theory (CRSG) was put forward. Through the experiment, this algorithm proves that it can enhance the message successful delivery ratio by more than 15% and reduce the congestion ratio over 15% as well. This algorithm balances the contradiction relationship between the two key performance targets and made all nodes exhibit strong cooperation relationship in DTN.
文摘2013年10月"首届国际学习型城市大会"在北京隆重召开。102个国家的500多名代表一致通过了《建设学习型城市北京宣言》。其中有十二项承诺,而第一承诺便是"Empowering Individuals and Promoting Social Cohesion"(促进个体赋权增能和增强社会凝聚)。何谓"赋权增能"和"社会凝聚"不能从简单的汉译来理解,需从词源来准确辨析,更需要从政治学、社会学、法学、心理学等角度领略其深刻的内涵。"赋权增能"与"社会凝聚"有密切的内在联系,其指向目标、目的、效能等核心价值构成完整体系。学习型城市建设与"赋权增能"和"社会凝聚"有着高度的重要关联。在改革开放的今天,践履"第一承诺"已经成为我国唯一选择。怎样践履这一庄严承诺,《北京宣言》指出了基本路向,在表达教育机会、基本能力、社会参与、性别平等、贫富差距、社区建设等兑现承诺的特定语境中,充分揭示了《北京宣言》将"赋权增能"、"社会凝聚"作为第一承诺的理由和重要意义。这应是对《北京宣言》第一承诺的完整理解。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFE0122600).
文摘Typhoons are a category of natural disasters whose annual occurrence causes major life and property loss in the Northwestern Pacific region.During typhoon events,social media serve as an effective tool to transmit and acquire disaster information in real time.Texts and photos from social media can be used as a way of crowd sourcing to extract disaster loss information,analyze human behaviors and formulate responses.The dataset presented here consists of social media-based data collected from"Sina-Weibo"microblogs,"WeChat"articles,and"Baidu"news about the typhoon events in 2017,covering Typhoon"Merbok","Roke","Khanun","Haitang","Mawar","Hato","Nesat"and"Pakhar".We mainly collected text data from these social media platforms and websites,which were then cleaned for redundancy and irrelevance.This dataset can be used for deeper disaster information mining of typhoon events.
基金This paper is an achievement of the national social science fund research project(On Chinese Military administrative litigation,NO:18cfx020).
文摘The social organization is the periodic product of the change of social management mode before and after the reform and opening-up. Under the background of governance theory,the status of social organizations must be further enhanced. To realize the modernization of the national governance system, it is necessary to further develop and improve social organizations to meet the needs of The Times when traditional social management changes to modern social governance. The generation of pivotal social organizations should aim at improving the governance of social organizations. The key lies in the implementation of the concept of"separation of politics and society". The construction of pivotal social organization should become the representative of social interests in function,break away from the color of"official office"in main body, and strengthen the cultivation, service and supervision of social organization in behavior.
文摘Revolutions,typical cases of crucial social transformations,cannot be realized successfully without a large number of activists.Therefore,creating conditions favorable for acquiring enough participants should be an important topic of Marxist social science.In particular,this problem includes the “free-ride,” because the benefits of revolutionaries’ activities are gained not only by the activists but also by all other members.The paper analyzes problems such as this one,applying non-cooperative game theory to social dilemma problems.This leads to some interesting results.In this research,the problem of the workers’ choice between unity or freeride is first defined using numerical examples of the gain structure.It is defined again in a more generalized form using other parameters.In so doing,we express both the cost of participating in the movement and the gains from the concession of the ruling class.Because this analysis focuses on the importance of the number of participants,the concession of the ruling class is framed as a function of the number of participants.The results of this analysis revealed that the economic base and superstructure accurately correspond in some game structures but not in others.In other words,the social dilemma presents either as a case of prisoners’ dilemma or as a chicken game.Furthermore,this paper analyzes the influence of group size,and it was revealed that groups with a large number of members,such as a ruled class,find it particularly difficult to unite.This phenomenon is called the “large group dilemma.” In these ways,this research shows that the aforementioned type of game theory can be used to analyze the difficulties and possibilities of social movements.
