The demand for non-toxic and biodegradable shale inhibitors is growing in the drilling industry.In this paper,the effect of notoginsenoside(NS)as a new,environmentally friendly inhibitor of shale hydration is systemat...The demand for non-toxic and biodegradable shale inhibitors is growing in the drilling industry.In this paper,the effect of notoginsenoside(NS)as a new,environmentally friendly inhibitor of shale hydration is systematically studied for the first time.The inhibition performance of NS was evaluated via inhibition evaluation tests,including mud ball immersion tests,linear expansion tests,shale rolling recovery tests,and compressive strength tests.The inhibition mechanism of NS was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),contact angle measurements,particle size distribution determination,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results demonstrate that NS is able to adhere to the clay surface,forming a hydrophobic film that prevents the entry of water molecules and inhibiting the hydration dispersion of the clay.Because of this,NS can maintain the original state of bentonite pellets in water,which can effectively reduce the swelling rate of bentonite,increase the recovery rate of shale drill cuttings,maintain the strength of the shale,and therefore maintain the stability of the borehole wall during drilling.In addition,NS is non-toxic,degradable,and compatible with water-based drilling fluids.The above advantages make NS a promising candidate for use as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor.展开更多
With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drillin...With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drilling speed.Meanwhile,the high temperature and high salt problem in deep formations is prominent,which poses a major challenge to the lubricity of drilling fluids under high temperature and high salt.This paper reports an organic borate ester SOP as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant.The performance evaluation results show that when 1%lubricant SOP is added to the fresh water-based mud,the lubrication coefficient decreases from 0.631 to 0.046,and the reduction rate of lubrication coefficient is 92.7%.Under the conditions of 210℃ and 30%NaCl,the reduction rate of lubricating coefficient of the base slurry with 1%SOP was still remain 81.5%.After adding 1%SOP,the wear volume decreased by 94.11%compared with the base slurry.The contact resistance experiment during the friction process shows that SOP can form a thick adsorption film on the friction surface under high temperature and high salt conditions,thus effectively reducing the friction resistance.Molecular dynamics simulation shows that lubricant SOP can be physically adsorbed on the surface of drilling tool and borehole wall through hydrogen bond and van der Waals force.XPS analysis further shows that SOP adsorbs on the friction surface and reacts with metal atoms on the friction surface to form a chemically reactive film.Therefore,under high temperature and high salt conditions,the synergistic effect of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film effectively reduces the frictional resistance and wear of the friction surface.In addition,SOP is non-toxic and easy to degrade.Therefore,SOP is a highly effective and environmentally friendly lubricant in high temperature and high salt drilling fluid.展开更多
As the base oil of the current flat-rheology synthetic drilling fluid is high in cost and not renewable, the biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid with low-cost, environmental protection and renewable advantage...As the base oil of the current flat-rheology synthetic drilling fluid is high in cost and not renewable, the biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid with low-cost, environmental protection and renewable advantage was studied. Based on the optimization of raw materials, a cheap, environment-friendly biodiesel of soybean oil ethyl ester with good fluidity at low temperature was selected as the base oil. By selecting high oil-water ratio and introducing cationic surfactant into the auxiliary emulsifier, the thickening of biodiesel-based emulsion caused by hydrolysis and saponification after high-temperature aging was effectively eliminated. The organoclay prepared with cationic modifier of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was used to improve the rheologic properties, stability and fluid loss of the drilling fluid while preventing low-temperature thickening. A flat-rheology modifier was synthesized with dimer fatty acid and cocoanut fatty acid diethanolamide, which could form strong network structure in the biodiesel-based drilling fluid to adjust effectively rheological properties of the drilling fluid. A biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid system with the density of 1.2 g/cm^(3) has been formulated which has constant rheology in the temperature range of 2-90 ℃, temperature tolerance of 160 ℃, seawater salinity tolerance of 5%, shale cuttings tolerance of 10%, and is environmentally friendly.展开更多
Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limi...Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However,self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here,cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol)(CNF/PVA),a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite,was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration,and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process,which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between di erent external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics,data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.展开更多
Although zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)have bright prospects in wide fields like gas storage/separation,catalysis and medicine,etc.,their large-scale applications are bottlenecked by the absence of their low-co...Although zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)have bright prospects in wide fields like gas storage/separation,catalysis and medicine,etc.,their large-scale applications are bottlenecked by the absence of their low-cost commercial production technique.Here,we report an uncon ventional method suitable for environmentally friendly and low-cost mass-production of ZIFs.In this method,taking the synthesis of ZIF-8 as an example,ZnO was used instead of Zn(NO_(3))_(2) in traditional solvent synthesis methods and CO_(2) was introduced to dissolve ZnO in aqueous solution of 2-methylimidazole(HMeim)and form water soluble salt([ZnMeim]^(+)[MeimCOO]^(-))at room temperature.Then,by removing CO_(2) through heating or vacuuming,Meim-ions are produced and instantaneously assemble with[ZnMeim]^(+)s to generate ZIF-8 without any by product.Due to the absence of strong acid anions(such as NO^(-)_(3) and Cl^(-) et al.)in solution,the washing of filter cake required in the conventional approaches could be omitted and the filtrate containing only water and HMeim could be reused completely.This method is really green as no waste gas or liquid generates because CO_(2) and water could be recycled perfectly.It overcomes almost all bottlenecks occurred in commercial production of ZIF-8 when using traditional methods.A pilot plant was established for mass-production of ZIF-8 and hundreds kilograms of ZIF-8 was produced,which indicates that the new method is not only environmentally friendly but also low cost and commercial accessibility.It is expected that the new method would open an avenue for commercial applications of ZIFs.展开更多
Fly ash is the most inexpensive cementitious material,and its presence in concrete has increased in recent years because it has become more durable and environmentally friendly.This study examines densified mixture co...Fly ash is the most inexpensive cementitious material,and its presence in concrete has increased in recent years because it has become more durable and environmentally friendly.This study examines densified mixture concrete and the effect of fly ash quality on high-flow,high-strength concrete.Tests show that when the same mixture achieves identical flow standards(slump >250 mm;slump flow >600 mm),the fly ash quality affects the nature of the concrete;additionally,and adding Class F fly ash to concrete(loss on ignition=6%)is more workable than adding Class C fly ash(loss on ignition=3%).However,adding fly ash with a high loss on ignition(9%)to concrete requires a substantial increase in the mixing water and a dose of superplasticizer to achieve the required workability.This reduces the quality of the concrete,which subsequently deteriorates its safety and durability.展开更多
Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests （...Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests （i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people）, woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, traditional markets as well as skimmed coconut oil and straws from rice cultivation. Four kinds of energy-conversion technologies have been empirically tested in Indonesia. First, gasification of rubber wood from unproductive rubber trees to generate heat energy for the drying of fermented chocolate seeds. Secondly, energy conversion from organic vegetable waste by implementing thermophylic fermentation methods that produce biogas as a fuel and for generating electricity and also concurrently generate organic by-products called hygen compost. Thirdly, gasification of charcoal and wood sawdust for electricity generation. Finally, environment-friendly energy conversion by carbonizing small-diameter logs, sawdust, wood slabs and coconut shells into charcoal. This yielded charcoal integrated with wood vinegar production through condensation of smoke/vapors emitted during carbonization, thereby mitigating the impact of air pollution. Among the four experimental technologies that of integrated charcoal and wood vinegar production had been spectacularly developed and favored by rural communities. This technology brought added value to the process and product due to the wood vinegar, useful as bio-pesticide, plant-growth hormone and organic fertilizer. Such integrated and environment-friendly production, therefore, should be sustained, because Indonesia occupies a significant and worldwide position as charcoal-producing and marketing country. The technology of integrated wood vinegar-charcoal production hence deserves its dissemination throughout Indonesia, particularly to the charcoal industry that still produces charcoal without condensing the generated vapor/smoke, hence polluting the air.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 51904328)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 52074330)
文摘The demand for non-toxic and biodegradable shale inhibitors is growing in the drilling industry.In this paper,the effect of notoginsenoside(NS)as a new,environmentally friendly inhibitor of shale hydration is systematically studied for the first time.The inhibition performance of NS was evaluated via inhibition evaluation tests,including mud ball immersion tests,linear expansion tests,shale rolling recovery tests,and compressive strength tests.The inhibition mechanism of NS was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),contact angle measurements,particle size distribution determination,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results demonstrate that NS is able to adhere to the clay surface,forming a hydrophobic film that prevents the entry of water molecules and inhibiting the hydration dispersion of the clay.Because of this,NS can maintain the original state of bentonite pellets in water,which can effectively reduce the swelling rate of bentonite,increase the recovery rate of shale drill cuttings,maintain the strength of the shale,and therefore maintain the stability of the borehole wall during drilling.In addition,NS is non-toxic,degradable,and compatible with water-based drilling fluids.The above advantages make NS a promising candidate for use as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52074330)National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Projects(No.51991361).
文摘With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drilling speed.Meanwhile,the high temperature and high salt problem in deep formations is prominent,which poses a major challenge to the lubricity of drilling fluids under high temperature and high salt.This paper reports an organic borate ester SOP as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant.The performance evaluation results show that when 1%lubricant SOP is added to the fresh water-based mud,the lubrication coefficient decreases from 0.631 to 0.046,and the reduction rate of lubrication coefficient is 92.7%.Under the conditions of 210℃ and 30%NaCl,the reduction rate of lubricating coefficient of the base slurry with 1%SOP was still remain 81.5%.After adding 1%SOP,the wear volume decreased by 94.11%compared with the base slurry.The contact resistance experiment during the friction process shows that SOP can form a thick adsorption film on the friction surface under high temperature and high salt conditions,thus effectively reducing the friction resistance.Molecular dynamics simulation shows that lubricant SOP can be physically adsorbed on the surface of drilling tool and borehole wall through hydrogen bond and van der Waals force.XPS analysis further shows that SOP adsorbs on the friction surface and reacts with metal atoms on the friction surface to form a chemically reactive film.Therefore,under high temperature and high salt conditions,the synergistic effect of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film effectively reduces the frictional resistance and wear of the friction surface.In addition,SOP is non-toxic and easy to degrade.Therefore,SOP is a highly effective and environmentally friendly lubricant in high temperature and high salt drilling fluid.
基金Supported by the NSFC Innovative Research Group(51821092)NSFC Foundation(52004297)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20200384)China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Foundation(2462020XKBH00)。
文摘As the base oil of the current flat-rheology synthetic drilling fluid is high in cost and not renewable, the biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid with low-cost, environmental protection and renewable advantage was studied. Based on the optimization of raw materials, a cheap, environment-friendly biodiesel of soybean oil ethyl ester with good fluidity at low temperature was selected as the base oil. By selecting high oil-water ratio and introducing cationic surfactant into the auxiliary emulsifier, the thickening of biodiesel-based emulsion caused by hydrolysis and saponification after high-temperature aging was effectively eliminated. The organoclay prepared with cationic modifier of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was used to improve the rheologic properties, stability and fluid loss of the drilling fluid while preventing low-temperature thickening. A flat-rheology modifier was synthesized with dimer fatty acid and cocoanut fatty acid diethanolamide, which could form strong network structure in the biodiesel-based drilling fluid to adjust effectively rheological properties of the drilling fluid. A biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid system with the density of 1.2 g/cm^(3) has been formulated which has constant rheology in the temperature range of 2-90 ℃, temperature tolerance of 160 ℃, seawater salinity tolerance of 5%, shale cuttings tolerance of 10%, and is environmentally friendly.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation Committee (NSFC,No. 61903150)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province (20200401079GX)Research Funding Scheme for Ph.D. Graduate Interdisciplinary Studies,Jilin University (419100200835)。
文摘Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However,self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here,cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol)(CNF/PVA),a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite,was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration,and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process,which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between di erent external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics,data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.
基金supports received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21776301,21636009)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Although zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)have bright prospects in wide fields like gas storage/separation,catalysis and medicine,etc.,their large-scale applications are bottlenecked by the absence of their low-cost commercial production technique.Here,we report an uncon ventional method suitable for environmentally friendly and low-cost mass-production of ZIFs.In this method,taking the synthesis of ZIF-8 as an example,ZnO was used instead of Zn(NO_(3))_(2) in traditional solvent synthesis methods and CO_(2) was introduced to dissolve ZnO in aqueous solution of 2-methylimidazole(HMeim)and form water soluble salt([ZnMeim]^(+)[MeimCOO]^(-))at room temperature.Then,by removing CO_(2) through heating or vacuuming,Meim-ions are produced and instantaneously assemble with[ZnMeim]^(+)s to generate ZIF-8 without any by product.Due to the absence of strong acid anions(such as NO^(-)_(3) and Cl^(-) et al.)in solution,the washing of filter cake required in the conventional approaches could be omitted and the filtrate containing only water and HMeim could be reused completely.This method is really green as no waste gas or liquid generates because CO_(2) and water could be recycled perfectly.It overcomes almost all bottlenecks occurred in commercial production of ZIF-8 when using traditional methods.A pilot plant was established for mass-production of ZIF-8 and hundreds kilograms of ZIF-8 was produced,which indicates that the new method is not only environmentally friendly but also low cost and commercial accessibility.It is expected that the new method would open an avenue for commercial applications of ZIFs.
文摘Fly ash is the most inexpensive cementitious material,and its presence in concrete has increased in recent years because it has become more durable and environmentally friendly.This study examines densified mixture concrete and the effect of fly ash quality on high-flow,high-strength concrete.Tests show that when the same mixture achieves identical flow standards(slump >250 mm;slump flow >600 mm),the fly ash quality affects the nature of the concrete;additionally,and adding Class F fly ash to concrete(loss on ignition=6%)is more workable than adding Class C fly ash(loss on ignition=3%).However,adding fly ash with a high loss on ignition(9%)to concrete requires a substantial increase in the mixing water and a dose of superplasticizer to achieve the required workability.This reduces the quality of the concrete,which subsequently deteriorates its safety and durability.
文摘Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests （i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people）, woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, traditional markets as well as skimmed coconut oil and straws from rice cultivation. Four kinds of energy-conversion technologies have been empirically tested in Indonesia. First, gasification of rubber wood from unproductive rubber trees to generate heat energy for the drying of fermented chocolate seeds. Secondly, energy conversion from organic vegetable waste by implementing thermophylic fermentation methods that produce biogas as a fuel and for generating electricity and also concurrently generate organic by-products called hygen compost. Thirdly, gasification of charcoal and wood sawdust for electricity generation. Finally, environment-friendly energy conversion by carbonizing small-diameter logs, sawdust, wood slabs and coconut shells into charcoal. This yielded charcoal integrated with wood vinegar production through condensation of smoke/vapors emitted during carbonization, thereby mitigating the impact of air pollution. Among the four experimental technologies that of integrated charcoal and wood vinegar production had been spectacularly developed and favored by rural communities. This technology brought added value to the process and product due to the wood vinegar, useful as bio-pesticide, plant-growth hormone and organic fertilizer. Such integrated and environment-friendly production, therefore, should be sustained, because Indonesia occupies a significant and worldwide position as charcoal-producing and marketing country. The technology of integrated wood vinegar-charcoal production hence deserves its dissemination throughout Indonesia, particularly to the charcoal industry that still produces charcoal without condensing the generated vapor/smoke, hence polluting the air.
