Person-borne improvised explosive devices(PBIEDs)are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries.This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people expos...Person-borne improvised explosive devices(PBIEDs)are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries.This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people exposed to this hazard.An explosive field test with a typical PBIED composed of a plastic explosive charge and steel nut enhancements was performed to record initial fragment behaviour,including positions,velocity,and trajectory angles.These data were used to predict the full trajectory of PBIED fragments using a probabilistic analysis.In the probabilistic analyses a probability of fatality or serious injury was computed.Based on the results presented,many practical conclusions can be drawn,for instance,regarding safe evacuation distances if a person were exposed to a suspected PBIED.展开更多
The emergence of improvised explosive devices (IED) significantly extended the spectrum of possiblethreat mechanisms to military vehicles and their occupants. Especially buried high explosive (HE)charges lead to new a...The emergence of improvised explosive devices (IED) significantly extended the spectrum of possiblethreat mechanisms to military vehicles and their occupants. Especially buried high explosive (HE)charges lead to new and originally not investigated loading conditions during their detonation. It is theinteraction of the embedding geomaterial with the detonation products that leads to a strongly increasedglobal impulse transfer on the vehicle with following high accelerations on the vehicle occupant. Thispaper presents a comprehensive approach for the analysis of occupant loading. In a first step, we presentthe so called ring technology which allows the experimental determination of the locally resolvedspecific impulse distribution on a vehicle floor due to buried charge detonation. A complementarymethod is the use of scaled model vehicles that allows the determination of global vehicle loading parameterssuch as jump height or vehicle accelerations. Both techniques were used to study the influenceof burial conditions as burial depth, embedding material or water content on the impulse transfer ontothe vehicle. These experimental data are used to validate material models for the embedding sand orgravel materials. This validated material description is the basis for numerical simulation models used inthe assessment of occupant safety. In the last step, we present a simulation model for a generic militaryvehicle including a Hybrid III occupant dummy that is used for the determination of biomechanicaloccupant exposure levels. Typical occupant loadings are evaluated and correlated with burial conditionsas HE mass and global momentum transfer.展开更多
The NATO agreement STANAG 4569 defines the protection levels for the occupants of logistic and light armored vehicle.The Allied Engineering Publication,AEP-55,Volume 2 document outlines the test conditions for underbe...The NATO agreement STANAG 4569 defines the protection levels for the occupants of logistic and light armored vehicle.The Allied Engineering Publication,AEP-55,Volume 2 document outlines the test conditions for underbelly improvised explosive device(IEDs),which must be buried in water-saturated sandy gravel.The use of sandy gravel has some drawbacks,for instance reproducibility,time consumption,and cost.This paper focuses on the investigation of four alternatives to sandy gravel,which could produce similar specific and cumulative impulses:a concrete pot filled with water,a concrete pot filled with quartz sand,a steel pot without filling and a concrete pot filled with glass spheres(diameter 200μm—300μm)and different water contents.The impulses are measured with a ring technology developed at the Fraunhofer EMI.A numerical soil model based on the work of Marrs,2014 and Fi serov a,2006 and considering the soil moisture was used to simulate the experiments with glass spheres at different water contents,showing much better agreement with the experiments than the classical Laine&Sandvik model,even for high saturation levels.These results can be used to create new test conditions at original scale that are more cost-effective,more reproducible and simpler to manage in comparison to the current tests carried out with STANAG sandy gravel.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Poland National Center for Research and Development,under the grant DOB-BIO10/01/02/2019 within the Defence and Security Programme.
文摘Person-borne improvised explosive devices(PBIEDs)are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries.This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people exposed to this hazard.An explosive field test with a typical PBIED composed of a plastic explosive charge and steel nut enhancements was performed to record initial fragment behaviour,including positions,velocity,and trajectory angles.These data were used to predict the full trajectory of PBIED fragments using a probabilistic analysis.In the probabilistic analyses a probability of fatality or serious injury was computed.Based on the results presented,many practical conclusions can be drawn,for instance,regarding safe evacuation distances if a person were exposed to a suspected PBIED.
基金the German test range WTD-91 GF-440 in Meppen for funding this work
文摘The emergence of improvised explosive devices (IED) significantly extended the spectrum of possiblethreat mechanisms to military vehicles and their occupants. Especially buried high explosive (HE)charges lead to new and originally not investigated loading conditions during their detonation. It is theinteraction of the embedding geomaterial with the detonation products that leads to a strongly increasedglobal impulse transfer on the vehicle with following high accelerations on the vehicle occupant. Thispaper presents a comprehensive approach for the analysis of occupant loading. In a first step, we presentthe so called ring technology which allows the experimental determination of the locally resolvedspecific impulse distribution on a vehicle floor due to buried charge detonation. A complementarymethod is the use of scaled model vehicles that allows the determination of global vehicle loading parameterssuch as jump height or vehicle accelerations. Both techniques were used to study the influenceof burial conditions as burial depth, embedding material or water content on the impulse transfer ontothe vehicle. These experimental data are used to validate material models for the embedding sand orgravel materials. This validated material description is the basis for numerical simulation models used inthe assessment of occupant safety. In the last step, we present a simulation model for a generic militaryvehicle including a Hybrid III occupant dummy that is used for the determination of biomechanicaloccupant exposure levels. Typical occupant loadings are evaluated and correlated with burial conditionsas HE mass and global momentum transfer.
基金Bundeswehr Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition WTD-91 GF-440 in Meppen,Germany for funding this work。
文摘The NATO agreement STANAG 4569 defines the protection levels for the occupants of logistic and light armored vehicle.The Allied Engineering Publication,AEP-55,Volume 2 document outlines the test conditions for underbelly improvised explosive device(IEDs),which must be buried in water-saturated sandy gravel.The use of sandy gravel has some drawbacks,for instance reproducibility,time consumption,and cost.This paper focuses on the investigation of four alternatives to sandy gravel,which could produce similar specific and cumulative impulses:a concrete pot filled with water,a concrete pot filled with quartz sand,a steel pot without filling and a concrete pot filled with glass spheres(diameter 200μm—300μm)and different water contents.The impulses are measured with a ring technology developed at the Fraunhofer EMI.A numerical soil model based on the work of Marrs,2014 and Fi serov a,2006 and considering the soil moisture was used to simulate the experiments with glass spheres at different water contents,showing much better agreement with the experiments than the classical Laine&Sandvik model,even for high saturation levels.These results can be used to create new test conditions at original scale that are more cost-effective,more reproducible and simpler to manage in comparison to the current tests carried out with STANAG sandy gravel.
