Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin st...Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin steel plates were analyzed. A new method was proposed according to the experimental results and the perforation phenomenon of the thin steel plates to determine the radius of the bulging region. In establishing this new method, a dynamic method combined with the plastic wave propagation concept based on the rigid plastic assumption was adopted. The whole perforation process was divided into four consecutive stages, namely, bulging deformation, dishing deformation, ductile hole enlargement, and projectile exit. On the basis of the energy conservation principle, a new model was developed to predict the residual velocities of hemispherical-nosed projectiles that perforate thin steel plates at low velocities.The results obtained from the theoretical calculations by the present model were compared with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of both the radius of the bulging region and the residual velocity of the projectile when the strain rate effects of the target material during each stage were considered.展开更多
A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with takin...A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with taking the attitude deflection during the shear plugging sub-stage into account,and the shape of the plug formed on the rear surface of target is also re-investigated.Moreover,a new classification of concrete targets is proposed based on the target thickness,with which the attitude deflections in different kinds of concrete targets are analyzed.It is found that the numerical results by using the new perforation model are in good agreement with the previous experimental data and simulated results.Furthermore,the variations of the attitude deflection with the initial conditions(the initial attitude angle and the initial impact velocity) are investigated.展开更多
The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded pen...The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded penetration depth,probability of perforation(i.e.,complete penetration),muzzle and impact velocities,bullet mass,and plate yield strength and hardness.The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately±12%.The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation.Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities,and for mild steels,and High Hardness Armour(HHA) plates.This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design,where,for example,the plate thickness with 95% reliability(i.e.only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation.Hence,it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11-15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates.Plates would need to be 20-30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.展开更多
To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylind...To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylindrical liner can form jet and most materials on top of liner form the tip of jet, while the others form the tail of jet. The jet has a better continuity, and the ratio of cumulative jet length to the liner diameter can reach to 7.56. Furthermore, the ratio of bore diameter to the liner diameter is from 0.36 and 1, and the ratio of penetration depth to the liner diameter can be up to 5.5.展开更多
To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for...To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for UTC with circular holes was proposed to verify whether it being fit for this kind of absorber with slit-like perforations. The results show that in certain parameters,the predicted values of ε are very close to measured values,and the root mean square difference in betweens about 0.10,so the modle is suitable. Based on experimental results,this kind of absorber is proved to be feasible,with highest value of ε,up to 0.81. In addition,with the increase of γ,overall heat exchange effectiveness ε will decrease,i.e.,the value of ε will decrease with the increase of suction velocity vs or the decrease of wind velocity uw. However,the actual value of solar radiation intensity G and ambient temperature T∞ have little influence on ε.展开更多
A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the...A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the perforation of a thick metallic plate by a long rod can be divided into three stages:(1) initial penetration;(2) plug formation and (3) plug slipping and separation. Various analytical equations are derived which can be employed to predict the ballistic limit, residual velocity and residual length of the long rod. It is demonstrated that the present model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental results for the perforation of finite steel targets struck normally by steel as well as tungsten alloy long rods at high velocities. It is also demonstrated that the dynamic maximum shear stress of a plate material has strong effect on plug formation and plug thickness which, in turn, exerts considerable influence on the residual velocities and lengths of a long rod at impact velocities just above the ballistic limit.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Security Major Foundation Research Project(973)of China(6133050102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51409253)
文摘Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin steel plates were analyzed. A new method was proposed according to the experimental results and the perforation phenomenon of the thin steel plates to determine the radius of the bulging region. In establishing this new method, a dynamic method combined with the plastic wave propagation concept based on the rigid plastic assumption was adopted. The whole perforation process was divided into four consecutive stages, namely, bulging deformation, dishing deformation, ductile hole enlargement, and projectile exit. On the basis of the energy conservation principle, a new model was developed to predict the residual velocities of hemispherical-nosed projectiles that perforate thin steel plates at low velocities.The results obtained from the theoretical calculations by the present model were compared with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of both the radius of the bulging region and the residual velocity of the projectile when the strain rate effects of the target material during each stage were considered.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 11521062].
文摘A perforation model is developed to predict the attitude deflection in the oblique perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile,in which the inertial moment of the projectile is introduced,together with taking the attitude deflection during the shear plugging sub-stage into account,and the shape of the plug formed on the rear surface of target is also re-investigated.Moreover,a new classification of concrete targets is proposed based on the target thickness,with which the attitude deflections in different kinds of concrete targets are analyzed.It is found that the numerical results by using the new perforation model are in good agreement with the previous experimental data and simulated results.Furthermore,the variations of the attitude deflection with the initial conditions(the initial attitude angle and the initial impact velocity) are investigated.
基金The authors appreciate the laboratory assistance of Goran Simundic and Michael Goodwin for assistance with measurement of the field test results The assistance of final year honours student Richard Szlicht is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range.The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness.The tests recorded penetration depth,probability of perforation(i.e.,complete penetration),muzzle and impact velocities,bullet mass,and plate yield strength and hardness.The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately±12%.The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation.Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities,and for mild steels,and High Hardness Armour(HHA) plates.This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design,where,for example,the plate thickness with 95% reliability(i.e.only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation.Hence,it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11-15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates.Plates would need to be 20-30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.
文摘To study a new shaped charge of perforator, the jet formation and penetration processes in concrete targets are simulated numerically by using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the cylindrical liner can form jet and most materials on top of liner form the tip of jet, while the others form the tail of jet. The jet has a better continuity, and the ratio of cumulative jet length to the liner diameter can reach to 7.56. Furthermore, the ratio of bore diameter to the liner diameter is from 0.36 and 1, and the ratio of penetration depth to the liner diameter can be up to 5.5.
基金Project (2006BAJ04B01-3) supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the 11th Five-year Plan Period of Chinaproject(09JCZDJC24600) supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City of China
文摘To offer a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency option for once-through applications,the unglazed transpired solar collector was studied. The semi-empirical correlation of overall heat exchange effectivenessε for UTC with circular holes was proposed to verify whether it being fit for this kind of absorber with slit-like perforations. The results show that in certain parameters,the predicted values of ε are very close to measured values,and the root mean square difference in betweens about 0.10,so the modle is suitable. Based on experimental results,this kind of absorber is proved to be feasible,with highest value of ε,up to 0.81. In addition,with the increase of γ,overall heat exchange effectiveness ε will decrease,i.e.,the value of ε will decrease with the increase of suction velocity vs or the decrease of wind velocity uw. However,the actual value of solar radiation intensity G and ambient temperature T∞ have little influence on ε.
文摘A three-stage theoretical model is presented herein to predict the perforation of a thick metallic plate struck normally by a long rod at high velocities. The model is suggested on the basis of the assumption that the perforation of a thick metallic plate by a long rod can be divided into three stages:(1) initial penetration;(2) plug formation and (3) plug slipping and separation. Various analytical equations are derived which can be employed to predict the ballistic limit, residual velocity and residual length of the long rod. It is demonstrated that the present model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental results for the perforation of finite steel targets struck normally by steel as well as tungsten alloy long rods at high velocities. It is also demonstrated that the dynamic maximum shear stress of a plate material has strong effect on plug formation and plug thickness which, in turn, exerts considerable influence on the residual velocities and lengths of a long rod at impact velocities just above the ballistic limit.
