Verticillium wilt,caused by the infamous pathogen Verticillium dahliae,presents a primary constraint on cotton cul-tivation worldwide.The complexity of disease resistance in cotton and the largely unexplored interacti...Verticillium wilt,caused by the infamous pathogen Verticillium dahliae,presents a primary constraint on cotton cul-tivation worldwide.The complexity of disease resistance in cotton and the largely unexplored interaction dynamics between the cotton plant host and V.dahliae pathogen pose a crucial predicament for effectively managing cotton Verticillium wilt.Nevertheless,the most cost-effective approach to controlling this disease involves breeding and cul-tivating resistant cotton varieties,demanding a meticulous analysis of the mechanisms underlying cotton’s resistance to Verticillium wilt and the identification of pivotal genes.These aspects constitute focal points in disease-resistance breeding programs.In this review,we comprehensively discuss genetic inheritance associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton,the advancements in molecular markers for disease resistance,the functional investiga-tion of resistance genes in cotton,the analysis of pathogenicity genes in V.dahliae,as well as the intricate interplay between cotton and this fungus.Moreover,we delve into the future prospects of cutting-edge research on cotton Verticillium wilt,aiming to proffer valuable insights for the effective management of this devastating fungus.展开更多
Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding perf...Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding performance. The interaction mechanism between CMC and iron ore particles was analyzed through Zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and infrared spectra. The results show that the interaction is chemical adsorption-oriented and the CMC's adsorption performance is related to the properties of CMC as well as the type of iron oxides. CMC has a greater affinity to Fe2O3 than Fe3O4, and CMC with higher relative molecular mass shows a higher adsorption isotherm. Pelletization of practical iron ore concentrates added with CMC further illustrates that CMC with higher relative molecular mass or DS exhibits a better binding performance, which is consistent with the results of adsorption tests.展开更多
The reaction of Mg^(2+)and 5-{1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl}terephthalic acid(H_(2)L)leads to two metal-organic frameworks,[Mg(L)(DMF)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(2)·5DMF·2H_(2)O(1)with a 1D structure and...The reaction of Mg^(2+)and 5-{1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl}terephthalic acid(H_(2)L)leads to two metal-organic frameworks,[Mg(L)(DMF)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(2)·5DMF·2H_(2)O(1)with a 1D structure and[Mg_(2)(L)_(2)(DMSO)_(3)(H_(2)O)](2)with a 2D(4,4)-net structure.Interestingly,the two compounds exhibit distinct luminescent responses to external mechanical stimuli.1 exhibited exceptional resistance mechanical chromic luminescence(RMCL),which can be attributed to the predominant hydrogen bonds and the presence of high-boiling-point solvent molecules within its structure.2 had a reversible MCL property,which can be attributed to the dominantπ-πweak interactions,coupled with the reversible destruction/restoration of its crystallinity under grinding/fumigation.CCDC:2410963,1;2410964,2.展开更多
Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identi...Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the complex, three-way interactions between fungal antagonists, plants and microbial pathogens. Proteome and genome analyses have greatly enhanced our ability to conduct targeted and genome-based functional studies. We have obtained reproducible 2-D maps of the entire fungal proteome in various conditions of interaction, which permitted the isolation of many proteins related to specific functions. Many differential proteins from several biocontrol strains of Trichoderma spp. during the in vivo interaction with different plants and/or several phytopathogenic fungi have been isolated and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Relevant genes have been cloned and specifically inactivated, to demonstrate their function in biocontrol and induction of disease resistance. GFP-based reporter systems with interaction-inducible promoters allowed the characterization of regulatory sequences activated by the presence of the pathogen or the plant. From extensive cDNA. and EST libraries of genes expressed during Trichoderma-pathogen-plant interactions, we are identified and determined the role of a variety of novel genes and gene-products, including ABC transporters specifically induced during antagonism with other microbes; enzymes and other proteins that produce or act as novel elicitors of Induced Resistance in plant and promote root growth and crop yield; proteins possibly responsible of a gene-for-gene avirulent interaction between Trichoderma and plants; mycoparasitism-related inducers released from fungal pathogens and that activate biocontrol in Trichoderma; fungal promoters specifically induced during mycoparasitism and plant colonization; plant proteins and a novel phytoalexin induced by the presence of the fungal antagonist; etc. We have also transgenically demonstrated the ability of Trichoderma to transfer heterologous proteins into plants during root colonization. Finally we have used GFP and other markers to monitor the interaction in vivo and in situ between Trichoderma and its host (s) (the fungal pathogen and the plant).展开更多
In consideration of the problem that the effect of conduit structure on water hammer has been ignored in the classical theory,the Poisson coupling between the fluid and the pipeline was studied and a fourteen-equation...In consideration of the problem that the effect of conduit structure on water hammer has been ignored in the classical theory,the Poisson coupling between the fluid and the pipeline was studied and a fourteen-equation mathematical model of fluid-structure interaction(FSI)was developed.Then,the transfer matrix method(TMM)was used to calculate the modal frequency,modal shape and frequency response.The results were compared with that in experiment to verify the correctness of the TMM and the results show that the fluid-structure coupling has a greater impact on the modal frequencies than the modal shape.Finally,the influence on the response spectrum of different damping ratios was studied and the results show that the natural frequency under different damping ratios has changed little but there is a big difference for the pressure spectrum.With the decreasing of damping ratio,the damping of the system on frequency spectrum is more and more significant and the dispersion and dissipation is more and more apparent.Therefore the appropriate damping ratio should be selected to minimize the effects of the vibration of the FSI.The results provide references for the theory research of FSI in the transient process.展开更多
In the past three decades, numerous papers have bee n publishedon the dynamics of rotating discs. most of them have focused on the ma thematical modeling and solution for a specific interactive force, such as a n elas...In the past three decades, numerous papers have bee n publishedon the dynamics of rotating discs. most of them have focused on the ma thematical modeling and solution for a specific interactive force, such as a n elastic force produced by a stationary spring or a damping force from a statio nary viscous damper. Few of them have looked into the instability mechanisms. This study has established a generalized approach to investigate the instability mechanisms that are involved in the interaction between a rotating and an arbit rary interactive force. An energy flux equation has been developed, which leads to the following conclusions: (1) The possibility of the occurrence of instability due to any interactive forc es may be identified based on the energy flux analysis, even without solving equ ations. (2) Instabilities will occur if the interactive forces are in phase with the vel ocity measured at the interactive point from the coordinates rotating with the d isc. (3) Instability cannot occur when a rotating disc is subjected to a stationary c onstant lateral force, but a stationary harmonic lateral force, a moving constan t lateral force or a moving harmonic lateral force may cause instability. (4) Conservative forces may only cause coupling instability associated with two modes, and non-conservative forces usually cause terminal instability where onl y one mode is involved.展开更多
A three-body model composed of two geological bodies and a structural body was developed to explore how ground-support systems respond to axial loads in underground spaces. A detailed method was designed to fabricate ...A three-body model composed of two geological bodies and a structural body was developed to explore how ground-support systems respond to axial loads in underground spaces. A detailed method was designed to fabricate physical scale-model specimens for testing. Three types of specimens were constructed to investigate how three different materials reacted to each other under load. The three types of specimens were called the weak-rock model, hard-rock model and mixed model. The results of uniaxial compression tests show that the mechanical behaviour of a three-body structural support is closely related to the interaction between the three bodies, but owing to different mechanisms, the three types of material behave very differently. To explain the test results, numerical simulations were conducted to explore fully the load responses of the three-body model specimens. The numerical simulations verify the hypotheses proposed for how the three types of material interact.展开更多
生物质和化石燃料经不完全燃烧产生的固相富碳残留物统称为黑炭.溶解性炭黑(dissolved black carbon,DBC)是黑炭的水溶性组分(其粒径尺度小于0.45μm),被视为全球溶解有机碳库的重要组成部分.尽管针对它的结构与功能、行为与归宿已有研...生物质和化石燃料经不完全燃烧产生的固相富碳残留物统称为黑炭.溶解性炭黑(dissolved black carbon,DBC)是黑炭的水溶性组分(其粒径尺度小于0.45μm),被视为全球溶解有机碳库的重要组成部分.尽管针对它的结构与功能、行为与归宿已有研究,但DBC在环境中的产生、迁移、转化等过程对有机污染物环境行为的影响关注仍显不足.因此,综述了DBC的分布特征,从元素组成、碳质结构、基团性质和技术检测上深度认识DBC的分子结构与性质变化;归纳了DBC与环境新污染物的相互作用,梳理了DBC与新污染物的作用机制和转化效果;概述了DBC的环境过程对有机污染物行为的影响(如结合、去除、转化等).着重就DBC通过氢键、π-π电子供受体、疏水分配、静电作用等与有机污染物发生结合过程、在阳离子条件下DBC通过压缩双电层机制发生团聚并吸附去除污染物过程、以及DBC介导有机污染物光降解过程进行了系统地阐述.未来研究重点应结合跨学科的技术手段认识DBC分子结构的复杂性,深入理解DBC在环境过程中对新污染物行为的影响机制.这为准确评估DBC环境行为与效应,有效构建DBC与新污染物的命运关系起到重要作用.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201752)Xinjiang Tianchi Talents Program (TCYC2023TP02)Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2024DA001)
文摘Verticillium wilt,caused by the infamous pathogen Verticillium dahliae,presents a primary constraint on cotton cul-tivation worldwide.The complexity of disease resistance in cotton and the largely unexplored interaction dynamics between the cotton plant host and V.dahliae pathogen pose a crucial predicament for effectively managing cotton Verticillium wilt.Nevertheless,the most cost-effective approach to controlling this disease involves breeding and cul-tivating resistant cotton varieties,demanding a meticulous analysis of the mechanisms underlying cotton’s resistance to Verticillium wilt and the identification of pivotal genes.These aspects constitute focal points in disease-resistance breeding programs.In this review,we comprehensively discuss genetic inheritance associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton,the advancements in molecular markers for disease resistance,the functional investiga-tion of resistance genes in cotton,the analysis of pathogenicity genes in V.dahliae,as well as the intricate interplay between cotton and this fungus.Moreover,we delve into the future prospects of cutting-edge research on cotton Verticillium wilt,aiming to proffer valuable insights for the effective management of this devastating fungus.
基金Project(2012zzts101)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding performance. The interaction mechanism between CMC and iron ore particles was analyzed through Zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and infrared spectra. The results show that the interaction is chemical adsorption-oriented and the CMC's adsorption performance is related to the properties of CMC as well as the type of iron oxides. CMC has a greater affinity to Fe2O3 than Fe3O4, and CMC with higher relative molecular mass shows a higher adsorption isotherm. Pelletization of practical iron ore concentrates added with CMC further illustrates that CMC with higher relative molecular mass or DS exhibits a better binding performance, which is consistent with the results of adsorption tests.
文摘The reaction of Mg^(2+)and 5-{1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl}terephthalic acid(H_(2)L)leads to two metal-organic frameworks,[Mg(L)(DMF)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(2)·5DMF·2H_(2)O(1)with a 1D structure and[Mg_(2)(L)_(2)(DMSO)_(3)(H_(2)O)](2)with a 2D(4,4)-net structure.Interestingly,the two compounds exhibit distinct luminescent responses to external mechanical stimuli.1 exhibited exceptional resistance mechanical chromic luminescence(RMCL),which can be attributed to the predominant hydrogen bonds and the presence of high-boiling-point solvent molecules within its structure.2 had a reversible MCL property,which can be attributed to the dominantπ-πweak interactions,coupled with the reversible destruction/restoration of its crystallinity under grinding/fumigation.CCDC:2410963,1;2410964,2.
文摘Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the complex, three-way interactions between fungal antagonists, plants and microbial pathogens. Proteome and genome analyses have greatly enhanced our ability to conduct targeted and genome-based functional studies. We have obtained reproducible 2-D maps of the entire fungal proteome in various conditions of interaction, which permitted the isolation of many proteins related to specific functions. Many differential proteins from several biocontrol strains of Trichoderma spp. during the in vivo interaction with different plants and/or several phytopathogenic fungi have been isolated and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Relevant genes have been cloned and specifically inactivated, to demonstrate their function in biocontrol and induction of disease resistance. GFP-based reporter systems with interaction-inducible promoters allowed the characterization of regulatory sequences activated by the presence of the pathogen or the plant. From extensive cDNA. and EST libraries of genes expressed during Trichoderma-pathogen-plant interactions, we are identified and determined the role of a variety of novel genes and gene-products, including ABC transporters specifically induced during antagonism with other microbes; enzymes and other proteins that produce or act as novel elicitors of Induced Resistance in plant and promote root growth and crop yield; proteins possibly responsible of a gene-for-gene avirulent interaction between Trichoderma and plants; mycoparasitism-related inducers released from fungal pathogens and that activate biocontrol in Trichoderma; fungal promoters specifically induced during mycoparasitism and plant colonization; plant proteins and a novel phytoalexin induced by the presence of the fungal antagonist; etc. We have also transgenically demonstrated the ability of Trichoderma to transfer heterologous proteins into plants during root colonization. Finally we have used GFP and other markers to monitor the interaction in vivo and in situ between Trichoderma and its host (s) (the fungal pathogen and the plant).
文摘In consideration of the problem that the effect of conduit structure on water hammer has been ignored in the classical theory,the Poisson coupling between the fluid and the pipeline was studied and a fourteen-equation mathematical model of fluid-structure interaction(FSI)was developed.Then,the transfer matrix method(TMM)was used to calculate the modal frequency,modal shape and frequency response.The results were compared with that in experiment to verify the correctness of the TMM and the results show that the fluid-structure coupling has a greater impact on the modal frequencies than the modal shape.Finally,the influence on the response spectrum of different damping ratios was studied and the results show that the natural frequency under different damping ratios has changed little but there is a big difference for the pressure spectrum.With the decreasing of damping ratio,the damping of the system on frequency spectrum is more and more significant and the dispersion and dissipation is more and more apparent.Therefore the appropriate damping ratio should be selected to minimize the effects of the vibration of the FSI.The results provide references for the theory research of FSI in the transient process.
文摘In the past three decades, numerous papers have bee n publishedon the dynamics of rotating discs. most of them have focused on the ma thematical modeling and solution for a specific interactive force, such as a n elastic force produced by a stationary spring or a damping force from a statio nary viscous damper. Few of them have looked into the instability mechanisms. This study has established a generalized approach to investigate the instability mechanisms that are involved in the interaction between a rotating and an arbit rary interactive force. An energy flux equation has been developed, which leads to the following conclusions: (1) The possibility of the occurrence of instability due to any interactive forc es may be identified based on the energy flux analysis, even without solving equ ations. (2) Instabilities will occur if the interactive forces are in phase with the vel ocity measured at the interactive point from the coordinates rotating with the d isc. (3) Instability cannot occur when a rotating disc is subjected to a stationary c onstant lateral force, but a stationary harmonic lateral force, a moving constan t lateral force or a moving harmonic lateral force may cause instability. (4) Conservative forces may only cause coupling instability associated with two modes, and non-conservative forces usually cause terminal instability where onl y one mode is involved.
基金Project(51674244)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2014QNA47)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(BK20151145)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘A three-body model composed of two geological bodies and a structural body was developed to explore how ground-support systems respond to axial loads in underground spaces. A detailed method was designed to fabricate physical scale-model specimens for testing. Three types of specimens were constructed to investigate how three different materials reacted to each other under load. The three types of specimens were called the weak-rock model, hard-rock model and mixed model. The results of uniaxial compression tests show that the mechanical behaviour of a three-body structural support is closely related to the interaction between the three bodies, but owing to different mechanisms, the three types of material behave very differently. To explain the test results, numerical simulations were conducted to explore fully the load responses of the three-body model specimens. The numerical simulations verify the hypotheses proposed for how the three types of material interact.
文摘生物质和化石燃料经不完全燃烧产生的固相富碳残留物统称为黑炭.溶解性炭黑(dissolved black carbon,DBC)是黑炭的水溶性组分(其粒径尺度小于0.45μm),被视为全球溶解有机碳库的重要组成部分.尽管针对它的结构与功能、行为与归宿已有研究,但DBC在环境中的产生、迁移、转化等过程对有机污染物环境行为的影响关注仍显不足.因此,综述了DBC的分布特征,从元素组成、碳质结构、基团性质和技术检测上深度认识DBC的分子结构与性质变化;归纳了DBC与环境新污染物的相互作用,梳理了DBC与新污染物的作用机制和转化效果;概述了DBC的环境过程对有机污染物行为的影响(如结合、去除、转化等).着重就DBC通过氢键、π-π电子供受体、疏水分配、静电作用等与有机污染物发生结合过程、在阳离子条件下DBC通过压缩双电层机制发生团聚并吸附去除污染物过程、以及DBC介导有机污染物光降解过程进行了系统地阐述.未来研究重点应结合跨学科的技术手段认识DBC分子结构的复杂性,深入理解DBC在环境过程中对新污染物行为的影响机制.这为准确评估DBC环境行为与效应,有效构建DBC与新污染物的命运关系起到重要作用.
