A series of numerical experiments are carried out to study the tropical upper ocean response to combined momentum and buoyancy forcing, with emphasis on the three-dimensional thermohaline structure in the western Paci...A series of numerical experiments are carried out to study the tropical upper ocean response to combined momentum and buoyancy forcing, with emphasis on the three-dimensional thermohaline structure in the western Pacific warm pool. In response to climatological winds, heat fluxes and freshwater input, the model is able to simulate the salient dynamic and hydrographic features of the tropical Pacific Ocean and their seasonal variability. In response to idealized episodic westerly wind bursts and rainfall, the simulated upper ocean conditions compare favorably with available observations, thus enabling us to identify important physical processes involved. Local forcing, vertical mixing and meridional advection dominate the salt and heat budgets in the warm pool on short time scales, but it is necessary to include the saline water coming from the east with the South Equatorial Current to close the salt budget on seasonal and longer time scales. Strong westerly wind bursts generate a swift eastward equatorial jet and a pair of meridional circulation cells with convergence at the equator. This results in an equatorward advection of relatively fresh water from the north and a depression of the thermocline at the equator. Heavy rainfall reduces the surface mixed layer depth by creating a shallow halocline, thus trapping the momentum and heat inputs near the surface. The remote influences of the episodic momentum and buoyancy fluxes are very different. Westerly wind bursts can generate large downstream disturbances in both dynamic and thermal fields through the propagation of equatorial waves, while the effect of rainfall is mostly confined to the forcing area.展开更多
According to ship observation data over the NW Pacific Ocean during 1950 - 1995. taking 5°×5° grid, the characteristics and variation rule of wind, wave and swell are analyzed. This area is typical mons...According to ship observation data over the NW Pacific Ocean during 1950 - 1995. taking 5°×5° grid, the characteristics and variation rule of wind, wave and swell are analyzed. This area is typical monsoon area. In the period of monsoon, the directions of wind, sea wave and swell are roughly consistent. Sea wave of northeasterly is always prevailing in equatorial zone. The monsoon in winter is stronger than in summer, correspondingly, average wave height is higher, and the frequencies of high sea and heavy swell are also bigger. Both of North Indian Ocean and adjacent sea area is also monsoon area, but characteristic is opposite. This paper provides specific data of wind field and wave field and variaton for ship navigation, operation and scientific experiment in the NW Pacific Ocean.展开更多
Important Dates Submission due November 15, 2005 Notification of acceptance December 30, 2005 Camera-ready copy due January 10, 2006 Workshop Scope Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI) can be broadly defined as...Important Dates Submission due November 15, 2005 Notification of acceptance December 30, 2005 Camera-ready copy due January 10, 2006 Workshop Scope Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI) can be broadly defined as the study of the development and use of advanced information technologies and systems for national and international security-related applications. The First and Second Symposiums on ISI were held in Tucson,Arizona,in 2003 and 2004,respectively. In 2005,the IEEE International Conference on ISI was held in Atlanta,Georgia. These ISI conferences have brought together academic researchers,law enforcement and intelligence experts,information technology consultant and practitioners to discuss their research and practice related to various ISI topics including ISI data management,data and text mining for ISI applications,terrorism informatics,deception detection,terrorist and criminal social network analysis,crime analysis,monitoring and surveillance,policy studies and evaluation,information assurance,among others. We continue this stream of ISI conferences by organizing the Workshop on Intelligence and Security Informatics (WISI’06) in conjunction with the Pacific Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD’06). WISI’06 will provide a stimulating forum for ISI researchers in Pacific Asia and other regions of the world to exchange ideas and report research progress. The workshop also welcomes contributions dealing with ISI challenges specific to the Pacific Asian region.展开更多
Disturbance has been a repeated theme in ecology in recent decades,yet incorporating its frequency and pattern at broad spatial scales into ecological analyses has been difficult-rather,most environmental datasets use...Disturbance has been a repeated theme in ecology in recent decades,yet incorporating its frequency and pattern at broad spatial scales into ecological analyses has been difficult-rather,most environmental datasets used in broad-extent analyses represent average conditions.We present a detailed dataset summarizing the frequency(i.e.,number of typhoons)and intensity(average and maximum windspeeds)of typhoons across the Western Pacific north of the Equator,based on data characterizing tracks for 1673 typhoons from the Japan Meteorological Center.The data presented are aggregated and resampled to 0.2°(~22 km at the Equator)spatial resolution;temporal coverage extends 1951-2014.We also present data specifically for prior to 1980 and after 1999,to respond to questions related to climate change,although no major changes were evident between the time periods.展开更多
There are abundant Bajocian—Tithonian bivalves in the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains of northern Qinghai—Xizang Plateau, China. After figuring the common and coeval species between Tanggula and other areas (Fi...There are abundant Bajocian—Tithonian bivalves in the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains of northern Qinghai—Xizang Plateau, China. After figuring the common and coeval species between Tanggula and other areas (Fig. 1), and tracing the temporal and spacial historical distribution of the bivalves very capable of dispersion, some Jurassic bivalve biogeographic items, particularly the biogeographic relations, have been lit up. In the known 21 taxa of the Jurassic Pectinoida and Ostreoida from the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains, there are 12 (57%) common and coeval species in northern Tethys, 13 (62%) common and coeval species in southern Tethys and 12 (57%) in Kachchh—southern Xizang area. It has demonstrated that there existed intermigration of bivalves between Tanggula and various parts of Tethys. Although there is no coeval species between Tanggula and western Australia, in these two areas there exist 6 (29%) close range common species of which 4 (19%) coevaity existed in western Australia and India Plate. Tanggula fauna is, therefore, still very close to that of western Australia. However, there are 15 (71%) common and 14 (67%) coevality species between the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains and northwestern Europe, among the common species, 8 (38%) ones have lower limitation (first occurrence) in northwestern Europe but only 2 (10%) taxa are older in the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains. It is very clear that pectinite and ostrea fauna of Tethys, particularly the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains and Europe had very close relation and most Tanggula’s or northern Tethyan taxa migrated from northwestern Europe.展开更多
The analyses on the responses of partial pressure difference between sea and air (PCO2), and total dissolved CO2 concentration (TCO2), to abnormal air-sea event in different seasons, were based on observational data m...The analyses on the responses of partial pressure difference between sea and air (PCO2), and total dissolved CO2 concentration (TCO2), to abnormal air-sea event in different seasons, were based on observational data measured during cruises from Nov. 1986 to Dec 1997 in area of 22°N - 18°N, 114°E-130°E. The results indicated that in every season, TCO2 was high and PCO2 was positive during onset and mature period of El Nino, but they were low and negative respectively during La Nina. Before and after El Nino, partial pressure of CO2 in the sea and air were in the state of equilibrium. Both PCO2 (air) and PCO2 (air) had same responses to E1 Nino in each season. PCO2 (air) and PCO2 (sw) were high during mature period of El Nino were low before and in onset period of El Nino PCO2 and PCO2 (sw) reached peak value during E1 Nino and variation of PCO2 and PCO2 (sw) were same The mean exchange of CO2 from sea to air (flux) reached peak value during El Nino in autumn, and decreased during La Nina. Before and after El Nino the flux is weak, but in opposite direction from air to sea. According to the 1986-1993 average the characteristics of response of TCO2 anomaly to El Nino and La Nina and the range of outstanding variation in different season were discussed. From above it can be deduced some signals showing ENSO event as follows: in Oct.1995, El Nino of 91/95 was over: In May 1995 it is before a new El Nino: In July 1997 it is in onset of new El Nino; In Dec.1997 it is in the mature stage of E1 Nino event.展开更多
文摘A series of numerical experiments are carried out to study the tropical upper ocean response to combined momentum and buoyancy forcing, with emphasis on the three-dimensional thermohaline structure in the western Pacific warm pool. In response to climatological winds, heat fluxes and freshwater input, the model is able to simulate the salient dynamic and hydrographic features of the tropical Pacific Ocean and their seasonal variability. In response to idealized episodic westerly wind bursts and rainfall, the simulated upper ocean conditions compare favorably with available observations, thus enabling us to identify important physical processes involved. Local forcing, vertical mixing and meridional advection dominate the salt and heat budgets in the warm pool on short time scales, but it is necessary to include the saline water coming from the east with the South Equatorial Current to close the salt budget on seasonal and longer time scales. Strong westerly wind bursts generate a swift eastward equatorial jet and a pair of meridional circulation cells with convergence at the equator. This results in an equatorward advection of relatively fresh water from the north and a depression of the thermocline at the equator. Heavy rainfall reduces the surface mixed layer depth by creating a shallow halocline, thus trapping the momentum and heat inputs near the surface. The remote influences of the episodic momentum and buoyancy fluxes are very different. Westerly wind bursts can generate large downstream disturbances in both dynamic and thermal fields through the propagation of equatorial waves, while the effect of rainfall is mostly confined to the forcing area.
文摘According to ship observation data over the NW Pacific Ocean during 1950 - 1995. taking 5°×5° grid, the characteristics and variation rule of wind, wave and swell are analyzed. This area is typical monsoon area. In the period of monsoon, the directions of wind, sea wave and swell are roughly consistent. Sea wave of northeasterly is always prevailing in equatorial zone. The monsoon in winter is stronger than in summer, correspondingly, average wave height is higher, and the frequencies of high sea and heavy swell are also bigger. Both of North Indian Ocean and adjacent sea area is also monsoon area, but characteristic is opposite. This paper provides specific data of wind field and wave field and variaton for ship navigation, operation and scientific experiment in the NW Pacific Ocean.
文摘Important Dates Submission due November 15, 2005 Notification of acceptance December 30, 2005 Camera-ready copy due January 10, 2006 Workshop Scope Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI) can be broadly defined as the study of the development and use of advanced information technologies and systems for national and international security-related applications. The First and Second Symposiums on ISI were held in Tucson,Arizona,in 2003 and 2004,respectively. In 2005,the IEEE International Conference on ISI was held in Atlanta,Georgia. These ISI conferences have brought together academic researchers,law enforcement and intelligence experts,information technology consultant and practitioners to discuss their research and practice related to various ISI topics including ISI data management,data and text mining for ISI applications,terrorism informatics,deception detection,terrorist and criminal social network analysis,crime analysis,monitoring and surveillance,policy studies and evaluation,information assurance,among others. We continue this stream of ISI conferences by organizing the Workshop on Intelligence and Security Informatics (WISI’06) in conjunction with the Pacific Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD’06). WISI’06 will provide a stimulating forum for ISI researchers in Pacific Asia and other regions of the world to exchange ideas and report research progress. The workshop also welcomes contributions dealing with ISI challenges specific to the Pacific Asian region.
基金U.S. National Science Foundation, grant number DEB-1418895.
文摘Disturbance has been a repeated theme in ecology in recent decades,yet incorporating its frequency and pattern at broad spatial scales into ecological analyses has been difficult-rather,most environmental datasets used in broad-extent analyses represent average conditions.We present a detailed dataset summarizing the frequency(i.e.,number of typhoons)and intensity(average and maximum windspeeds)of typhoons across the Western Pacific north of the Equator,based on data characterizing tracks for 1673 typhoons from the Japan Meteorological Center.The data presented are aggregated and resampled to 0.2°(~22 km at the Equator)spatial resolution;temporal coverage extends 1951-2014.We also present data specifically for prior to 1980 and after 1999,to respond to questions related to climate change,although no major changes were evident between the time periods.
文摘There are abundant Bajocian—Tithonian bivalves in the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains of northern Qinghai—Xizang Plateau, China. After figuring the common and coeval species between Tanggula and other areas (Fig. 1), and tracing the temporal and spacial historical distribution of the bivalves very capable of dispersion, some Jurassic bivalve biogeographic items, particularly the biogeographic relations, have been lit up. In the known 21 taxa of the Jurassic Pectinoida and Ostreoida from the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains, there are 12 (57%) common and coeval species in northern Tethys, 13 (62%) common and coeval species in southern Tethys and 12 (57%) in Kachchh—southern Xizang area. It has demonstrated that there existed intermigration of bivalves between Tanggula and various parts of Tethys. Although there is no coeval species between Tanggula and western Australia, in these two areas there exist 6 (29%) close range common species of which 4 (19%) coevaity existed in western Australia and India Plate. Tanggula fauna is, therefore, still very close to that of western Australia. However, there are 15 (71%) common and 14 (67%) coevality species between the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains and northwestern Europe, among the common species, 8 (38%) ones have lower limitation (first occurrence) in northwestern Europe but only 2 (10%) taxa are older in the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains. It is very clear that pectinite and ostrea fauna of Tethys, particularly the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains and Europe had very close relation and most Tanggula’s or northern Tethyan taxa migrated from northwestern Europe.
文摘The analyses on the responses of partial pressure difference between sea and air (PCO2), and total dissolved CO2 concentration (TCO2), to abnormal air-sea event in different seasons, were based on observational data measured during cruises from Nov. 1986 to Dec 1997 in area of 22°N - 18°N, 114°E-130°E. The results indicated that in every season, TCO2 was high and PCO2 was positive during onset and mature period of El Nino, but they were low and negative respectively during La Nina. Before and after El Nino, partial pressure of CO2 in the sea and air were in the state of equilibrium. Both PCO2 (air) and PCO2 (air) had same responses to E1 Nino in each season. PCO2 (air) and PCO2 (sw) were high during mature period of El Nino were low before and in onset period of El Nino PCO2 and PCO2 (sw) reached peak value during E1 Nino and variation of PCO2 and PCO2 (sw) were same The mean exchange of CO2 from sea to air (flux) reached peak value during El Nino in autumn, and decreased during La Nina. Before and after El Nino the flux is weak, but in opposite direction from air to sea. According to the 1986-1993 average the characteristics of response of TCO2 anomaly to El Nino and La Nina and the range of outstanding variation in different season were discussed. From above it can be deduced some signals showing ENSO event as follows: in Oct.1995, El Nino of 91/95 was over: In May 1995 it is before a new El Nino: In July 1997 it is in onset of new El Nino; In Dec.1997 it is in the mature stage of E1 Nino event.
