China is the country with most widely distributed loess area in the world, and its loess area accounts of 6.63% of total nation land area. The landslide disaster occurs frequently for complex natural condition and bec...China is the country with most widely distributed loess area in the world, and its loess area accounts of 6.63% of total nation land area. The landslide disaster occurs frequently for complex natural condition and becomes major factors hindering the social and economic development of loess regions. Through different indexes, the authors divided the landslides into 9 principal types and analyzed the distribution characteristics of loess landslide in time and space, the affecting factors and mechanism of landslides. It is pointed out that time and spatial distributions of landslides are closely correlative to topographic and geomorphic conditions, earthquake and rainfall, and the key influencing factors include topography, geomorphology, new tectonic movements, earthquake activity, surface water, ground water and human activities. The authors emphasized that the natural condition of loess areas was favorable to landslides, human activities impelled its occurrence and that controlling the loess landslide was an urgent task for sustainable development in the loess zone.展开更多
The construction of stone terraces to minimise soil erosion is common throughout Guizhou. This technique, however, has high inherent risk. Stone terraces are usually much higher than those with earth risers. While th...The construction of stone terraces to minimise soil erosion is common throughout Guizhou. This technique, however, has high inherent risk. Stone terraces are usually much higher than those with earth risers. While they trap a greater thickness of soil on the slope they increase the risk of slope failures, reduce moisture and nutrient availability to plants, and thin more soil up slope. The stone risers also threaten long-term productivity. When a riser collapses debris is deposited over the terrace below making farming difficult. These breaches in the terrace focus surface runoff leading to gully formation and increased sediment transport down slope. Artificial drainage systems, often used in conjunction with terracing, compound the risk. These channels prevent precipitation from soaking into the soil. This limits groundwater and soil moisture recharge which reduces the availability of water for crops and the length of the growing season. The rapid drainage of water from the slope reduces the time of concentration of the catchment resulting in an increase in flood activity. Floods are caused by smaller rainstorm events. They arrive faster and peak quicker and higher than before the channels were constructed. Engineering solutions to soil erosion must therefore be used in conjunction with, and are not as a substitute for, good land management strategies. Furthermore, despite changes in land use practices, and the application of new technologies, there is a maximum amount of production that can be obtained from this land on a sustainable basis.展开更多
Landslides are one of the key problems for stability analysis of pipelines in the western region of China where the geological conditions are extremely complicated. In order to offer a theoretical basis for the pipe-s...Landslides are one of the key problems for stability analysis of pipelines in the western region of China where the geological conditions are extremely complicated. In order to offer a theoretical basis for the pipe-soil interaction, the general finite element program ABAQUS is used to analyze the distribution of pipe strain caused by landslide through which the pipeline passes. In this paper the Ramberg-Osgood constitutive equation is used to study the strain-based mechanical characteristics of pipelines. Different calculation schemas are designed by considering the change of spatial relationship between pipeline and landslide, and the change of D/t, diameter-thickness ratio of pipeline. The results indicate that the pipeline is primarily subjected to tension stress when the landslide crosses the pipeline perpendicularly, the pipe strain is a maximum along the central axis of the landslide, and reverse bending occurs on pipeline at both edges of the landslide. The pipeline is primarily subjected to friction force caused by the downward movement of the landslide, and the friction force is relatively small when the landslide is parallel to the pipeline. The pipe strain is in proportional to D/t, and this means decreasing D/t can help to improve security of pipelines subjected to the landslide.展开更多
Landslide displacement prediction can enhance the efficacy of landslide monitoring system,and the prediction of the periodic displacement is particularly challenging.In the previous studies,static regression models(e....Landslide displacement prediction can enhance the efficacy of landslide monitoring system,and the prediction of the periodic displacement is particularly challenging.In the previous studies,static regression models(e.g.,support vector machine(SVM))were mostly used for predicting the periodic displacement.These models may have bad performances,when the dynamic features of landslide triggers are incorporated.This paper proposes a method for predicting the landslide displacement in a dynamic manner,based on the gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network and complete ensemble empirical decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN).The CEEMDAN is used to decompose the training data,and the GRU is subsequently used for predicting the periodic displacement.Implementation procedures of the proposed method were illustrated by a case study in the Caojiatuo landslide area,and SVM was also adopted for the periodic displacement prediction.This case study shows that the predictors obtained by SVM are inaccurate,as the landslide displacement is in a pronouncedly step-wise manner.By contrast,the accuracy can be significantly improved using the dynamic predictive method.This paper reveals the significance of capturing the dynamic features of the inputs in the training process,when the machine learning models are adopted to predict the landslide displacement.展开更多
A physical model for the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine, China was established using a selfdeveloped deep geological engineering disaster model test system. A thermosensitive similar material,paraffin, was sel...A physical model for the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine, China was established using a selfdeveloped deep geological engineering disaster model test system. A thermosensitive similar material,paraffin, was selected to simulate a weak structural plane in the slope to reproduce the landslide process.From an experimental perspective, the variation trend of shear strength parameters of weak structural plane and the mechanical support characteristics of NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio) anchor cable under the condition of a large landslide deformation and failure were examined. The results of this model test showed that slope failure has four distinct stages:(1) soil compaction stage,(2) crack generation stage,(3) crack propagation stage, and(4) sliding plane transfixion stage. According to the test results, the rock mechanics parameters of weak surface in the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine were calculated.The cohesion is approximately 1.35×10~5 Pa, and the internal friction angle is approximately 6.33°.During slope failure, the NPR anchor cable experiences a large deformation but no damage occurs, indicating that the NPR anchor cable can be continuously monitored and reinforced during the deformation and failure of landslide. The stress characteristics of NPR anchor cables during the test are consistent with the monitoring results of Newtonian force at the landslide site, proving that NPR anchor cables are effective and reasonable in landslide monitoring and early warning.展开更多
With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the undergroun...With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the underground mine and the open-pit mine. Based on the theory that sliding force is greater than the shear resistance (resisting force) at the potential slip surface is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide as the sliding criterion, the principle and method for sliding force remote monitoring is presented, and the functional relationship between the human mechanical quantity and the natural sliding force is derived, hereby, the natural sliding force can be calculated according to the human mechanical quantity. Based on above principle and method, a new system of landslide remote monitoring is designed and 53 systems are installed on the landslide body in the Luoshan mining area, which make up the landslide remote monitoring network. According to the results of field test around 8 months, monitoring curves between sliding force and time are obtained, which can describe and forecast the develop trend of landslide. According to above analysis, the results show that this system has some following advantages: (1) real-time monitoring; (2) remote intelligent transmission; (3) landslides early warning.展开更多
Based on a shallow-buried coal seam covered with thick loose layers in hilly loess areas of western China,we developed a mechanical model for a mining slope with slope stability analysis, and studied the mechanism of ...Based on a shallow-buried coal seam covered with thick loose layers in hilly loess areas of western China,we developed a mechanical model for a mining slope with slope stability analysis, and studied the mechanism of formation and development of a sliding ground fissure by the circular sliding slice method.Moreover, we established a prediction model of a sliding fissure based on a mechanical mechanism,and verified its reliability on face 52,304, an engineering example, situated at Daliuta coal mine of Shendong mining area in western China. The results show that the stress state of a mining slope is changed by its gravity and additional stress from the shallow-buried coal seam and gully terrain. The mining slope is found to be most unstable when the ratio of the down-sliding to anti-sliding force is the maximum, causing local fractures and sliding fissures. The predicted angles for the sliding fissure of face 52,304 on both sides of the slope are found to be 64.2° and 82.4°, which are in agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
This paper presents a method for analysis of stress and strain of gas pipelines under the effect of horizontal catastrophic landslides. A soil spring model was used to analyze the nonlinear characteristics concerning ...This paper presents a method for analysis of stress and strain of gas pipelines under the effect of horizontal catastrophic landslides. A soil spring model was used to analyze the nonlinear characteristics concerning the mutual effects between the pipeline and the soil. The Ramberg–Osgood model was used to describe the constitutive relations of pipeline materials. This paper also constructed a finite element analysis model using ABAQUS finite element software and studied the distribution of the maximum stress and strain of the pipeline and the axial stress and strain along the pipeline by referencing some typical accident cases. The calculation results indicated that the maximum stress and strain increased gradually with the displacement of landslide.The limit values of pipeline axial stress strain appeared at the junction of the landslide area and non-landslide area. The stress failure criterion was relatively more conservative than the strain failure criterion. The research results of this paper may be used as a technical reference concerning the design and safety management of large-diameter gas pipelines under the effects of catastrophic landslides.展开更多
Landslides have occurred frequently in the Luoshan mining area because of disordered mining.This paper discusses the landforms and physiognomy,hydro-meteorology,formation lithology,and geologic structure of the Luosha...Landslides have occurred frequently in the Luoshan mining area because of disordered mining.This paper discusses the landforms and physiognomy,hydro-meteorology,formation lithology,and geologic structure of the Luoshan mining area.It also describes the factors influencing the slope stability of landslide No.Ⅲ,determines the general parameters and typical section plane,analyzes the stress-strain state of the No.Ⅲ slope,and calculates its safety factors with FLAC3 D under saturated and natural conditions.Based on a stability analysis,a remote real-time monitoring system was applied to the No.Ⅲ slope,and these monitoring data were collected and analyzed.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to assess the susceptibility of landslides around the area of Guizhou province based on fuzzy theory.In first instance, slope, elevation, lithology, proximity to tectonic lines, proximity...The purpose of this study was to assess the susceptibility of landslides around the area of Guizhou province based on fuzzy theory.In first instance, slope, elevation, lithology, proximity to tectonic lines, proximity to drainage and annual precipitation were taken as independent, causal factors in this study.A landslide hazard evaluation factor system was established by classifying these factors into more subclasses according to some rules.Secondly, a trapezoidal fuzzy number weighting(TFNW) approach was used to assess the importance of six causal factors to landslides in an ArcGIS environment.Thirdly, a landslide susceptibility map was created based on a weighted linear combination model.According to this susceptibility map, the study area was classified into four categories of landslide susceptibility:low, moderate, high and very high.Finally, in order to verify the results obtained, the susceptibility map and the landslide inventory map were combined in the GIS.In addition, the weighting procedure showed that TFNW is an efficient method for weighting causal landslide factors.展开更多
Calculation and comparison between classical strain tensor and Stokes-Chen’s decomposition thorem on geotechnical problems such as constant-curvature landslide and bolt shear large deformation are made.And the result...Calculation and comparison between classical strain tensor and Stokes-Chen’s decomposition thorem on geotechnical problems such as constant-curvature landslide and bolt shear large deformation are made.And the results show that the classical tbeory is approximate in large deformation, and the new theory can overcome the limitation of classical strain definition.展开更多
Under the combined influences of special topography and the long term mining in Nanfen Open Pit Iron Mine, many large scale landslide masses appeared in heading side of stope, and tens of millions of iron mine is buri...Under the combined influences of special topography and the long term mining in Nanfen Open Pit Iron Mine, many large scale landslide masses appeared in heading side of stope, and tens of millions of iron mine is buried underside, making great economic losses. In order to guide the safety mining and increase the supply quantity, this paper through the use of MSARMA-method and the ''MSARMA evaluation and analytical system for slope stability analysis'' based on this method, which aimed at the quantitative evaluating of the slope stability before and after the actual mining below the slip mass, and the sensitivity analysis for the main influencing factor, providing scientific proof for the parameter optimization of open mine surface slope, the security and sustainable exploitation.展开更多
Deep mining has been paid much more attention because of the depletion of shallow mining resources.Traditional bolts could be invalid to accommodate large displacement and deformation in geomaterials.Consequently, alt...Deep mining has been paid much more attention because of the depletion of shallow mining resources.Traditional bolts could be invalid to accommodate large displacement and deformation in geomaterials.Consequently, alternative support and reinforcement bolts need to be studied and their constitutive models also need to be developed to help understanding for the complex stress-strain responses of rock masses under loadings. The effect of Negative Poisson's Ratio(NPR) that is attributed to the swelling phenomenon along the lateral direction may appear in metal materials under tensional loadings. Thence NPR materials often have an advantage over NPR ones in mechanical behavior such as impact resistance, antishearing, and energy absorbed. From the characteristics of NPR materials, a series of bolt and cable supports with the effect of NPR and constant-resistance have been recently developed. We here firstly introduce the structural features of NPR support. Then the constitutive model of NPR support is presented and its corresponding equation of energy equilibrium. Its basic principle interacted on rock masses is further discussed. Finally, NPR cables are employed to support the slope of an open-pit mine. The applications show that NPR cables can ease failure within the slope and play an important role in predicting and providing early warning of slope failure, together with a monitoring system of slope stability.展开更多
Most of the natural and compacted fine-grained soil slopes that are in saturated or unsaturated condition undergo a large deformation prior to reaching failure conditions.Such slopes should be designed taking account ...Most of the natural and compacted fine-grained soil slopes that are in saturated or unsaturated condition undergo a large deformation prior to reaching failure conditions.Such slopes should be designed taking account of their strain-softening behavior using the residual shear strength (RSS) parameters.In this paper,the slope stability of a recently reactivated Outang landslide near the Three Gorges Dam in China is analyzed based on the RSS parameters of unsaturated soils.In addition,comparisons are provided in the FOS values of slope using both the peak shear strength (PSS) and RSS parameters.Firstly,a series of site investigations of the hydrologic and geologic conditions,ground surface displacements and cracks were described.The PSS and RSS behaviors of the sliding soils derived from a series of direct shear test results performed on saturated and unsaturated soil specimens are summarized.Secondly,a series of slope stability analysis were conducted considering the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation within a representative period of 7 months,based on the PSS and the RSS properties.In this study,three different scenarios were considered,which include: i) considering only the precipitation with a constant water level;ii) considering only the decrease in water level without rainfall;iii) considering the combination of precipitation and decrease in water level.In each scenario,four steps were included to calculate the values of factor of safety (FOS) at different times.1) A steady-state seepage analysis was conducted with a constant total head at 525 m on the left boundary and 175 m on the slope surface below the Yangtze River water level.The initial pore water pressures were simulated in the slope under no precipitation and variation of water level.2) A specific boundary condition was applied on the slope surface to model the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation.A transient seepage analysis was conducted to calculate pore water pressures at different times based on the initial pore water pressures.3) The FOS values at different times were calculated by the Morgenstern-Price method taking account of the variation of pore water pressures at different times,using the peak shear strength (PSS) parameters.4) The last step was repeated replacing PSS parameters with RSS parameters.The RSS parameters were lower than the peak values from laboratory’s direct shear test results for the soils in the sliding zones.The reduction in shear strength from peak to residual state under unsaturated soil condition was greater than that for a saturated soil.The FOS decreased almost linearly with time for the scenario in which only the influence of rainfall infiltration was considered.However,the total reduction in the FOS was relatively small.The FOS decreased rapidly at a linear rate with respect to time with a decrease in water level for the scenario in which Yangtze River water level decrease was considered.The FOS reached to a relatively constant value after Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The decrease in Yangtze River water level was the dominant factor that contributed to a reduction in the FOS.The FOS was strongly dependent on the development of the phreatic line after the Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The FOS calculated by RSS (i.e.FOSR) is less than unity;they were approximately 16% lower in comparison to that calculated by PSS (FOSP).If PSS parameters were used,the slope would still be stable even under the combined influence of precipitation and Yangtze River water level decrease.These results are inconsistent with the field observations.For this reason,the RSS parameters should be taken into account to evaluate reliably the slope stability of the Outang landslide.展开更多
In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Althoug...In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Although secondary forests comprise more than 50%of global forests,the influence of landslides on the soil properties in these forests is underappreciated.Therefore,this study investigates the influence of landslides on the chemical and microbial nature of the soil.Study of these modifications is critical,as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent forest revegetation.We selected four independent landslides and adjacent secondary forest stands as references in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China.Soils were obtained from each stand at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths to determine chemical and microbial properties.Soil total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),available phosphorus(P),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and phenol oxidase,exoglucanase,β-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase,L-asparaginase and acid phosphatase activities were 29.3–70.1%lower at the 0–10 cm soil depth in the landslide sites than at the secondary forest sites,whereas total phosphorus(TP)and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)were unaffected by the landslides.N-related enzymes,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and L-asparaginase were reduced by more than 65%in the landslide sites,consistent with the decrease in nitrate concentration at the same 0–10 cm depth.At a depth of 10–20 cm,the variations in the soil properties were consistent with those at the 0–10 cm depth.The results demonstrated that soil chemical and microbial properties were significantly disrupted after the landslides,even though the landslides had occurred 6 years earlier.A long time is thus needed to restore the original C and nutrient levels.In temperate secondary forests,soil TC and TN contents were found to be more suitable for estimating the state of soil restoration than soil TP content.展开更多
A multi-block model and a corresponding computer program have been developed which predict the kinematics of landslides.Furthermore,a unique event for studying different models simulating the triggering and movement o...A multi-block model and a corresponding computer program have been developed which predict the kinematics of landslides.Furthermore,a unique event for studying different models simulating the triggering and movement of landslides is the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the mountainous region in Sichuan Province of China,which caused a large number of rapid landslides.The purpose of the paper is two-fold:(a)to propose and incorporate into the multi-block model constitutive relations predicting soil response along slip surfaces,and(b)to apply the multi-block model with the constitutive relations at landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.The proposed constitutive equations predict the shape of the shear stress-displacement response measured in ring shear tests.In the application,four landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake were considered.Only in one of these landslides the shear resistance-displacement response along the slip surface has been measured in laboratory tests.At this landslide,the triggering and movement of the landslide was predicted.In the other landslides,back analyses were performed and it was observed that the multi-block model predicted reasonably well the final configuration of all slides.In addition,as the measured and back-estimated total friction angle of all landslides was less than 180,and the materials along the slip surface were sandy,it is inferred that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.Concluding,the paper(A)proposed and validated a multi-block constitutive model which can be applied to predict the triggering and movement of earthquake-induced slides and(B)by analyzing four landslides of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,it concludes that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides,was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.展开更多
This paper presents the probabilistic analysis of landslides in spatially variable soil deposits, modeled by a stochastic framework which integrates the random field theory with generalized interpolation material poin...This paper presents the probabilistic analysis of landslides in spatially variable soil deposits, modeled by a stochastic framework which integrates the random field theory with generalized interpolation material point method(GIMP). Random fields are simulated using Cholesky matrix decomposition(CMD) method and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS) method, which represent material properties discretized into sets of random soil shear strength variables with statistical properties. The approach is applied to landslides in clayey deposits under undrained conditions with random fields of undrained shear strength parameters, in order to quantify the uncertainties of post-failure behavior at different scales of fluctuation(SOF) and coefficients of variation(COV). Results show that the employed approach can reliably simulate the whole landslide process and assess the uncertainties of runout motions. It is demonstrated that the natural heterogeneity of shear strength in landslides notably influences their post-failure behavior. Compared with a homogeneous landslide model which yields conservative results and underestimation of the risks, consideration of heterogeneity shows larger landslide influence zones. With SOF values increasing, the variances of influence zones also increase, and with higher values of COV, the mean values of the influence zone also increase, resulting in higher uncertainties of post-failure behavior.展开更多
In the feasibility stage of the transport route selection, large-scale geological investigations are advised before the route is determined. Therefore, rapid assessment of seismic landslide zones can be completed by t...In the feasibility stage of the transport route selection, large-scale geological investigations are advised before the route is determined. Therefore, rapid assessment of seismic landslide zones can be completed by the second development of the ArcGIS program. A large amount of geological information can be obtained by this method which is based on existing remote sensing image data. The integrated data can then be used to guide route location selection. This method assesses the angle between the main axis of the slope and the axis of the route and produces a zoning map that identifies slopes that threaten the route by combining with other characteristics including the climate in the study area, and the lithology and seismic structure of the near-field region. A hazard-zone map showing the degree of earthquake-induced landslide can be quickly generated by the comprehensive index method. The seis- mic landslide zone map was verified by comparison with the findings of a geological engineering survey conducted in the study area.展开更多
With the advancement of the global economy,the coastal region has become heavily developed and densely populated and suffers significant damage potential considering various natural disasters,including tsunamis,as ind...With the advancement of the global economy,the coastal region has become heavily developed and densely populated and suffers significant damage potential considering various natural disasters,including tsunamis,as indicated by several catastrophic tsunami disasters in the 21st century.This study reviews the up-to-date tsunami research from two different viewpoints:tsunamis caused by different generation mechanisms and tsunami research applying different research approaches.For the first issue,earthquake-induced,landslide-induced,volcano eruption-induced,and meteorological tsunamis are individually reviewed,and the characteristics of each tsunami research are specified.Regarding the second issue,tsunami research using post-tsunami field surveys,numerical simulations,and laboratory experiments are discussed individually.Research outcomes from each approach are then summarized.With the extending and deepening of the understanding of tsunamis and their inherent physical insights,highly effective and precise tsunami early warning systems and countermeasures are expected for the relevant disaster protection and mitigation efforts in the coastal region.展开更多
基金This article was supported by the Science and Technology Ministry of China (Grant No. 2002BA516A16-02) the Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Forestry (Grant No.200114).
文摘China is the country with most widely distributed loess area in the world, and its loess area accounts of 6.63% of total nation land area. The landslide disaster occurs frequently for complex natural condition and becomes major factors hindering the social and economic development of loess regions. Through different indexes, the authors divided the landslides into 9 principal types and analyzed the distribution characteristics of loess landslide in time and space, the affecting factors and mechanism of landslides. It is pointed out that time and spatial distributions of landslides are closely correlative to topographic and geomorphic conditions, earthquake and rainfall, and the key influencing factors include topography, geomorphology, new tectonic movements, earthquake activity, surface water, ground water and human activities. The authors emphasized that the natural condition of loess areas was favorable to landslides, human activities impelled its occurrence and that controlling the loess landslide was an urgent task for sustainable development in the loess zone.
文摘The construction of stone terraces to minimise soil erosion is common throughout Guizhou. This technique, however, has high inherent risk. Stone terraces are usually much higher than those with earth risers. While they trap a greater thickness of soil on the slope they increase the risk of slope failures, reduce moisture and nutrient availability to plants, and thin more soil up slope. The stone risers also threaten long-term productivity. When a riser collapses debris is deposited over the terrace below making farming difficult. These breaches in the terrace focus surface runoff leading to gully formation and increased sediment transport down slope. Artificial drainage systems, often used in conjunction with terracing, compound the risk. These channels prevent precipitation from soaking into the soil. This limits groundwater and soil moisture recharge which reduces the availability of water for crops and the length of the growing season. The rapid drainage of water from the slope reduces the time of concentration of the catchment resulting in an increase in flood activity. Floods are caused by smaller rainstorm events. They arrive faster and peak quicker and higher than before the channels were constructed. Engineering solutions to soil erosion must therefore be used in conjunction with, and are not as a substitute for, good land management strategies. Furthermore, despite changes in land use practices, and the application of new technologies, there is a maximum amount of production that can be obtained from this land on a sustainable basis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50774090)
文摘Landslides are one of the key problems for stability analysis of pipelines in the western region of China where the geological conditions are extremely complicated. In order to offer a theoretical basis for the pipe-soil interaction, the general finite element program ABAQUS is used to analyze the distribution of pipe strain caused by landslide through which the pipeline passes. In this paper the Ramberg-Osgood constitutive equation is used to study the strain-based mechanical characteristics of pipelines. Different calculation schemas are designed by considering the change of spatial relationship between pipeline and landslide, and the change of D/t, diameter-thickness ratio of pipeline. The results indicate that the pipeline is primarily subjected to tension stress when the landslide crosses the pipeline perpendicularly, the pipe strain is a maximum along the central axis of the landslide, and reverse bending occurs on pipeline at both edges of the landslide. The pipeline is primarily subjected to friction force caused by the downward movement of the landslide, and the friction force is relatively small when the landslide is parallel to the pipeline. The pipe strain is in proportional to D/t, and this means decreasing D/t can help to improve security of pipelines subjected to the landslide.
基金The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41807294)This study was also financially supported by China Geological Survey Project(Nos.DD20190716 and 0001212020CC60002)。
文摘Landslide displacement prediction can enhance the efficacy of landslide monitoring system,and the prediction of the periodic displacement is particularly challenging.In the previous studies,static regression models(e.g.,support vector machine(SVM))were mostly used for predicting the periodic displacement.These models may have bad performances,when the dynamic features of landslide triggers are incorporated.This paper proposes a method for predicting the landslide displacement in a dynamic manner,based on the gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network and complete ensemble empirical decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN).The CEEMDAN is used to decompose the training data,and the GRU is subsequently used for predicting the periodic displacement.Implementation procedures of the proposed method were illustrated by a case study in the Caojiatuo landslide area,and SVM was also adopted for the periodic displacement prediction.This case study shows that the predictors obtained by SVM are inaccurate,as the landslide displacement is in a pronouncedly step-wise manner.By contrast,the accuracy can be significantly improved using the dynamic predictive method.This paper reveals the significance of capturing the dynamic features of the inputs in the training process,when the machine learning models are adopted to predict the landslide displacement.
基金This study was supported by Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Mountain Geologic Hazards(Grant no.PCMGH-2016-Z-02).
文摘A physical model for the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine, China was established using a selfdeveloped deep geological engineering disaster model test system. A thermosensitive similar material,paraffin, was selected to simulate a weak structural plane in the slope to reproduce the landslide process.From an experimental perspective, the variation trend of shear strength parameters of weak structural plane and the mechanical support characteristics of NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio) anchor cable under the condition of a large landslide deformation and failure were examined. The results of this model test showed that slope failure has four distinct stages:(1) soil compaction stage,(2) crack generation stage,(3) crack propagation stage, and(4) sliding plane transfixion stage. According to the test results, the rock mechanics parameters of weak surface in the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine were calculated.The cohesion is approximately 1.35×10~5 Pa, and the internal friction angle is approximately 6.33°.During slope failure, the NPR anchor cable experiences a large deformation but no damage occurs, indicating that the NPR anchor cable can be continuously monitored and reinforced during the deformation and failure of landslide. The stress characteristics of NPR anchor cables during the test are consistent with the monitoring results of Newtonian force at the landslide site, proving that NPR anchor cables are effective and reasonable in landslide monitoring and early warning.
基金Project 2006CB202200 supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the underground mine and the open-pit mine. Based on the theory that sliding force is greater than the shear resistance (resisting force) at the potential slip surface is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide as the sliding criterion, the principle and method for sliding force remote monitoring is presented, and the functional relationship between the human mechanical quantity and the natural sliding force is derived, hereby, the natural sliding force can be calculated according to the human mechanical quantity. Based on above principle and method, a new system of landslide remote monitoring is designed and 53 systems are installed on the landslide body in the Luoshan mining area, which make up the landslide remote monitoring network. According to the results of field test around 8 months, monitoring curves between sliding force and time are obtained, which can describe and forecast the develop trend of landslide. According to above analysis, the results show that this system has some following advantages: (1) real-time monitoring; (2) remote intelligent transmission; (3) landslides early warning.
基金Projects funded by the National Key Basic Research Development Program(No.2013CB227904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41272389)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2014M561931)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.D2014402007)
文摘Based on a shallow-buried coal seam covered with thick loose layers in hilly loess areas of western China,we developed a mechanical model for a mining slope with slope stability analysis, and studied the mechanism of formation and development of a sliding ground fissure by the circular sliding slice method.Moreover, we established a prediction model of a sliding fissure based on a mechanical mechanism,and verified its reliability on face 52,304, an engineering example, situated at Daliuta coal mine of Shendong mining area in western China. The results show that the stress state of a mining slope is changed by its gravity and additional stress from the shallow-buried coal seam and gully terrain. The mining slope is found to be most unstable when the ratio of the down-sliding to anti-sliding force is the maximum, causing local fractures and sliding fissures. The predicted angles for the sliding fissure of face 52,304 on both sides of the slope are found to be 64.2° and 82.4°, which are in agreement with the experimental data.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Support Program (2015BAK16B02 and 2015BAK16B01)the Fundamental Research Funds of China Academy of Safety Science and Technology
文摘This paper presents a method for analysis of stress and strain of gas pipelines under the effect of horizontal catastrophic landslides. A soil spring model was used to analyze the nonlinear characteristics concerning the mutual effects between the pipeline and the soil. The Ramberg–Osgood model was used to describe the constitutive relations of pipeline materials. This paper also constructed a finite element analysis model using ABAQUS finite element software and studied the distribution of the maximum stress and strain of the pipeline and the axial stress and strain along the pipeline by referencing some typical accident cases. The calculation results indicated that the maximum stress and strain increased gradually with the displacement of landslide.The limit values of pipeline axial stress strain appeared at the junction of the landslide area and non-landslide area. The stress failure criterion was relatively more conservative than the strain failure criterion. The research results of this paper may be used as a technical reference concerning the design and safety management of large-diameter gas pipelines under the effects of catastrophic landslides.
文摘Landslides have occurred frequently in the Luoshan mining area because of disordered mining.This paper discusses the landforms and physiognomy,hydro-meteorology,formation lithology,and geologic structure of the Luoshan mining area.It also describes the factors influencing the slope stability of landslide No.Ⅲ,determines the general parameters and typical section plane,analyzes the stress-strain state of the No.Ⅲ slope,and calculates its safety factors with FLAC3 D under saturated and natural conditions.Based on a stability analysis,a remote real-time monitoring system was applied to the No.Ⅲ slope,and these monitoring data were collected and analyzed.
基金Project 200331880201 supported by the West Project of the Ministry of Communication of China
文摘The purpose of this study was to assess the susceptibility of landslides around the area of Guizhou province based on fuzzy theory.In first instance, slope, elevation, lithology, proximity to tectonic lines, proximity to drainage and annual precipitation were taken as independent, causal factors in this study.A landslide hazard evaluation factor system was established by classifying these factors into more subclasses according to some rules.Secondly, a trapezoidal fuzzy number weighting(TFNW) approach was used to assess the importance of six causal factors to landslides in an ArcGIS environment.Thirdly, a landslide susceptibility map was created based on a weighted linear combination model.According to this susceptibility map, the study area was classified into four categories of landslide susceptibility:low, moderate, high and very high.Finally, in order to verify the results obtained, the susceptibility map and the landslide inventory map were combined in the GIS.In addition, the weighting procedure showed that TFNW is an efficient method for weighting causal landslide factors.
文摘Calculation and comparison between classical strain tensor and Stokes-Chen’s decomposition thorem on geotechnical problems such as constant-curvature landslide and bolt shear large deformation are made.And the results show that the classical tbeory is approximate in large deformation, and the new theory can overcome the limitation of classical strain definition.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40972196)the Scientific Research Foundation of China University of Mining & Technology(Beijing) (No. 2010QL03)
文摘Under the combined influences of special topography and the long term mining in Nanfen Open Pit Iron Mine, many large scale landslide masses appeared in heading side of stope, and tens of millions of iron mine is buried underside, making great economic losses. In order to guide the safety mining and increase the supply quantity, this paper through the use of MSARMA-method and the ''MSARMA evaluation and analytical system for slope stability analysis'' based on this method, which aimed at the quantitative evaluating of the slope stability before and after the actual mining below the slip mass, and the sensitivity analysis for the main influencing factor, providing scientific proof for the parameter optimization of open mine surface slope, the security and sustainable exploitation.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41502323)
文摘Deep mining has been paid much more attention because of the depletion of shallow mining resources.Traditional bolts could be invalid to accommodate large displacement and deformation in geomaterials.Consequently, alternative support and reinforcement bolts need to be studied and their constitutive models also need to be developed to help understanding for the complex stress-strain responses of rock masses under loadings. The effect of Negative Poisson's Ratio(NPR) that is attributed to the swelling phenomenon along the lateral direction may appear in metal materials under tensional loadings. Thence NPR materials often have an advantage over NPR ones in mechanical behavior such as impact resistance, antishearing, and energy absorbed. From the characteristics of NPR materials, a series of bolt and cable supports with the effect of NPR and constant-resistance have been recently developed. We here firstly introduce the structural features of NPR support. Then the constitutive model of NPR support is presented and its corresponding equation of energy equilibrium. Its basic principle interacted on rock masses is further discussed. Finally, NPR cables are employed to support the slope of an open-pit mine. The applications show that NPR cables can ease failure within the slope and play an important role in predicting and providing early warning of slope failure, together with a monitoring system of slope stability.
文摘Most of the natural and compacted fine-grained soil slopes that are in saturated or unsaturated condition undergo a large deformation prior to reaching failure conditions.Such slopes should be designed taking account of their strain-softening behavior using the residual shear strength (RSS) parameters.In this paper,the slope stability of a recently reactivated Outang landslide near the Three Gorges Dam in China is analyzed based on the RSS parameters of unsaturated soils.In addition,comparisons are provided in the FOS values of slope using both the peak shear strength (PSS) and RSS parameters.Firstly,a series of site investigations of the hydrologic and geologic conditions,ground surface displacements and cracks were described.The PSS and RSS behaviors of the sliding soils derived from a series of direct shear test results performed on saturated and unsaturated soil specimens are summarized.Secondly,a series of slope stability analysis were conducted considering the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation within a representative period of 7 months,based on the PSS and the RSS properties.In this study,three different scenarios were considered,which include: i) considering only the precipitation with a constant water level;ii) considering only the decrease in water level without rainfall;iii) considering the combination of precipitation and decrease in water level.In each scenario,four steps were included to calculate the values of factor of safety (FOS) at different times.1) A steady-state seepage analysis was conducted with a constant total head at 525 m on the left boundary and 175 m on the slope surface below the Yangtze River water level.The initial pore water pressures were simulated in the slope under no precipitation and variation of water level.2) A specific boundary condition was applied on the slope surface to model the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation.A transient seepage analysis was conducted to calculate pore water pressures at different times based on the initial pore water pressures.3) The FOS values at different times were calculated by the Morgenstern-Price method taking account of the variation of pore water pressures at different times,using the peak shear strength (PSS) parameters.4) The last step was repeated replacing PSS parameters with RSS parameters.The RSS parameters were lower than the peak values from laboratory’s direct shear test results for the soils in the sliding zones.The reduction in shear strength from peak to residual state under unsaturated soil condition was greater than that for a saturated soil.The FOS decreased almost linearly with time for the scenario in which only the influence of rainfall infiltration was considered.However,the total reduction in the FOS was relatively small.The FOS decreased rapidly at a linear rate with respect to time with a decrease in water level for the scenario in which Yangtze River water level decrease was considered.The FOS reached to a relatively constant value after Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The decrease in Yangtze River water level was the dominant factor that contributed to a reduction in the FOS.The FOS was strongly dependent on the development of the phreatic line after the Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The FOS calculated by RSS (i.e.FOSR) is less than unity;they were approximately 16% lower in comparison to that calculated by PSS (FOSP).If PSS parameters were used,the slope would still be stable even under the combined influence of precipitation and Yangtze River water level decrease.These results are inconsistent with the field observations.For this reason,the RSS parameters should be taken into account to evaluate reliably the slope stability of the Outang landslide.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31922059)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(QYZDJ SSW DQC027 and ZDBS LY DQC019)。
文摘In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Although secondary forests comprise more than 50%of global forests,the influence of landslides on the soil properties in these forests is underappreciated.Therefore,this study investigates the influence of landslides on the chemical and microbial nature of the soil.Study of these modifications is critical,as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent forest revegetation.We selected four independent landslides and adjacent secondary forest stands as references in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China.Soils were obtained from each stand at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths to determine chemical and microbial properties.Soil total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),available phosphorus(P),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and phenol oxidase,exoglucanase,β-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase,L-asparaginase and acid phosphatase activities were 29.3–70.1%lower at the 0–10 cm soil depth in the landslide sites than at the secondary forest sites,whereas total phosphorus(TP)and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)were unaffected by the landslides.N-related enzymes,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and L-asparaginase were reduced by more than 65%in the landslide sites,consistent with the decrease in nitrate concentration at the same 0–10 cm depth.At a depth of 10–20 cm,the variations in the soil properties were consistent with those at the 0–10 cm depth.The results demonstrated that soil chemical and microbial properties were significantly disrupted after the landslides,even though the landslides had occurred 6 years earlier.A long time is thus needed to restore the original C and nutrient levels.In temperate secondary forests,soil TC and TN contents were found to be more suitable for estimating the state of soil restoration than soil TP content.
基金The National Key R＆D Program of China (2017YFC1502903) Sichuan International Cooperation and Exchange for Science and Technology (2016HH0079)+1 种基金 ＂Novel methodologies for the assessment of risk of ground displacement＂ under ESPA 2007-2013 of Greece under
文摘A multi-block model and a corresponding computer program have been developed which predict the kinematics of landslides.Furthermore,a unique event for studying different models simulating the triggering and movement of landslides is the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the mountainous region in Sichuan Province of China,which caused a large number of rapid landslides.The purpose of the paper is two-fold:(a)to propose and incorporate into the multi-block model constitutive relations predicting soil response along slip surfaces,and(b)to apply the multi-block model with the constitutive relations at landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.The proposed constitutive equations predict the shape of the shear stress-displacement response measured in ring shear tests.In the application,four landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake were considered.Only in one of these landslides the shear resistance-displacement response along the slip surface has been measured in laboratory tests.At this landslide,the triggering and movement of the landslide was predicted.In the other landslides,back analyses were performed and it was observed that the multi-block model predicted reasonably well the final configuration of all slides.In addition,as the measured and back-estimated total friction angle of all landslides was less than 180,and the materials along the slip surface were sandy,it is inferred that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.Concluding,the paper(A)proposed and validated a multi-block constitutive model which can be applied to predict the triggering and movement of earthquake-induced slides and(B)by analyzing four landslides of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,it concludes that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides,was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.
文摘This paper presents the probabilistic analysis of landslides in spatially variable soil deposits, modeled by a stochastic framework which integrates the random field theory with generalized interpolation material point method(GIMP). Random fields are simulated using Cholesky matrix decomposition(CMD) method and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS) method, which represent material properties discretized into sets of random soil shear strength variables with statistical properties. The approach is applied to landslides in clayey deposits under undrained conditions with random fields of undrained shear strength parameters, in order to quantify the uncertainties of post-failure behavior at different scales of fluctuation(SOF) and coefficients of variation(COV). Results show that the employed approach can reliably simulate the whole landslide process and assess the uncertainties of runout motions. It is demonstrated that the natural heterogeneity of shear strength in landslides notably influences their post-failure behavior. Compared with a homogeneous landslide model which yields conservative results and underestimation of the risks, consideration of heterogeneity shows larger landslide influence zones. With SOF values increasing, the variances of influence zones also increase, and with higher values of COV, the mean values of the influence zone also increase, resulting in higher uncertainties of post-failure behavior.
文摘In the feasibility stage of the transport route selection, large-scale geological investigations are advised before the route is determined. Therefore, rapid assessment of seismic landslide zones can be completed by the second development of the ArcGIS program. A large amount of geological information can be obtained by this method which is based on existing remote sensing image data. The integrated data can then be used to guide route location selection. This method assesses the angle between the main axis of the slope and the axis of the route and produces a zoning map that identifies slopes that threaten the route by combining with other characteristics including the climate in the study area, and the lithology and seismic structure of the near-field region. A hazard-zone map showing the degree of earthquake-induced landslide can be quickly generated by the comprehensive index method. The seis- mic landslide zone map was verified by comparison with the findings of a geological engineering survey conducted in the study area.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52271292,52071288the Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo City under Grant No.2022Z213.
文摘With the advancement of the global economy,the coastal region has become heavily developed and densely populated and suffers significant damage potential considering various natural disasters,including tsunamis,as indicated by several catastrophic tsunami disasters in the 21st century.This study reviews the up-to-date tsunami research from two different viewpoints:tsunamis caused by different generation mechanisms and tsunami research applying different research approaches.For the first issue,earthquake-induced,landslide-induced,volcano eruption-induced,and meteorological tsunamis are individually reviewed,and the characteristics of each tsunami research are specified.Regarding the second issue,tsunami research using post-tsunami field surveys,numerical simulations,and laboratory experiments are discussed individually.Research outcomes from each approach are then summarized.With the extending and deepening of the understanding of tsunamis and their inherent physical insights,highly effective and precise tsunami early warning systems and countermeasures are expected for the relevant disaster protection and mitigation efforts in the coastal region.
