Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage...Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage-ment,which pose risks to human health and the environment.Consequently,there is a need for eco-friendly alterna-tives.This study evaluates the bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain TMBMA1 against pink bollworm and assesses its compatibility with major insecticides.Additionally,to comprehend the dynam-ics of colonization and the infection processes of entomopathogenic fungi(EPF),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of infected larvae was carried out.Result We challenged the second instar PBW larvae to eight different concentrations(1×10^(3) to 1×10^(10) conidia mL^(-1))of an M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1.The highest mortality(100%)occurred at the higher concentrations i.e.,1×109 and 1×10^(10) spores mL^(-1),while the lowest mortality rate(46.6%)was observed at 1×10^(3) spores mL^(-1) con-centration compared to control(3.33%).TMBMA1’s biocontrol efficacy was validated by Probit analysis,exhibiting an exceptionally low median lethal concentration(LC50)value of 7.1×10^(5).The comparative evaluation revealed that the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 performed excellently with insecticide[Cypermethrin 10%(volume fraction)emulsifiable concentrate(EC)at 1 mL·L^(-1) water]giving 100%mortality,both being superior to a commercial prod-uct of M.anisopliae(60%).According to SEM analysis,the EPF strain was profusely colonized on both the internal and external surfaces of PBW larvae.Compatibility studies with insecticides revealed>98%and>96%reduction in the sporulation of M.anisopliae due to the treatment of Emamectin Benzoate 1.5%(mass fraction)+Profenofos 35%(mass fraction)water dispersible granules(WDG)and Profenofos 50%EC,respectively.In contrast,Cypermethrin 10%EC,Emamectin Benzoate 5%(mass fraction)Soluble Granules and Neem Seed Kernel Extract(NSKE)0.15%(volume fraction)treatments reported lower reduction(11.45%,13.79%and 21.21%respectively)in spore production.Conclusion According to the current investigations,the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 exhibits high virulence against PBW and offers a promising eco-friendly solution for managing this pest.It shows significant potential to pro-liferate on both external and internal surfaces of PBW.This strain can be integrated into PBW management programs with chemical insecticides,improving pest control and lessening environmental impact.展开更多
目的探讨金雀根和黄芪配伍对糖尿病肾病(DKD)大鼠的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、恩格列净组、金雀根组、黄芪组、配伍组,每组10只。采用单侧切除肾脏联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)复制DKD大鼠模型,造模成功后灌胃相应剂...目的探讨金雀根和黄芪配伍对糖尿病肾病(DKD)大鼠的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、恩格列净组、金雀根组、黄芪组、配伍组,每组10只。采用单侧切除肾脏联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)复制DKD大鼠模型,造模成功后灌胃相应剂量药物8周。第0、4、8周检测24 h尿微量白蛋白(24 h U-mALB);ELISA法检测Scr、BUN、CysC、MDA水平及SOD活性;荧光探针法检测肾组织ROS表达;HE、PAS、Masson、PASM-Masson染色观察肾组织病理结构改变;免疫组织化学法检测肾组织NOX4、Drp1、MFN2、P62表达;Western blot法检测肾组织PINK1、MFN2、Parkin、LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、P62、p-Drp1蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠24 h U-mALB、BUN、Scr、CysC水平均降低(P<0.01),肾组织病理性结构损伤改善;血清和组织MDA水平降低(P<0.01),SOD活性升高(P<0.01);肾组织PINK1、MFN2、Parkin、LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),p-Drp1、P62蛋白表达降低(P<0.01),其中配伍组作用优于单用药组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论金雀根和黄芪配伍可能是通过调控PINK1/MFN2/Parkin通路改善线粒体动力学,激活线粒体自噬,抑制氧化应激,减轻肾脏病理损伤,改善DKD大鼠肾功能。展开更多
Background The cryptic nature of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)larvae enables its reduced vul-nerability to insecticidal control.Further,the development of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis(B...Background The cryptic nature of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)larvae enables its reduced vul-nerability to insecticidal control.Further,the development of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)toxins posed a serious threat to transgenic cotton cultivation.This necessitated determining the critical timing of spray applications on the control effectiveness.This study assessed the influence of egg age(freshly laid vs.three-day-old)and the loca-tion of larvae(directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind vs.burrowed inside the bolls)on insecticide control efficacy.Results The results revealed a significant decrease in the ovicidal activity of tested insecticides with an increase in the age of eggs from one day old to three days old(paired t-test,P<0.05).The larvae directly exposed to the insec-ticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptible(>80%mortality)than the larvae exposed after they had bur-rowed inside the bolls(<49%mortality).The inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biology were more pronounced in the experiment on pre-larval release insecticide treatment compared with insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bolls.Conclusion Egg age influences the insecticide susceptibility,as does the larval location,directly exposed vs bur-rowed inside the bolls.Older eggs and the larvae that had burrowed inside the green bolls of cotton were relatively less susceptible to the insecticide treatments.The toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stages were primar-ily ephemeral.These findings are significant for devising a comprehensive strategy for pink bollworm management on a sustainable basis.展开更多
文摘Background The pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella,PBW)is a major cotton pest,causing economic losses by damaging seeds and fiber.Cotton growers typically use systemic and broad-spectrum insecticides for its manage-ment,which pose risks to human health and the environment.Consequently,there is a need for eco-friendly alterna-tives.This study evaluates the bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain TMBMA1 against pink bollworm and assesses its compatibility with major insecticides.Additionally,to comprehend the dynam-ics of colonization and the infection processes of entomopathogenic fungi(EPF),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of infected larvae was carried out.Result We challenged the second instar PBW larvae to eight different concentrations(1×10^(3) to 1×10^(10) conidia mL^(-1))of an M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1.The highest mortality(100%)occurred at the higher concentrations i.e.,1×109 and 1×10^(10) spores mL^(-1),while the lowest mortality rate(46.6%)was observed at 1×10^(3) spores mL^(-1) con-centration compared to control(3.33%).TMBMA1’s biocontrol efficacy was validated by Probit analysis,exhibiting an exceptionally low median lethal concentration(LC50)value of 7.1×10^(5).The comparative evaluation revealed that the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 performed excellently with insecticide[Cypermethrin 10%(volume fraction)emulsifiable concentrate(EC)at 1 mL·L^(-1) water]giving 100%mortality,both being superior to a commercial prod-uct of M.anisopliae(60%).According to SEM analysis,the EPF strain was profusely colonized on both the internal and external surfaces of PBW larvae.Compatibility studies with insecticides revealed>98%and>96%reduction in the sporulation of M.anisopliae due to the treatment of Emamectin Benzoate 1.5%(mass fraction)+Profenofos 35%(mass fraction)water dispersible granules(WDG)and Profenofos 50%EC,respectively.In contrast,Cypermethrin 10%EC,Emamectin Benzoate 5%(mass fraction)Soluble Granules and Neem Seed Kernel Extract(NSKE)0.15%(volume fraction)treatments reported lower reduction(11.45%,13.79%and 21.21%respectively)in spore production.Conclusion According to the current investigations,the M.anisopliae strain TMBMA1 exhibits high virulence against PBW and offers a promising eco-friendly solution for managing this pest.It shows significant potential to pro-liferate on both external and internal surfaces of PBW.This strain can be integrated into PBW management programs with chemical insecticides,improving pest control and lessening environmental impact.
文摘目的探讨金雀根和黄芪配伍对糖尿病肾病(DKD)大鼠的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、恩格列净组、金雀根组、黄芪组、配伍组,每组10只。采用单侧切除肾脏联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)复制DKD大鼠模型,造模成功后灌胃相应剂量药物8周。第0、4、8周检测24 h尿微量白蛋白(24 h U-mALB);ELISA法检测Scr、BUN、CysC、MDA水平及SOD活性;荧光探针法检测肾组织ROS表达;HE、PAS、Masson、PASM-Masson染色观察肾组织病理结构改变;免疫组织化学法检测肾组织NOX4、Drp1、MFN2、P62表达;Western blot法检测肾组织PINK1、MFN2、Parkin、LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、P62、p-Drp1蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠24 h U-mALB、BUN、Scr、CysC水平均降低(P<0.01),肾组织病理性结构损伤改善;血清和组织MDA水平降低(P<0.01),SOD活性升高(P<0.01);肾组织PINK1、MFN2、Parkin、LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),p-Drp1、P62蛋白表达降低(P<0.01),其中配伍组作用优于单用药组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论金雀根和黄芪配伍可能是通过调控PINK1/MFN2/Parkin通路改善线粒体动力学,激活线粒体自噬,抑制氧化应激,减轻肾脏病理损伤,改善DKD大鼠肾功能。
文摘Background The cryptic nature of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)larvae enables its reduced vul-nerability to insecticidal control.Further,the development of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)toxins posed a serious threat to transgenic cotton cultivation.This necessitated determining the critical timing of spray applications on the control effectiveness.This study assessed the influence of egg age(freshly laid vs.three-day-old)and the loca-tion of larvae(directly exposed to the insecticide residues on the boll rind vs.burrowed inside the bolls)on insecticide control efficacy.Results The results revealed a significant decrease in the ovicidal activity of tested insecticides with an increase in the age of eggs from one day old to three days old(paired t-test,P<0.05).The larvae directly exposed to the insec-ticide residues on the boll rind were more susceptible(>80%mortality)than the larvae exposed after they had bur-rowed inside the bolls(<49%mortality).The inhibitory effects of tested insecticides on developmental biology were more pronounced in the experiment on pre-larval release insecticide treatment compared with insecticide treatment given post-larval release and entry inside the bolls.Conclusion Egg age influences the insecticide susceptibility,as does the larval location,directly exposed vs bur-rowed inside the bolls.Older eggs and the larvae that had burrowed inside the green bolls of cotton were relatively less susceptible to the insecticide treatments.The toxic effects of insecticides on egg and larval stages were primar-ily ephemeral.These findings are significant for devising a comprehensive strategy for pink bollworm management on a sustainable basis.
