随着P2P分布式存储的研究深入,处在不同网络的节点间建立连接受到网络地址转换(network address translator,NAT)限制.现有的UDP对NAT的简单穿越(simple traversal of UDP through NAT,STUN)方案,不能满足P2P分布式存储对数据传输质量...随着P2P分布式存储的研究深入,处在不同网络的节点间建立连接受到网络地址转换(network address translator,NAT)限制.现有的UDP对NAT的简单穿越(simple traversal of UDP through NAT,STUN)方案,不能满足P2P分布式存储对数据传输质量的要求,并且由于对称型NAT的广泛使用,节点间数据传输必须经过服务器中继转发,中继服务器成为系统瓶颈.提出采用基于UDP的数据传输(UDP-based data transfer,UDT)协议的改进STUN方案,可以保证数据传输可靠性,同时基于端口预测的NAT穿越策略,不需要服务器中继即可实现在对称型NAT后的节点间建立P2P直连.展开更多
AIM: Caffeine metabolite ratios in urine can be used to evaluate the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 and XO in vivo. In this study, an HPLC method was developed to quantify the concentrations of caffeine metabolites ...AIM: Caffeine metabolite ratios in urine can be used to evaluate the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 and XO in vivo. In this study, an HPLC method was developed to quantify the concentrations of caffeine metabolites in 24 Chinese healthy volunteers. METHODS: 100 mg of caffeine was given to each subject as a probe drug and the urine samples of 0-12 h were collected. Urine samples were extracted with chloroform/isopropanol (9∶1, v/v) under acerbic environment (pH 3.5) and separated on a Hypersil BDS C18 column with gradient elution. The mobile phase was composed of phase A (acetonitrile) and phase B (10 mmol/L ammonium formate/formic acid (998/2, v/v) (pH 3.5) from 98/2 to 70/30, the detection wave length was 280 nm. CYP1A2 phenotype was calculated from the metabolite ratio of (AFMU+1X+1U)/17U, CYP2A6 from the ratio of 17U/(17U+17X+1U+1X+AFMU), NAT2 from the ratio of AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) and XO from the ratio of 1U/1X+1U. RESULTS: The calibration curves of AFMU, 1U, 1X, 17U, 17X, 137X were linear over the range of 1.25-160 μmol/L, yielding correlation of coefficients from 0.991 to 0.999. The LOD were 2.5 ng/mL for AFMU, 1X, 1U and 1 ng/mL for 17U, 17X, 137X. Recoveries for the analytes wereranged from 81%-94%, Intra-and Inter-day coefficients of variation were ranged from 2.56%-9.48% and 5.74%-10.91%, respectively. After logarithmic transformation of these metabolite ratios, phenotype of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 were shown normal distribution, while the phenotype of XO was shown non-normal distribution with two subjects appearing with very low metabolic capacity. It was also found a negative association between the phenotype of CYP2A6 and CYP1A2 which might be explained by the fact that CYP2A6 plays an influential role in 17X metabolism. CONCLUSION: In brief, the experiment demonstrates an accurate, stable and replicable HPLC method for phenotyping of these enzymes in Chinese volunteers.展开更多
旨在探究鸡骨骼肌中VGLL2基因天然反义链转录本VGLL2 AS lncRNA(VGLL2-AS)与VGLL2的关系。本研究首先采用PCR和测序技术验证VGLL2-AS是否存在;之后分别采集不同周龄固始蛋鸡(1日龄、6周龄、16周龄、22周龄、30周龄,每个周龄各6只)组织样...旨在探究鸡骨骼肌中VGLL2基因天然反义链转录本VGLL2 AS lncRNA(VGLL2-AS)与VGLL2的关系。本研究首先采用PCR和测序技术验证VGLL2-AS是否存在;之后分别采集不同周龄固始蛋鸡(1日龄、6周龄、16周龄、22周龄、30周龄,每个周龄各6只)组织样,采用荧光定量PCR分析VGLL2基因和其反义链转录本VGLL2-AS的表达谱;采用双向转录试验和核酸酶保护试验检测VGLL2和VGLL2-AS是否可以双向转录且两者之间关系;体外分离培养原代成肌细胞(11胚龄固始鸡胚),然后用2μg·mL^(-1)的放线菌素D处理成肌细胞(对照组不做处理),收取处理不同时间点细胞(0~8 h,每组各个时间点各做3个重复),检测VGLL2-AS与VGLL2的半衰期;分离鸡成肌细胞的细胞核和细胞质,通过RT-qPCR方法确定两者的细胞定位;利用PCR扩增及测序对VGLL2的转录本进行验证;最后利用RT-qPCR检测它们在固始蛋鸡胸肌组织(1日龄、6周龄、16周龄、22周龄、30周龄每个周龄各6只)中的时空表达规律和相关性。结果表明,VGLL2-AS在鸡的转录组中真实存在;VGLL2与VGLL2-AS均在肌肉中特异高表达(P<0.05);VGLL2-AS与VGLL2可以进行双向转录且二者之间可以形成双链RNA;VGLL2-AS半衰期较VGLL2长;在成肌细胞中,VGLL2-AS和VGLL2主要定位于细胞质中(P<0.001);VGLL2只存在VGLL2-mRNA、VGLL2-X2和VGLL2-X3转录本;VGLL2-mRNA和VGLL2-X3与VGLL2-AS表达趋势一致,且VGLL2-mRNA、X3和VGLL2-AS的表达呈现极强的正相关(r分别为0.943和0.935,P<0.01)。综上所述,VGLL2-AS作为VGLL2的反义链编码的lncRNA定位于细胞质中,可能通过与VGLL2形成的双链RNA之间的相互作用,然后参与调节VGLL2的表达并维持其稳定性,最终在鸡的早期肌肉发育中发挥重要作用。本研究的结果扩展了鸡中关于NATs的研究,并为鸡VGLL2基因与其天然反义链转录本VGLL2-AS在鸡骨骼肌发育中的生物学功能的研究奠定了基础,对于提高禽类的生长发育具有一定的意义。展开更多
文摘随着P2P分布式存储的研究深入,处在不同网络的节点间建立连接受到网络地址转换(network address translator,NAT)限制.现有的UDP对NAT的简单穿越(simple traversal of UDP through NAT,STUN)方案,不能满足P2P分布式存储对数据传输质量的要求,并且由于对称型NAT的广泛使用,节点间数据传输必须经过服务器中继转发,中继服务器成为系统瓶颈.提出采用基于UDP的数据传输(UDP-based data transfer,UDT)协议的改进STUN方案,可以保证数据传输可靠性,同时基于端口预测的NAT穿越策略,不需要服务器中继即可实现在对称型NAT后的节点间建立P2P直连.
文摘AIM: Caffeine metabolite ratios in urine can be used to evaluate the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 and XO in vivo. In this study, an HPLC method was developed to quantify the concentrations of caffeine metabolites in 24 Chinese healthy volunteers. METHODS: 100 mg of caffeine was given to each subject as a probe drug and the urine samples of 0-12 h were collected. Urine samples were extracted with chloroform/isopropanol (9∶1, v/v) under acerbic environment (pH 3.5) and separated on a Hypersil BDS C18 column with gradient elution. The mobile phase was composed of phase A (acetonitrile) and phase B (10 mmol/L ammonium formate/formic acid (998/2, v/v) (pH 3.5) from 98/2 to 70/30, the detection wave length was 280 nm. CYP1A2 phenotype was calculated from the metabolite ratio of (AFMU+1X+1U)/17U, CYP2A6 from the ratio of 17U/(17U+17X+1U+1X+AFMU), NAT2 from the ratio of AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) and XO from the ratio of 1U/1X+1U. RESULTS: The calibration curves of AFMU, 1U, 1X, 17U, 17X, 137X were linear over the range of 1.25-160 μmol/L, yielding correlation of coefficients from 0.991 to 0.999. The LOD were 2.5 ng/mL for AFMU, 1X, 1U and 1 ng/mL for 17U, 17X, 137X. Recoveries for the analytes wereranged from 81%-94%, Intra-and Inter-day coefficients of variation were ranged from 2.56%-9.48% and 5.74%-10.91%, respectively. After logarithmic transformation of these metabolite ratios, phenotype of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2 were shown normal distribution, while the phenotype of XO was shown non-normal distribution with two subjects appearing with very low metabolic capacity. It was also found a negative association between the phenotype of CYP2A6 and CYP1A2 which might be explained by the fact that CYP2A6 plays an influential role in 17X metabolism. CONCLUSION: In brief, the experiment demonstrates an accurate, stable and replicable HPLC method for phenotyping of these enzymes in Chinese volunteers.
文摘旨在探究鸡骨骼肌中VGLL2基因天然反义链转录本VGLL2 AS lncRNA(VGLL2-AS)与VGLL2的关系。本研究首先采用PCR和测序技术验证VGLL2-AS是否存在;之后分别采集不同周龄固始蛋鸡(1日龄、6周龄、16周龄、22周龄、30周龄,每个周龄各6只)组织样,采用荧光定量PCR分析VGLL2基因和其反义链转录本VGLL2-AS的表达谱;采用双向转录试验和核酸酶保护试验检测VGLL2和VGLL2-AS是否可以双向转录且两者之间关系;体外分离培养原代成肌细胞(11胚龄固始鸡胚),然后用2μg·mL^(-1)的放线菌素D处理成肌细胞(对照组不做处理),收取处理不同时间点细胞(0~8 h,每组各个时间点各做3个重复),检测VGLL2-AS与VGLL2的半衰期;分离鸡成肌细胞的细胞核和细胞质,通过RT-qPCR方法确定两者的细胞定位;利用PCR扩增及测序对VGLL2的转录本进行验证;最后利用RT-qPCR检测它们在固始蛋鸡胸肌组织(1日龄、6周龄、16周龄、22周龄、30周龄每个周龄各6只)中的时空表达规律和相关性。结果表明,VGLL2-AS在鸡的转录组中真实存在;VGLL2与VGLL2-AS均在肌肉中特异高表达(P<0.05);VGLL2-AS与VGLL2可以进行双向转录且二者之间可以形成双链RNA;VGLL2-AS半衰期较VGLL2长;在成肌细胞中,VGLL2-AS和VGLL2主要定位于细胞质中(P<0.001);VGLL2只存在VGLL2-mRNA、VGLL2-X2和VGLL2-X3转录本;VGLL2-mRNA和VGLL2-X3与VGLL2-AS表达趋势一致,且VGLL2-mRNA、X3和VGLL2-AS的表达呈现极强的正相关(r分别为0.943和0.935,P<0.01)。综上所述,VGLL2-AS作为VGLL2的反义链编码的lncRNA定位于细胞质中,可能通过与VGLL2形成的双链RNA之间的相互作用,然后参与调节VGLL2的表达并维持其稳定性,最终在鸡的早期肌肉发育中发挥重要作用。本研究的结果扩展了鸡中关于NATs的研究,并为鸡VGLL2基因与其天然反义链转录本VGLL2-AS在鸡骨骼肌发育中的生物学功能的研究奠定了基础,对于提高禽类的生长发育具有一定的意义。
