Authors’ first and last names were interchanged in the original version of the article and they should be replaced as follows: Majid Siavashi, Mohammad Jamali.
In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data o...In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data of water of the corresponding binary systems has been developed based on an assumption that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms, and the interaction of the salt( i ) salt( j ) pair in the solution is assumed to be much weaker than that of water salt pair due to the common anions of both of salts. The model was applied to the systems such as KCl H 2O NaCl, MCl H 2O M′Cl 2 (M represents Na and K, M′ represents Ca and Ba) and KCl H 2O NaCl BaCl 2 with satisfying results. The interchange energies of the studied component pairs between water and salts have also been determined by the corresponding binary aqueous solutions.展开更多
Authors’ first and last names were interchanged in the original version of the article and they should be replaced as follows: Asghar Rahmati, Lohrasb Faramarzi, Mohammad Darbor.
Both theory and simulation have played important roles in defining and illuminating the key mechanisms involved in substorms.Basic theories of magnetic reconnection and of interchange and ballooning instabilities were...Both theory and simulation have played important roles in defining and illuminating the key mechanisms involved in substorms.Basic theories of magnetic reconnection and of interchange and ballooning instabilities were developed more than 50 years ago,and these plasma physical concepts have been central in discussions of substorm physics.A vast amount of research on reconnection,including both theoretical and computational studies,has helped provide a picture of how reconnection operates in the collisionless environment of the magnetosphere.Still,however,we do not fully understand how key microscale processes and large-scale dynamics work together to determine the location and rate of reconnection.While in the last twenty years,it has become clear that interchange processes are important for transporting plasma through the plasma sheet in the form of bursty bulk flows and substorm expansions,we still have not reached the point where simulations are able to realistically and defensibly represent all of the important aspects of the phenomenon.More than two decades ago it was suggested that the ballooning instability,the basic theory for which dates from the 1950s,may play an important role in substorms.Now the majority of experts agree that regions of the plasma sheet are often linearly unstable to ideal-MHD ballooning.However,it is also clear that kinetic effects introduce important modifications to the MHD stability criterion.It is still uncertain whether ballooning plays a leading role in substorms or has just a minor part.Among the different types of simulations that have been applied to the substorm problem,global MHD codes are unique in that,in a sense, they represent the entire global substorm phenomenon,including coupling to the solar wind and ionosphere, and the important mechanisms of reconnection,interchange,and ballooning.However,they have not yet progressed to the point where they can accurately represent the whole phenomenon,because grid-resolution problems limit the accuracy with which they can solve the equations of ideal MHD and the couphng to the ionosphere,and they cannot accurately represent small-scale processes that violate ideal MHD.展开更多
In order to take precaution and cure against intemet of vehicles （IOV） worm propagation in expressway, the IOV worm propagation and its corresponding anti-worm strategy were studied in expressway interchange termina...In order to take precaution and cure against intemet of vehicles （IOV） worm propagation in expressway, the IOV worm propagation and its corresponding anti-worm strategy were studied in expressway interchange terminal. According to omnirange driving in expressway interchange terminal and vehicular mobile communication environment, an IOV worm propagation model is constructed; and then according to the dynamic propagation law and destructiveness of IOV worm in this environment, a novel hybrid anti-worm strategy for confrontation is designed. This worm propagation model can factually simulates the IOV worm propagation in this interchange terminal environment; and this hybrid anti-worm strategy can effectively control IOV worm propagation in the environment, moreover, it can reduce the influence on network resource overhead.展开更多
2-hydroxy N methyl N phenyl acetamide was synthesized by using N methylaniline, chloracetyl chloride, anhydrous sodium acetate and methanol through the acetylation, esterfication and ester interchange steps. The acety...2-hydroxy N methyl N phenyl acetamide was synthesized by using N methylaniline, chloracetyl chloride, anhydrous sodium acetate and methanol through the acetylation, esterfication and ester interchange steps. The acetylation of N methylaniline with chloracetyl chloride, catalyzed by triethylamide with mole ratio n (C 6H 5NHCH 3)∶ n (ClCH 2C(O)Cl)∶ n (N(C 2H 5) 3)=1∶1.05∶1, the yield of 2 chloro N methyl N phenyl acetamide(Ⅰ) was 93.8%; Then the esterification of Ⅰ with anhydrous sodium acetate in the presence of phase transfer catalyst tetrabutyl ammonia bromide gave 97.3% yield of 2 acetoxyl N methyl N phenyl acetamide (Ⅱ); The ester interchange of with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide gave 2 hydroxy N methyl N phenyl acetamide (Ⅲ) in 96.4% yield. And the total yield was 88.0%. IR and MS spectroscopy of products were analyzed and their characteristic peaks were assigned. Combining the results of elemental analysis, the molecular structure of Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was identified.展开更多
文摘Authors’ first and last names were interchanged in the original version of the article and they should be replaced as follows: Majid Siavashi, Mohammad Jamali.
文摘In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data of water of the corresponding binary systems has been developed based on an assumption that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms, and the interaction of the salt( i ) salt( j ) pair in the solution is assumed to be much weaker than that of water salt pair due to the common anions of both of salts. The model was applied to the systems such as KCl H 2O NaCl, MCl H 2O M′Cl 2 (M represents Na and K, M′ represents Ca and Ba) and KCl H 2O NaCl BaCl 2 with satisfying results. The interchange energies of the studied component pairs between water and salts have also been determined by the corresponding binary aqueous solutions.
文摘Authors’ first and last names were interchanged in the original version of the article and they should be replaced as follows: Asghar Rahmati, Lohrasb Faramarzi, Mohammad Darbor.
基金supported by the NASA Heliospheric Theory Program under grant NNX08AI55G
文摘Both theory and simulation have played important roles in defining and illuminating the key mechanisms involved in substorms.Basic theories of magnetic reconnection and of interchange and ballooning instabilities were developed more than 50 years ago,and these plasma physical concepts have been central in discussions of substorm physics.A vast amount of research on reconnection,including both theoretical and computational studies,has helped provide a picture of how reconnection operates in the collisionless environment of the magnetosphere.Still,however,we do not fully understand how key microscale processes and large-scale dynamics work together to determine the location and rate of reconnection.While in the last twenty years,it has become clear that interchange processes are important for transporting plasma through the plasma sheet in the form of bursty bulk flows and substorm expansions,we still have not reached the point where simulations are able to realistically and defensibly represent all of the important aspects of the phenomenon.More than two decades ago it was suggested that the ballooning instability,the basic theory for which dates from the 1950s,may play an important role in substorms.Now the majority of experts agree that regions of the plasma sheet are often linearly unstable to ideal-MHD ballooning.However,it is also clear that kinetic effects introduce important modifications to the MHD stability criterion.It is still uncertain whether ballooning plays a leading role in substorms or has just a minor part.Among the different types of simulations that have been applied to the substorm problem,global MHD codes are unique in that,in a sense, they represent the entire global substorm phenomenon,including coupling to the solar wind and ionosphere, and the important mechanisms of reconnection,interchange,and ballooning.However,they have not yet progressed to the point where they can accurately represent the whole phenomenon,because grid-resolution problems limit the accuracy with which they can solve the equations of ideal MHD and the couphng to the ionosphere,and they cannot accurately represent small-scale processes that violate ideal MHD.
基金Project(61005008) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(JI300D004) supported by the COSTIND Application Foundation of China
文摘In order to take precaution and cure against intemet of vehicles （IOV） worm propagation in expressway, the IOV worm propagation and its corresponding anti-worm strategy were studied in expressway interchange terminal. According to omnirange driving in expressway interchange terminal and vehicular mobile communication environment, an IOV worm propagation model is constructed; and then according to the dynamic propagation law and destructiveness of IOV worm in this environment, a novel hybrid anti-worm strategy for confrontation is designed. This worm propagation model can factually simulates the IOV worm propagation in this interchange terminal environment; and this hybrid anti-worm strategy can effectively control IOV worm propagation in the environment, moreover, it can reduce the influence on network resource overhead.
文摘2-hydroxy N methyl N phenyl acetamide was synthesized by using N methylaniline, chloracetyl chloride, anhydrous sodium acetate and methanol through the acetylation, esterfication and ester interchange steps. The acetylation of N methylaniline with chloracetyl chloride, catalyzed by triethylamide with mole ratio n (C 6H 5NHCH 3)∶ n (ClCH 2C(O)Cl)∶ n (N(C 2H 5) 3)=1∶1.05∶1, the yield of 2 chloro N methyl N phenyl acetamide(Ⅰ) was 93.8%; Then the esterification of Ⅰ with anhydrous sodium acetate in the presence of phase transfer catalyst tetrabutyl ammonia bromide gave 97.3% yield of 2 acetoxyl N methyl N phenyl acetamide (Ⅱ); The ester interchange of with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide gave 2 hydroxy N methyl N phenyl acetamide (Ⅲ) in 96.4% yield. And the total yield was 88.0%. IR and MS spectroscopy of products were analyzed and their characteristic peaks were assigned. Combining the results of elemental analysis, the molecular structure of Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was identified.
